In present study, performance and emissions of a 100 kVA common rail turbocharged diesel engine electric generator installed with an emulsifier free emulsion fuel supply system, known as Real-Time Non-Surfactant Emulsion Fuel Supply System (RTES) was investigated experimentally. This system uses a novel mixing system design upgraded from previous RTES design, with an omission of ultrasonic agitator component. In this system, water was injected into an emulsification device where water and diesel fuel were mixed and supplied to the engine as an emulsion fuel. It was found that water-in-diesel emulsions produced from this system increased the engine's Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) to a maximum point of 42.7%, a marked increase of 28.6% from the base diesel. Furthermore, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) was reduced as water percentage increases. Additionally, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions and smoke opacity were also reduced. However, water-in-diesel emulsion emitted increased carbon monoxide (CO) in lower to middle loads before a reduction was observed in higher loads. Interestingly, unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emission reduced substantially for water-in-diesel emulsions with water percentages between 14% and 22%. In short, emulsifier free emulsion fuel produced by RTES was able to improve thermal efficiency and reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions.

In this research, cerium oxide will be used as a fuel additive as it plays a major role in increasing biodiesel performance and improve the properties of the algae-biodiesel blends upon reducing the nitrogen emission and improving the engine performance characteristics. The main phases involved in this research are the extraction of algae oil, blending process of algae biodiesel with cerium oxide and data collection of dynamic viscosity with calorific value. The data collected were used as inputs to Design Expert (DOE) software for identifying the best formula to be blended in terms of dynamic viscosity and calorific value properties. The results obtained from the analysis shows that the final optimum blend obtained by the software showed that the viscosity obtained through this research was significant and the calorific value was conformed to the biodiesel standard. Thus, it proves that cerium oxide as fuel additive assists in improving fuel characteristics in algae biodiesel.

The depletion of petroleum diesel has prompted the use of biofuels and other alternative sources of energy. The direct use of neat crude palm oil (CPO) has mostly resulted in the increase of oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Emulsification has demonstrated the capability of reducing NOx emissions. An experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of increasing water content in CPO. Water-in-CPO emulsions with varying water contents by volume (5%, 10%, and 15%) with 1% SPAN 80 surfactant are labeled as W5CPO, W10CPO, and W15CPO. The fuels were tested on a single-cylinder diesel generator at 2900 and 3200 rpm with varying electrical load. For all load conditions at 3200 rpm, the smoke opacimeter reading is highest at 35% with W15CPO and the lowest smoke reading is 15% with W5CPO as fuel. The NOx of CPO was higher than ordinary diesel up to 29% at lower load. The NOx emissions of the CPO was reduced when the amount of water was increased. The maximum reduction in NOx of W15CPO was 66% whereas the minimum NOx reduction was 31%. At 3200 rpm and 4 kW, the CO emission of W5CPO was 21% lower in relation to CPO. The W5CPO showed a different trend in the exhaust emissions compared to Water-in-CPO emulsions with higher water content. Overall, emulsification has the potential to reduce NOx emissions in relation to neat CPO.

In the present investigation, the effects of Palm Oil Methyl Esters (POME) additives on fuel consumptions and exhaust emissions of a single-cylinder diesel engine fueled with algae-diesel fuel blends were studied. Five fuel blends were prepared based on volume percentages which are D100 (diesel fuel), 2.5AO97.5D (2.5% algae oil, 97.5% diesel fuel), 2.5POME2.5AO95D (2.5% POME, 2.5% algae oil, 97.5% diesel fuel), 3.5POME2.5AO94D and 4.5POME2.5AO93D. Next, fuel properties which are density, kinematic viscosity, and calorific value of all the blended fuels, were measured and analyzed. Engine tests were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm at various engine loads. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), exhaust emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) were analyzed together during the experimental work. The obtained results for BSFC show that all fuel blends decreased with increasing engine load. The results obtained revealed that NOX and CO2 emissions increase, whereas CO emissions decrease with increasing engine load. The present work suggests 4.5POME2.5AO93D algae-diesel fuel blends with POME additive as a suitable eco-friendly alternative fuel as it gives better emission results compared to other fuel blends.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of algae fuel blended in diesel fuel. Fuel blends of 1% of algae fuel (B1), 2% of algae fuel (B2), 3% of algae fuel (B3) and 4% of algae fuel (B4) to each 100 ml of fuel blend volume were prepared. Each algae-diesel fuel blend was tested on single-cylinder diesel engine by varying the engine loads (0, 2, 4 and 6 Nm) at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. Different BTE and BSFC engine performance levels were the measured parameters. Based on the result of the engine performance tests, it can be concluded that B4 blends in diesel fuel produced better BTE with 17% at 4 Nm engine load than diesel fuel. Meanwhile, the BSFC was lower for B4 with 16% compared to diesel fuel at lower engine load.

Air pollution has caused a lot of problems to people in terms of health and economy, as well as affecting various floras and faunas. Thus, monitoring air quality levels and forecasting the occurrence of air pollution is important so that preventive measures could be taken. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to forecast the air pollution index (API) in Kuala Terengganu. This study focused on the prediction of API based on 5 years of data of main pollutants’ daily concentration taken at the air quality monitoring station in Kuala Terengganu. The aim was to develop an Artificial Neural Network model that can predict the API. A Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP) engine was implemented in the system prototype and developed by using Keras, a deep learning library in Python. The model’s performance was evaluated using the Mean Squared Error (MSE) statistical method and functionality tests were done to ensure the prototype was working correctly. In order to get a good performance model, a hyperparameter tuning process was carried out and the best hyperparameters values were selected. The performance of the model in making predictions was good as the MSE value was 0.0195.

As a promising option of in improving alternative fuels, alcohol such as butanol, methanol, and ethanol can be used in diesel engine. However, there is lack of detailed investigation of the effects of variation addition of butanol, methanol, and ethanol with diesel-palm oil methyl ester (B20) on engine performance and emissions release. This study represents to fully evaluate the potential impact of addition butanol, methanol, and ethanol blended with B20 on engine performance and emissions released by single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine at engine speeds of 2700, 3100, and 3500 rpm under load of 50%. The results of engine performance and emissions of 10ml ethanol, methanol and, butanol each blended with B20 are compared. Experimental results showed that the B20 + 10ml methanol has an advantage over diesel-biodiesel blend in Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) which reduces about 10.42% at every different engine speed. Besides, the B20 + 10ml methanol has reduced the emission of Nitrogen Oxide, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, and Hydrocarbon by 27.84%, 14.28%, 5.19%, and 56.25%. In overall, the addition of 10ml methanol on B20 blend shows the most significance result for the engine performance and emissions at all test condition.

In present study, performance and emissions of a 100 kVA common rail turbocharged diesel engine electric generator installed with an emulsifier free emulsion fuel supply system, known as Real-Time Non-Surfactant Emulsion Fuel Supply System (RTES) was investigated experimentally. This system uses a novel mixing system design upgraded from previous RTES design, with an omission of ultrasonic agitator component. In this system, water was injected into an emulsification device where water and diesel fuel were mixed and supplied to the engine as an emulsion fuel. It was found that water-in-diesel emulsions produced from this system increased the engine's Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) to a maximum point of 42.7%, a marked increase of 28.6% from the base diesel. Furthermore, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) was reduced as water percentage increases. Additionally, Nitrogen Oxides (NO x ) emissions and smoke opacity was also reduced. However, water-in-diesel emulsion emitted increased carbon monoxide (CO) in lower to middle loads before a reduction was observed in higher loads. Meanwhile, unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emission was reduced as 14% to 22% water percentage was achieved. In short, emulsifier free emulsion fuel produced by RTES was able to improve thermal efficiency and reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions.

Diesel engine is known for its durable operation and capability of utilizing various type of fuels, however, dangerous exhaust emissions are emitted from diesel engines. Non-surfactant emulsion fuel is a potential fuel for diesel engine to reduce for Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Particulate matter (PM) emission compare to conventional diesel fuel in a diesel engine. In this study, emulsion fuel was prepared using a mixer known as Circulation Non-Surfactant Emulsion Fuel System. The study carried out with different water percentages in the emulsion fuel given as follows: 3%, 6%, and 9% and at a different engine load condition from 1-4 kW with a constant speed of 3200 rpm. Results show that, 6% emulsion fuel shows average 4.38% reduction in NOx emission and 1.10% reduction in fuel consumption. 9% emulsion fuel show higher amount of CO emission compare to Diesel while it reduces CO2 emission. Overall, 6% when prepared are recommended for the formation of non-surfactant emulsion fuel.

The study aims to evaluate the performance and emission characteristic in a compression ignition engine of conventional diesel fuel-biodiesel blends with different percentage of fuel additive n-butanol. The experiment was operated at a constant engine load (50% throttle condition) with different engine speed (2700, 3100, 3500 rpm). A blend of biodiesel and diesel fuel known as B20 (20% palm oil methyl ester and 80% diesel in volume) was prepared, and then n-butanol was added to B20 at a volume of 5ml, 10ml and 15ml (denote as B20+Bu5, B20+Bu10 and B20+Bu15, respectively) and the tested fuel samples were compared with diesel fuel and diesel-biodiesel (B20). The experimental results show that when the proportion of n-butanol was increased in B20 blends, kinematic viscosity was larger while calorific value was smaller than those of the neat diesel. Although n-butanol have some negative impacts on engine performance parameters, its generally positively affect exhaust emission parameters compared to diesel fuel. According to engine performance and exhaust emission test result of n-butanol fuel blends with B20 blends, average values of brake thermal efficiency (10.19%, 7.58% and 4.29%), carbon monoxide (21.75%, 17.06% and 11.28%), hydrocarbon (18.51%, 15.68% and 12.13%) are lower, while brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) (27.48%, 45.37% and 59.20%) are higher and carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are comparable than those of diesel fuel.

Transport technology development is a major issue leading to increase the number of vehicles, hence increase emissions and contributing to global warming. In this work the effect of fuel additives (ethanol) on the engine performance and emissions of single cylinder diesel engine fueled with palm oil methyl ester (PME) (B20) were investigated. The tests were performed by varying the engine speed between 2700, 3100 and 3500 rpm with intervals 400 rpm while maintaining the engine load at 50% of rated load. In this study, different fuels which is B0 (100% Pure diesel), B20 (20% PME), E5 (20% PME + 5ml ethanol), E10 (20% PME + 10ml ethanol) and E15 (20% PME + 15ml ethanol) were used. The result indicated that, average brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for usage of E5, E10 and E15 were increased compare with B0 and B20. Meanwhile, average value results of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Unburned Hydrocarbon (UHC) for E5 was lowered compare to PME (B20). The addition of ethanol with PME (B20) fuel in single cylinder diesel engine can help in controlling exhaust emission and significantly improve engine fuel consumption.

This research investigated the effects of ethanol blending with methanol-gasoline as fuels in spark ignition engine and how it affects engine performance and emissions. Four ethanol-methanol-gasoline (GEM) blends were prepared with variable ethanol concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) and constant methanol concentration (10%) and denoted as M10, E5M10, E10M10, and E15M10 in reference to each respective alcohol constituents. Physicochemical properties testing revealed that density and kinematic viscosity of GEM fuel blends increases with ethanol concentration. E15M10 has shown the most increase in density and kinematic viscosity with 10.7% and 18.7% increase respectively. In contrast, calorific value decreased as ethanol concentration decreases. E15M10 displayed the lowest calorific value at 16.9% lower than gasoline. Meanwhile, engine performance and emissions test showed that GEM fuels generally possess increased average Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) than pure gasoline. However, average Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) for pure gasoline is lower. E15M10 displayed highest increment of BSFC at 17.2% average increase. Meanwhile, E10M10 displayed the highest improvement in BTE with an average of 9.4% increase. Exhaust emissions indicate that all GEM blends produced increased carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions while carbon monoxide (CO) emissions decreases. E15M10 showed the most reduction in CO emissions with 90.6% decrease while E10M10 has shown the most increased CO2 and NOx emissions with 110% and 6.7 times increase respectively. In conclusion, up to 15% volume of ethanol blending with 10% volume methanol-gasoline was able to improve engine performance and emissions in terms of BTE and CO emissions.

Algae-diesel has received great interest as a source of biodiesel because of its potential meets the global demand for transport fuels. However, algae-diesel has high viscosity which can cause problems on combustion quality. Therefore, iso-butanol was used as an additive in the algae-diesel because it possesses higher heating value and higher miscibility. The test was performed by using 3 different volumes of iso-butanol additives in the algae-diesel blends (B95, B94, and B93) in a four-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine at varies load (0 Nm, 2 Nm, 4 Nm, 6 Nm) with a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm.

The depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental pollution are two major crises that are currently faced by mankind. As the solution for the crises, an additive liquid like Tripmexx is introduced into automotive industries to increase performance of internal combustion engine, hence reducing bad emission to the environment. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of various Tripmexx mixed into 80% diesel and 20% biodiesel (B20) with an amount of 0.1 ml (B20-0.1), 0.2ml (B20-0.2), and 0.3ml (B20-0.3) compared to conventional pure diesel. The experiment was carried out by using single cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine, and conducted with constant speed at range of 1000, 1500, and 2000 rpm with various load range from 2Nm to 6Nm. For constant speed 2000 rpm, the B20-0.3 is in lower brake specific fuel consumption value compared to the diesel fuel by 40% on average. The blend B20-0.3 produce higher brake thermal efficiency reading compared to diesel fuel by 5%. Besides, the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon product of B20-0.3 is lower than diesel fuel by 92% and 0.002% respectively. However, the nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide produced by B20-0.3 is higher than diesel fuel by 68% and 50% respectively. In overall, the B20-0.3 shows the best results for all measured parameters at all engine test due to consideration of green fuel.

Low-Rank Coal (LRC) gasification utilising Fluidised Bed Gasifier (FBG) is more efficient for LRC that has higher reactivity, moisture, tar, volatile, and ash content but lower calorific value compared to other types of coals. This work investigated the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in simulating LRC gasification under different temperatures which is lower (873K), normal (973K) and higher (1073K) temperature atmosphere. Besides that, the effect of LRC type and gasifying agents on the producer gas CO+H2 composition, Lower Heating Value (LHV) and Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE) were also studied using High-rank Coal (HRC) as comparison. The results obtained showed that LRC gasification using oxygen increased LHV and CGE. Lower temperature gasification using oxygen at 873 increased CO+H2, LHV and CGE for LRC compared to higher temperatures at 973K and 1073K. This prediction suggests that LRC gasification using oxygen at lower temperature increases the LRC gasification efficiency.

This study discusses the findings of the project data obtained from the experimental work. It was based on the analysis of experimental output responses obtained which were Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), power and engine torque. A 1.6L multi-cylinder gasoline engine was used to investigate the effect of TRIPMEXX on the fuel economy. The experiment was performed at variations of engine speed (1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 rpm) with a constant engine load of 40 Nm. From the results obtained, it showed that brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), power and engine torque for TRIPMEXX were better than gasoline fuel without TRIPMEXX fuel additive. Combustion efficiency of gasoline engine has improved with the use of TRIPMEXX fuel additives. Overall, Fuel Economy, Power and Engine Torque for 1 ml + 10L RON95 fuel sample showed the best results for all measured parameters at all engine test conditions.

A device known as Real-Time Non-Surfactant Emulsion Fuel Supply System (RTES) was developed to eliminate the dependency of surfactant by rapidly supply the water in diesel (W/D) emulsion into the engine. The objective of this research is to run RTES under long term of operation. A new RTES was fabricated using ultrasonic transducer frequency is 50 kHz and speed of rotor is 1400 rpm. The amount of water injected into the system was constantly at 6.5 vol%. At the end of the test, temperature measurement and observation of RTES component were recorded and droplet size before and during the durability test was measured. It can be concluded that RTES can only withstand the long-term operation for total 26 hours. On the droplet size measurement, initial droplet size is 1.441 mu m, as the temperature of ultrasonic transducer increase, the droplet size also increases.

This research is devoted to investigate the effects of biodiesel ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% to the emission of single cylinder diesel engine. Fuel blends comprise of 10% (B10), 20% (B20), and 30% (B30) with adding 0.1 ml of additives to each litre of fuel blend volume are put to the test on a diesel engine, comparing each aspect to differentiate the best fuel blend. A reference experiment with 100% diesel (D100) had been done to have a clear view of the working diesel engine emissions. These blends were used for testing in a four stroke, vertical single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm as with varying engine load of 2, 4, and 6 Nm. Exhaust emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) are taken into account. The results show that the increase biodiesel blend in fuels does increase the NOx and CO2 emission with steady increase of load. This is because these emissions relate to the complete combustion, high post-combustion and high oxygen content increase the amount of emission. Besides, the results prove that the higher percentage of biodiesel in the blends provides lower emission of CO and HC. Lower CO and HC emission due to better combustion efficiency as it reaches better overall combustion, producing higher energy output and better emissions. Thus, the findings provide helpful information for researchers to understand the technology of biodiesel and a possible substitute for the current diesel for a better fuel source.

Blending diesel with biofuels such as ethanol and PME leads to better fuel properties in producing a better engine performance and lower emission. However, the presence of ethanol that contains low cetane number and low heating value reduces the fuel combustibility. Injection system, compression ratio and air intake modification delivering good results of improving blends combustibility. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of injection parameter, compression ratio (CR) and air intake temperature (Ti) modification on blends combustibility from the combustion characteristics. Diesel-ethanol-PME blends in a diesel engine with the least engine modification also are identified. Simulation work was conducted using Converge CFD software based on single cylinder direct injection compression ignition Yanmar TF90 engine parameter. Diesel-ethanol-PME blends of 10% ethanol with 40% PME (E25B25), E25B25 and E40B10 were used and conducted on different injection parameter, compression ratio and intake temperature, Ti. This study was carried out by running the simulation at high engine speeds. Results show that advancing time, shortened the injection duration has a very small effect on ignition. For the blends with ignition problem such as E40B10, increasing compression ratio and ambient temperature helps the fuel to ignite due to high temperature and pressure in the cylinder. This modification allowed the blends to ignite at high engine speed with minimum CR of 20 and Ti of 350 K. In conclusion, blending high ethanol contents in diesel engine can be applied by advancing the injection, increasing the compression ratio and increasing the ambient temperature. The most suitable blends that can be operated in the engine without modification is E25B25.

Oxygen and steam as gasifying agents are preferred for gasification process compared to air due to the production of higher heating value of syngas and lower contents of diluents. Lower operating temperature is required for low rank coal (LRC) gasification process. This is because, carbon conversion will occur faster with high reactivity of LRC. Ash agglomeration formation is also prevented at lower operating temperature. Hydrodynamics of bubbling fluidisation and gasification process are expected to be affected with different gasifying agents and operating temperature. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to select suitable superficial velocity for bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) simulation and explore the effects of different gasifying agents at a lower operating temperature. The model was validated with theoretical values and superficial velocities of three to four times the minimum velocity (3~4Umf) were selected due to its best uniform bubbling fluidisation. Different gasifying agents will produce different bubbling patterns which relates to the density and viscosity of the gasifying agents. Many and faster moving bubbles were produced when using oxygen and air at 1,073 K while no changes is detected when using steam. This concludes that air and oxygen as gasifying agents give higher effect to the bubbling hydrodynamics compared to selection of steam as gasifying agent.