Nelson T. Spratt

2Studies on Growth Polarity in the Ring Blastema (germ Wall Ring) of Young Chick Embryos

H HAAS,NT SPRATT

Previous articleNext article No AccessStudies on Growth Polarity in the Ring Blastema (Germ Wall Ring) of Young Chick EmbryosHermann Haas, and Nelson T. Spratt Jr.Hermann Haas Search for more articles by this author , and Nelson T. Spratt Jr. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 41, Number 2Apr., 1968 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.41.2.30155444 Views: 2Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in Physiological Zoology (1928-1998), which is continued by Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (1999-present). Copyright 1968 University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Hermann J. Haas, Nelson T. Spratt Contributions to an analysis of the avian vitelline membrane's potential to promote outgrowth of the yolk sac-serosal membrane, The Anatomical Record 184, no.22 (Feb 1976): 227–231.https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091840208

1968PHYSIOLOGICAL ZOOLOGY（1968）引用：2

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3Nutritional Requirements for the Realization of Regulative (repair) Capacities of Young Chick Blastoderms

AbstractStudies of the regulative (repair) capacities of young chick blastoderms in ovo and explanted in vitro on culture media varying in their growth promoting properties clearly indicate that these capacities are realized fully only under the most optimal nutrient conditions. Thus the ability of an explanted part of a young blastoderm to form a bilaterally symmetrical embryo body depends not only on the region of the blastoderm isolated, on its intrinsic growth potentiality and on its size (cell number) but also on the growth promoting properties of the culture medium. Realization of regulative potentiality goes hand‐in‐hand with realization of growth (or other synthetic) potentiality.

1967JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY（1967）引用：10

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4Some Problems and Principles of Development.

Synopsis. Certain supracellular aspects of embryonic differentiation, illustrated by studies of young chick blastoderms, are discussed. Specifically, the following principles and guidelines seem to be involved in early development of the chick: egg organization, relative movement, differential growth, regulation, restriction of regulative capacities, synonomy of regulation and growth, gradients and fields, developmental centers, domi? nance, integration, environmental control, and induction.

1966American Zoologist（1966）引用：17

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5GERM LAYER FORMATION AND THE ROLE OF THE PRIMITIVE STREAK IN THE CHICK. I. BASIC ARCHITECTURE AND MORPHOGENETIC TISSUE MOVEMENTS.

AbstractHistological studies, carbon, carmine and vital dye marking of in ovo and explanted blastoderms have provided evidence for the following: (1) The cellular precursors of all three primary germ layers in the unincubated blastoderm are topographically represented by a disc‐shaped, epithelial‐like and complete uppermost layer; and ring‐shaped, incomplete and congruent middle and lowest layers below the uppermost layer. (2) There is a gradient in cell population density decreasing from posterior to anterior. (3) Centripetal extension of a sheet of lowest and adjacent middle layer cells, primarily from the posterior portion of the ring but also from all points on its circumference, results in closing of the ring and completion of the middle and lowest layers as coherent discs. (4) No movement (invagination or involution) of uppermost, surface areas as coherent sheets into either the middle or lowest layers could be demonstrated in any region, including the primitive streak. (5) Embryonic germ layers arise in situ by proliferation from the streak. (6) The streak in its morphology and function is more like a blastema than a blastopore. (7) As an elongated growth center, the streak has its origin from the marginal zone ring, itself a circular blastema with multiple streak‐ and embryo body‐forming capacities.

1965Journal of Experimental Zoology（1965）引用：81

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6The Embryo-Forming Potencies of the Young Chick Blastoderm

H EYALGILADI,NT SPRATT

ABSTRACT Very young unincubated chick blastoderms (obtained from winter eggs) are almost equipotential (or totipotential) and under experimental conditions even central fragments can form an embryo in vitro. When a central cut is made in a blastoderm of this age an embryo tends to form along the cut edge and the original embryo-forming centre at the prospective posterior side is suppressed. In slightly older unincubated chick blastoderms (obtained from summer eggs) and in 4−5 hr. incubated winter eggs the embryo-forming potency is lost from the central part and becomes confined first to the marginal zone and, within it, gradually to its posterior region. In still older blastoderms, with an expanded hypoblast but prior to streak formation, central fragments of the epiblast with their underlying hypoblast re-acquire the capability to form an embryo.

1965Journal of embryology and experimental morphology（1965）引用：51

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7Embryo Formation In Folded Chick Blastoderms

H Eyalgiladi,Nt Spratt

1964AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST（1964）

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8Integrative Mechanisms in Development of the Early Chick Blastoderm IV. Synthetic Systems Composed of Parts of Different Developmental Age. Synchronization of Developmental Rates

Journal of Experimental ZoologyVolume 149, Issue 2 p. 75-102 Article Integrative mechanisms in development of the early chick blastoderm IV. Synthetic systems composed of parts of different developmental age. Synchronization of developmental rates† Nelson T. Spratt Jr, Nelson T. Spratt Jr University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author Nelson T. Spratt Jr, Nelson T. Spratt Jr University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1962 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401490202Citations: 8 † Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Literature Cited Grabowski, C. T. 1955 Differentiation of and inductions by transplanted Hensen's node in the early chick blastoderm. Anat. Rec., 121: 300. Grabowski, C. T. 1956 The effects of the excision of Hensen's node on the early development of the chick embryo. J. Exp. Zool., 133: 301–344. Haas, H., and N. T. Spratt, Jr. 1962 Development in vitro of the unincubated chick blastoderm on synthetic culture media. Anat. Rec., 142: 338–339. Hamburger, V., and H. L. Hamilton 1951 A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J. Morph., 88: 49–92. Spemann, H., and H. Mangold 1924 Ueber Induktion von Embryonalanlagen durch Implantation artfremder Organisatoren. Arch. mikr. Anat. u. Entw. mech., 100: 599–638. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1940 An in vitro analysis of the organization of the eye-forming area in the early chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 85: 171–209. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1946 Formation of the primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm marked with carbon particles. J. Exp. Zool., 103: 259–304. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1947 Regression and shortening of the primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 104: 69–100. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1955 Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. I. Localization of prospective notochord and somite cells. J. Exp. Zool., 128: 121–163. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1957a Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. II. Studies of the mechanics of notochord elongation and somite formation. J. Exp. Zool., 134: 577–612. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1957b Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. III. Regulative properties of the chorda and somite centers. J. Exp. Zool., 135: 319–353. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1958 Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. IV. Some differential enzyme activities of node center cells. J. Exp. Zool., 138: 51–80. Spratt, N. T. Jr., and H. Haas 1960a Morphogenetic movements in the unincubated chick blastoderm. Anat. Rec., 137: 394. Spratt, N. T. Jr., and H. Haas 1960b Developmental potential of the chick blastula (unincubated blastoderm). Biol. Bull., 119: 338–339. Spratt, N. T. Jr., and H. Haas 1960c Morphogenetic movements in the lower surface of the unincubated and early chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 144: 139–158. Spratt, N. T. Jr., and H. Haas 1960d Importance of morphogenetic movements in the lower surface of the young chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 144: 257–275. Spratt, N. T. Jr., and H. Haas 1960e Integrative mechanisms in development of the early chick blastoderm. I. Regulative potentiality of separated parts. J. Exp. Zool., 145: 97–137. Spratt, N. T. Jr., and H. Haas 1961a Integrative mechanisms in development of the early chick blastoderm. II. Role of morphogenetic movements and regenerative growth in synthetic and topographically disarranged blastoderms. J. Exp. Zool., 147: 57–93. Spratt, N. T. Jr., and H. Haas 1961b Integrative mechanisms in development of the early chick blastoderm. III. Role of cell population size and growth potentiality in synthetic systems larger than normal. J. Exp. Zool., 147: 271–294. Spratt, N. T. Jr., and H., Haas 1962 Primitive streak and germ layer formation in the chick. A reappraisal. Anat. Rec., 142: 327. Waddington, C. H. 1933 Induction by the primitive streak and its derivatives in the chick. J. Exp. Biol., 10: 38–46. Waddington, C. H., and G. A. Schmidt 1933 Induction by heteroplastic grafts of the primitive streak in birds. Arch. Entw. -mech., 128: 522–563. Weiss, P. 1961 Guiding principles in cell locomotion and cell aggregation. Exp. Cell Res., Suppl. 8: 260–281. Wetzel, R. 1929 Untersuchungen am Hühnchen. Die Entwicklung des Keims während der ersten beiden Bruttage. Arch. Entw. -mech., 119: 188–321. Citing Literature Volume149, Issue2March 1962Pages 75-102 ReferencesRelatedInformation

1962JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY（1962）引用：12

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9PRIMITIVE STREAK AND GERM LAYER FORMATION IN CHICK - A REAPPRAISAL

1962ANATOMICAL RECORD（1962）

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10Integrative Mechanisms in Development of the Early Chick Blastoderm. III. Role of Cell Population Size and Growth Potentiality in Synthetic Systems Larger Than Normal.

Journal of Experimental ZoologyVolume 147, Issue 3 p. 271-293 Article Integrative mechanisms in development of the early chick blastoderm. III. Role of cell population size and growth potentiality in synthetic systems larger than normal† Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. Department of Zoology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas Department of Zoology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. Department of Zoology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas Department of Zoology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1961 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401470308Citations: 16 † Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Literature Cited Hamburger, V., and H. L. Hamilton 1951 A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J. Morph., 88: 49–92. Spratt, N. T.Jr., 1946 Formation of the primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm marked with carbon particles. J. Exp. Zool., 103: 259–304. Spratt, N. T.Jr., 1947 Regression and shortening of the primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 104: 69–100. Spratt, N. T.Jr., and H. Haas 1960a Morphogenetic movements in the unincubated chick blastoderm. Anat. Rec., 137: 394. Spratt, N. T.Jr., and H. Haas 1960b Developmental potential of the chick blastula (unincubated blastoderm). Biol. Bull., 119: 338–339. Spratt, N. T.Jr., and H. Haas 1960c Morphogenetic movements in in the lower surface of the unincubated and early chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 144: 139–158. Spratt, N. T.Jr., and H. Haas 1960d Importance of morphogenetic movements in the lower surface of the young chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 144: 257–275. Spratt, N. T.Jr., and H. Haas 1960e Integrative mechanisms in development of the early chick blastoderm. I. Regulative potentiality of separated parts. J. Exp. Zool., 145: 97–137. Spratt, N. T., Jr. and H. Haas 1961 Integrative mechanisms in development of the early chick blastoderm. II. Role of morphogenetic movements and regenerative growth in synthetic and topographically disarranged blastoderms. J. Exp. Zool., (in press). Weiss, Paul 1951 The outlook in morphogenesis. Coll. Intern. Centre National Rech. Sci., Paris, 28: 563–582. Citing Literature Volume147, Issue3August 1961Pages 271-293 ReferencesRelatedInformation

1961JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY（1961）引用：26

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11Integrative Mechanisms in Development of the Early Chick Blastoderm. II. Role of Morphogenetic Movements and Regenerative Growth in Synthetic and Topographically Disarranged Blastoderms

Journal of Experimental ZoologyVolume 147, Issue 1 p. 57-93 Article Integrative mechanisms in development of the early chick blastoderm. II. Role of morphogenetic movements and regenerative growth in synthetic and topographically disarranged blastoderms† Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1961 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401470106Citations: 28 † Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Literature Cited Abercrombie, M. 1950 The effects of anteroposterior reversal of lengths of the primitive streak in the chick. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., B, 234: 317–338. 10.1098/rstb.1950.0004 Web of Science®Google Scholar Balfour, F. M. 1881 A Treatise on Comparative Embryology, vol. 2, Macmillan, Cambridge. Google Scholar Disse, J. 1878 Die Entwicklung des mittleren Keimblattes im Hühnerei. Archiv. f. mikr. Anat., 15: 67–94. 10.1007/BF02933838 Google Scholar Fraser, R. C. 1954 Studies on the hypoblast of the young chick embryo. J. Exp. Zool., 126: 349–400. 10.1002/jez.1401260302 Web of Science®Google Scholar Grobstein, C. 1959 Differentiation of vertebrate cells. Chap. II, in: The Cell, vol. 1, Brachet and Mirsky, Eds., Academic Press, New York. 10.1016/B978-0-12-123301-3.50017-3 Google Scholar Lillie, F. R. 1908 The Development of the Chick. Henry Holt and Co., New York. Google Scholar Moscona, A. 1952 Cell suspensions from organ rudiments of chick embryos. Exp. Cell Res., 3: 535–539. 10.1016/0014-4827(52)90077-3 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Moscona, A. 1957 The development in vitro of chimeric aggreates of dissociated embryonic chick and mouse cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 43: 184–194. 10.1073/pnas.43.1.184 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T.Jr., 1947 Regression and shortening of the primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 104: 69–100. 10.1002/jez.1401040105 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T.Jr., 1955 Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. I. Localization of prospective notochord and somite cells. J. Exp. Zool., 128: 121–163. 10.1002/jez.1401280106 Web of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T.Jr., 1957a Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. II. Studies of the mechanics of notochord elongation and somite formation. J. Exp. Zool., 134: 577–612. 10.1002/jez.1401340309 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T.Jr., 1957b Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. III. Regulative properties of the chorda and somite centers. J. Exp. Zool., 135: 319–353. 10.1002/jez.1401350207 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T.Jr., 1958 Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. IV. Some differential enzyme activities of node center cells. J. Exp. Zool., 138: 51–80. 10.1002/jez.1401380104 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T.Jr., and H. Haas 1960a Morphogenetic movements in the unincubated chick blastoderm. Anat. Rec., 137: 394. Web of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T.Jr., and H. Haas 1960b Developmental potential of the chick blastula (unincubated blastoderm). Biol. Bull., 119: 338–339. Web of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T.Jr., and H. Haas 1960c Morphogenetic movements in the lower surface of the unincubated and early chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 144: 139–158. 10.1002/jez.1401440204 Web of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T.Jr., and H. Haas 1960d Importance of morphogenetic movements in the lower surface of the young chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 144: 257–275. 10.1002/jez.1401440305 Web of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T.Jr., and H. Haas 1960e Integrative mechanisms in development of the early chick blastoderm. I. Regulative potentiality of separated parts. J. Exp. Zool., 145: 97–137. 10.1002/jez.1401450202 Web of Science®Google Scholar Trinkaus, J. P. 1956 The differentiation of tissue cells. Amer. Nat., 90: 273–289. 10.1086/281936 Web of Science®Google Scholar Waddington, C. H., and E. M. Deuchar 1952 The effect of type of contact with the organizer on the nature of the resulting induction. J. Exp. Biol., 29: 496–510. Web of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume147, Issue1June 1961Pages 57-93 ReferencesRelatedInformation

1961JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY（1961）引用：42

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12Integrative Mechanisms in Development of the Early Chick Blastoderm. I. Regulative Potentiality of Separated Parts

Journal of Experimental ZoologyVolume 145, Issue 2 p. 97-137 Article Integrative mechanisms in development of the early chick blastoderm. I. Regulative potentiality of separated parts† Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. Department of Zoology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas Department of Zoology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. Department of Zoology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas Department of Zoology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1960 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401450202Citations: 94 † Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Literature Cited Abercrombie, M., and J. Heaysman 1954 Observations on the social behavior of cells in tissue culture. II. "Monolayering" of Fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res., 6: 293–306. Adelmann, H. B. 1926 The development of the premandibular head cavities and the relations of the anterior end of the notochord in the chick and robin. J. Exp. Morph. Physiol., 42: 371–439. Curtis, A. S. G. 1960 Cell contacts: some physical considerations. Amer. Nat., 94: 37–56. Griper, L. 1929 Die Primitiventwicklung des Hühnchens nach stereokinematographischen Untersuchungen, kontrolliert durch vitale Farbmarkierung und vergleichen mit der Entwicklung anderes Wirbeltiere. Arch. Entw.-mech., 116: 382–429. Grobstein, C. 1955 Tissue disaggregation in relation to determination and stability of cell type. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 60: 1095–1106. Grobstein, C. 1959 Differentiation of vertebrate cells. Chap. 11. In: The Cell. vol. I, Brachet and Mirsky, eds. Academic Press, New York, pp. 437–496. Hamburger, V., and H. Hamilton 1951 A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J. Morph., 88: 49–92. Hamilton, H. 1952 Lillie's Development of the Chick, 3rd ed. Henry Holt, New York. Kingsbury, B. F. 1924 The developmental significance of the notochord (Chorda dorsalis). Zeitschr. Morph. Anthrop., 24: 59–73. Lutz, H. 1949 Sur la production expérimentale de la polyembronie et de la monstrousité double chez les oiseaux. Arch. Anat. Micr. Morph. Exp., 38: 79–144. Lutz, H. 1955 Contribution expérimentale à l'etude de la formation de l'entoblaste chez les oiseaux. J. Emb. Exp., Morph., 3: 59–76. Morita, S. 1936 Die künstliche Erzeugung von Einzelmissbildungen von Zwillingen, Drillingen und Mehrlingen im Hühnerei. Anat. Anz., 82: 81–101. Rudnick, D. 1944 Early history and mechanics of the chick blastoderm. Quart. Rev. Biol., 19: 187–212. Rudnick, D. 1955 Teleosts and Birds. In: Analysis of Development, Willier, Weiss, Hamburger, eds. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp. 297–314. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1940 An in vitro analysis of the organization of the eye-forming area in the early chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 85: 171–209. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1942 Location of organ-specific regions and their relationship to the development of the primitive streak in the early chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 89: 69–101. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1946 Formation of the primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm marked with carbon particles. J. Exp. Zool., 103: 259–304. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1947a Regression and shortening of the primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 104: 69–100. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1947b Development in vitro of the early chick blastoderm explanted on yolk and albumen extract Saline-Agar substrata. J. Exp. Zool., 106: 345–365. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1952 Localization of the prospective neural plate in the early chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 120: 109–130. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1955 Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. I. Localization of prospective notochord and somite cells. J. Exp. Zool., 128: 121–163. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1956 Unpublished studies. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1957a Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. II. Studies of the mechanics of notochord elongation and somite formation. J. Exp. Zool., 134: 577–612. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1957b Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. III. Regulative properties of the chorda and somite centers. J. Exp. Zool., 135: 319–353. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1958 Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. IV. Some differential enzyme activities of node center cells. J. Exp. Zool., 138: 51–80. Spratt, N. T., Jr., and H. Haas 1960a Morphogenetic movements in the unincubated chick blastoderm. Anat. Rec., 137: 394. Spratt, N. T., Jr., and H. Haas 1960b Developmental potential of the chick blastula (unincubated blastoderm). Biol. Bull., 119: 338–339. Spratt, N. T., Jr., and H. Haas 1960c Morphogenetic movements in the lower surface of the unincubated and early chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 144: 139–158. Spratt, N. T., Jr., and H. Haas 1960d Importance of morphogenetic movements in the lower surface of the young chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 144: 257–275. Steinberg, M. S. 1954 Studies on the mechanism of physiological dominance in Tubularia. J. Exp. Zool., 127: 1–26. Steinberg, M. S. 1955 Cell movement, rate of regeneration, and the axial gradient in Tubularia. Biol. Bull., 108: 219–234. Trinkaus, J. P. 1956 The differentiation of tissue cells. Amer. Nat., 90: 273–289. Twiesselman, F. 1938 Expériences de scission précoce de l'aire embryogène chez le Poulet. Arch. Biol., Paris, 49: 285–367. Waddington, C. H. 1952 The Epigenetics of Birds. University Press, Cambridge, 272 pp. Citing Literature Volume145, Issue2November 1960Pages 97-137 ReferencesRelatedInformation

1960JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY（1960）引用：140

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13Developmental Potential Of The Chick Blastula (Unincubated Blastoderm)

N Spratt, H Haas

1960BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN（1960）

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14Morphogenetic Movements in the Lower Surface of the Unincubated and Early Chick Blastoderm

Journal of Experimental ZoologyVolume 144, Issue 2 p. 139-157 Article Morphogenetic movements in the lower surface of the unincubated and early chick blastoderm† Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 1960 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401440204Citations: 79 † Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Literature Cited Bartelmez, G. W. 1912 The bilaterality of the pigeon's egg. J. Morph., 23: 269–328. 10.1002/jmor.1050230205 Web of Science®Google Scholar Fraser, R. C. 1954 Studies on the hypoblas of the young chick embryo. J. Exp. 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Rec., 93: 5–21. 10.1002/ar.1090930103 Web of Science®Google Scholar Pasteels, J. 1953 Quelques remarques à propos du mémoire de Mlle E. Malan. Arch. Biol., 64 183–188. Google Scholar Peter, K. 1938 Untersuchurigen über die Entwicklung des Dotter entodenns. I. Die Entwicklung des Entoderms beim Hühnchen. Z. Mikr. Anat. Forsch., 43: 362–415. Google Scholar Rudnick, D. 1944 Early history and mechanics of the chick blastoderm. Quart. Rev. Biol., 19: 187–212. 10.1086/394693 Web of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1946 Formation of the primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm marked with carbon particles. J. Exp. Zool., 104: 259–304. 10.1002/jez.1401030204 Web of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1947a Regression and shortening of primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 104: 69–100. 10.1002/jez.1401040105 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1947b Development in vitro of early the chick blastoderm explanted on yolk and albumen extract saline-Agar substrata. J. Exp. Zool., 106: 345–365. 10.1002/jez.1401060308 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1955 Analysis of the organizer center ln the early chick embryo. I. Localization of prospective notochord and somite cells. J. Exp. Zool., 128: 121–164. 10.1002/jez.1401280106 Web of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T.Jr. 1957a Analysis of the organizer center ln the early chick embryo. II. Studies of the mechanisms of notochord elongation and somite formation. J. Exp. Zool., 134: 577–612. 10.1002/jez.1401340309 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1957b Analysis of the organizer center ln the early chick embryo. III. Regulative properties of the chorda and somite centers. J. Exp. Zool., 135: 319–353. 10.1002/jez.1401350207 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1958 Analysis of the organizer center ln the early chick embryo. IV. Some differential enzymeactivities of node center cells. J. Exp. Zool., 138: 51–80. 10.1002/jez.1401380104 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T., Jr., and H., Haas 1960a Morphogenetic movements in the unincubated chick blastoderm. Anat. Rec., 137: 394. Web of Science®Google Scholar Spratt, N. T., Jr., 1960b Developmental potential of the chick blastula (unincubated blastoderm). Biol. Bull., 119: 338–339. Web of Science®Google Scholar Wetzel, R. 1929 Untersuchungen am Hühnchen. Die Entwicklung des Keims während der ersten beiden Bruttage. Arch. Entw.-mech., 110: 188–321. 10.1007/BF02111186 Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume144, Issue2July 1960Pages 139-157 ReferencesRelatedInformation

1960JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY（1960）引用：123

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15Morphogenetic Movements in the Unincubated Chick Blastoderm

1960ANATOMICAL RECORD（1960）

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16Importance of Morphogenetic Movements in the Lower Surface of the Young Chick Blastoderm

Journal of Experimental ZoologyVolume 144, Issue 3 p. 257-275 Article Importance of morphogenetic movements in the lower surface of the young chick blastoderm† Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this authorHermann Haas, Hermann Haas University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 1960 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401440305Citations: 29 † Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume144, Issue3August 1960Pages 257-275 RelatedInformation

1960JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY（1960）引用：41

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17Analysis of the Organizer Center in the Early Chick Embryo. IV. Some Differential Enzyme Activities of Node Center Cells

Journal of Experimental ZoologyVolume 138, Issue 1 p. 51-79 Article Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. IV. Some differential enzyme activities of node center cells† Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. Department of Zoology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. Department of Zoology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1958 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401380104Citations: 18 † Supported in part by grants from the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy and The National Institutes of Health, U.S.P.H.S. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume138, Issue1June 1958Pages 51-79 RelatedInformation

1958JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY（1958）引用：25

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18Analysis of the Organizer Center in the Early Chick Embryo. II. Studies of the Mechanics of Notochord Elongation and Somite Formation

Journal of Experimental ZoologyVolume 134, Issue 3 p. 577-612 Article Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo†. II. Studies of the mechanics of notochord elongation and somite formation Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Search for more papers by this author Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1957 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401340309Citations: 52 † Acknowledgment is gratefully made for the expert assistance of Dr. Ronald Fraser and for the financial support of this series of studies by a contract between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and The Regents of the University of Minnesota. NR 164–092. ‡ All illustrations, unless otherwise noted, are reproductions of original, outline camera-lucida drawings of living explants made by the author. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Literature Cited Gaertner, R. 1949 Development of the posterior trunk and tail of the chick embryo. J. Exp. Zool., 111: 157–174. Hamberger, V., and H. Hamilton 1951 A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J. Morph., 88: 49–92. Pasteels, J. 1939 La formation de la queue chez les Vertébrés. Ann. Soc. Roy. Zool. Belg., 70: 33–51. Pasteels, J. 1943 Proliférations et croissance dans la gastrulation et la formation de la queue des Vertébrés. Arch. Biol., 54: 1–51. Rudnick, D. 1944 Early history and mechanics of the chick blastoderm. Quart. Rev. Biol., 19: 187–212. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1947a Regression and shortening of the primitive streak in the explanted chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 104: 69–100. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1947b Development in vitro of the early chick blastoderm explanted on yolk and albumen extract saline-Agar substrata. J. Exp. Zool., 106: 345–365. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1950 Nutritional requirements of the early chick embryo. III. The metabolic basis of morphogenesis and differentiation as revealed by the use of inhibitors. Biol. Bull., 99: 120–135. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1951a Demonstration of spatial and temporal patterns of reducing enzyme systems in early chick blastoderms by neotetrazolium chloride, potassium tellurite and methylene blue. Anat. Rec., 109: 384–385. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1951b Effects of starvation on development and on reducing enzyme activities of early chick blastoderms. Anat. Rec., 111: 553–554. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1952a Differentiation in reducing enzyme systems in the early chick blastoderm. Anat. Rec., 113: 602. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1952b Localization of the prospective neural plate in the early chick blastoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 120: 109–130. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1952c Metabolism of the early embryo. The Chick Embryo in Biological Research. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 55: 40–50. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1953a Developmental Physiology. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 15: 21–38. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1953b Physiological Mechanisms in Development. Physiol. Rev., 34: 1–24. Spratt, N. T., Jr. 1955 Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo. I. Localization of prospective notochord and somite cells. J. Exp. Zool., 128: 121–164. Wardlaw, C. W. 1952 Morphogenesis in Plants. London, Methuen. Wetzel, R. 1936 Primitivstreifen und Urkörper nach Störungsversuchen am 1–2 Tage bebrüteten Hühnchen. Arch. Entw.-mech., 134: 357–465. Citing Literature Volume134, Issue3April 1957Pages 577-612 ReferencesRelatedInformation

1957The journal of experimental zoology/Journal of experimental zoology（1957）引用：72

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19Analysis of the Organizer Center in the Early Chick Embryo. III. Regulative Properties of the Chorda and Somite Centers

N T SPRATT

Journal of Experimental ZoologyVolume 135, Issue 2 p. 319-353 Article Analysis of the organizer center in the early chick embryo†. III. Regulative properties of the chorda and somite centers Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author Nelson T. Spratt Jr., Nelson T. Spratt Jr. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MinnesotaSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 1957 https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401350207Citations: 23 † Acknowledgement is gratefully made for the expert assistance of Dr. Ronald Fraser and for the financial support of this series of studies by a contract between the Office of Naval. Research, Department of the Navy, and the Regents of the University of Minnesota. NR 164–092. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume135, Issue2July 1957Pages 319-353 RelatedInformation

1957The Journal of experimental zoology（1957）引用：36

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20FORM CHANGES IN EARLY CHICK BLASTODERMS AND THE PROBABLE ROLE OF INTERCELLULAR FIBERS

1956ANATOMICAL RECORD（1956）

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