Compared to traditional metal jets, shaped charge water jets offer the advantage of low-collateral-damage when destroying explosives. To investigate the forming characteristics and penetration performance of Nylon-Water Composite Jet (NWCJ), this study designed a 3D-printed Nylon-Water Composite Liner. Combining numerical simulation with experimental validation, the formation and penetration characteristics of polymer-liquid composite jets were studied. First, numerical simulations analyzed the forming characteristics and penetration performance of the nylon-water jet. Subsequently, the shaped charge was fabricated using selective laser sintering powder printing technology, overcoming the key technical challenge of solid-liquid coupling. Finally, static armor penetration tests validated the reliability of numerical simulations. Results indicate that compared to the Single Nylon Liner, the NWCJ exhibits significantly greater head expansion and higher velocity during the formation process. By regulating the water layer thickness, the NWCJ can effectively control penetration depth while maintaining hole-enlarging capability. The differing kinetic energy decay sequences of nylon and water reveal the penetration mechanism of polymer-liquid composites. This study provides guidance for designing polymer-liquid composite liner structures and enhances understanding of the formation and penetration of polymer-liquid composite jets under explosive loading.

This study investigates the influence of structural parameters on the energy release characteristics of warheads with aluminum/polytetrafluoroethylene (Al/PTFE) energetic casings. This study adopted a numerical simulation method to compare the performance of an Al/PTFE-cased warhead against a bare explosive charge. The simulations demonstrated that the energetic casing significantly enhances the shockwave overpressure with an average increase of 24.7% compared to bare charges. Field tests were conducted to validate the numerical model. The comparison between simulated and experimental overpressure data yielded maximum and minimum relative errors of 23% and 2.58%, respectively. The results indicate that at shorter distances from the detonation center, higher length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios generate greater overpressure. Conversely, at greater distances, warheads with lower L/D ratios show a slower attenuation of overpressure. For the parameters investigated, the optimal configuration for maximizing peak overpressure was identified as an L/D ratio of 2.0 combined with a casing thickness of 0.12D, where D is the charge diameter. Furthermore, a distinct bimodal relationship between casing thickness and overpressure was identified, with a local optimum at 0.04D and a global optimum at 0.12D. These results offer critical guidance for the structural design of Al/PTFE energetic-cased warheads, while providing a basis for designing optimized warheads.

To investigate the fragmentation characteristics and energy release behavior of Zr-based reactive material casings under explosive loading, fragmentation distribution, fireball evolution, and reaction products were analyzed using high-speed photography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in explosive loading experiments conducted under identical casing-to-charge mass ratio (eta = 1.20). Results indicate that Zrbased reactive material casings produce finer fragments and undergo chemical reactions during flight, significantly increasing fireball diameter and duration. SEM and XRD analyses confirm the presence of distinct oxide layers and reaction products on fragment surfaces, with the reaction primarily driven by oxidation triggered by adiabatic heating following casing fragmentation. Based on the traditional fragment mass distribution model, the introduction of the reaction degree coefficient alpha and energy release coefficient beta resulted in a modified model that reduced prediction errors for the average mass of fragments from Zr-based reactive materials to within 10%. The study demonstrates that Zr-based reactive material casings exhibit higher energy release efficiency and damage enhancement potential, providing theoretical basis and experimental support for the application of reactive materials in high-efficiency damage warheads.

This study systematically investigates blast-driven energy release from 4-mm-thick Al/PTFE reactive material casings under open-field conditions. As the first multi-parameter quantitative analysis of combat-representative thick casings (≥ 4 mm) in field environments, it addresses limitations of prior laboratory-scale studies on thin specimens (≤ 3 mm) under confinement. Through comparative experiments with bare charges, energy release was quantified using high-speed imaging (28,000 fps), distributed overpressure sensors (six piezoelectric transducers), and fragmentation analysis. Key findings include: (1) Fireball enhancement, with a 20.5

This paper focuses on the damage effects of Zr-based reactive material casing and 45 steel inert material casing on typical targets with the same mass ratio of casing to charge are studied. Because of its unique mechanical properties and high energy density, Zr-based reactive materials can rapidly produce chemical reactions and release a large amount of energy under explosive driving, thus significantly improving the warhead's destructive power. The parameters of explosive fireball were observed by overpressure test and high speed photography, the shock wave damage effect, fragment damage effect and energy release characteristics of Zr-based reactive materials driven by explosion are analyzed theoretically. The experimental results show that the Zr-based reactive material casing has obvious advantages over 45 steel inert material casing in fragment damage and shock wave damage to typical targets under the same mass ratio of casing to explosive, can increase the damage to a typical target. The method of calculating the velocity and other parameters of air shock wave at the midpoint of the sensor range by high speed photography can provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the damage power of the reactive material casing driven by explosion. The test results show that the reactive material casing has a good application prospect in realizing high-efficiency damage.

Solar energy is widely used in photovoltaic power generation as a kind of clean energy. However, the liquid film, frosting, and icing on the photovoltaic module seriously limit the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation. We developed a composite coating (Y6-NanoSH) by combining an in situ photothermal and transparent Y6 organic film with a nanosuperhydrophobic material. The Y6-NanoSH coated glass exhibited excellent optical clarity both indoors and outdoors, indicating that the coating holds great promise in anti-icing applications for photovoltaic panels. The Y6-NanoSH coating absorbs very little visible light but instead absorbs in the near-infrared region, thereby emitting heat. When exposed to sunlight, the Y6-NanoSH coated photovoltaic panel raises its surface temperature, inhibiting the growth and accumulation of ice and frost on its surface. This is achieved through a combination of photothermal emission and superhydrophobic repellency, which promotes the evaporation and rolling away of water droplets. This validates our success in developing a photothermal, transparent, and superhydrophobic coating with excellent anti-icing capabilities, suitable for use on photovoltaic panels, as well as potential applications in car windscreens, transmission lines, curtain walls, and weather radomes.

Abstract Reactive Materials (RMs) is usually inert at normal temperature and pressure, but when it is subjected to enough impact energy, it can be rapidly transformed into a high-temperature and high-pressure environment, which triggers a chemical reaction and releases a large amount of energy. In order to study the impact compression behavior and reaction characteristics of RMs, this paper established a typical Al/PTFE RMs impact reactivity calculation equation based on the Arrhenius reaction rate model and combined with Avrami-Erofeev’s n-dimensional nuclear/growth control reaction model. And theoretical calculations were conducted on the impact response and reaction characteristics of typical Al/PTFE RMs. The reliability of the model was verified by comparing the calculated results with the simulation results. At the same time, the propagation process of shock wave pressure peak under explosive load in RMs was numerically simulated using software, and the propagation law was studied. The results showed that the impact pressure had a significant impact on the energy release characteristics of typical Al/PTFE active materials. The calculation results of the critical reaction threshold for impact are in good agreement with the simulation results, indicating the reliability of the model. The size of the explosive charge remained unchanged, and as the propagation distance of the shock wave increases, the peak pressure of the shock wave attenuated slowly in the Al/PTFE RMs. During the explosive loading process, the Al/PTFE RMs did not undergo complete chemical reactions, and only a portion of the RMs underwent chemical reactions.

Corrosion is an irreversible phenomenon in nature that has been a major source of metal degradation. We herein provide a unique approach for embedding nanoparticles into epoxy resins via hydrogen bonding adsorption of in situ hydrophilic silica. Based on this adsorption action, a super-anticorrosive epoxy-based Teflon (MEP-PTFE) coating for usage on metals such as aluminum alloys was developed utilizing one-step dip coating, with promising engineering and public applications. It should be noted that the binding strength between the resultant MEP-PTFE coating and the substrate was 13.5 N. This coating had an impedance modulus of over 8 × 109 Ω·cm2 at 0.01 Hz and an impressive corrosion inhibition efficiency of 99.999%. The anticorrosion barrier from the diffusion control to the charge transfer control was revealed for the future good design of resin matrix coatings with excellent corrosion resistance.

This paper focuses on the blast impulse characters of high explosive charge with reactive metal casing. Explosive driving experiments were carried out for high explosive charge with different thicknesses of reactive metal casings and traditional 2 A12 aluminum alloy casings. The power of charge with the two casings was evaluated by analyzing the deformation of 0.3 mm thick Q235 steel foil under the action of the shock wave. Based on the principle of energy conservation, the deflection calculation model of steel foil under explosion load was established. The maximum deflection of plastic deformation of steel foil at different distances under the action of explosive loading caused by the charge with different material casing was calculated. The characteristics of the steel foil damaged by the explosion shock wave generated by the charge with a reactive metal casing were analyzed and compared with the blast impulse of the charge with the traditional 2 A12 aluminum alloy casing. The results show that, with the increase of the thickness of the reactive metal casing, the maximum deflection of the plastic deformation of the steel foil increased, that is, the damage effect to the target improved. The theoretical model of the maximum deflection of plastic deformation of steel foil under explosive loading can accurately predict the deflection of steel foil under explosive loading, and provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the damage effect of reactive materials driven by the explosion. The experimental results showed that the reactive metal casing has a good application prospect in realizing high-efficiency damage.

为研究爆轰驱动下椭圆截面自然破片杀伤战斗部壳体的膨胀破裂过程以及壳体破片径向速度分布,建立了椭圆截面战斗部三维模型.通过AUTODYN-3D软件,采用Lagrange算法模拟爆轰驱动下椭圆截面自然破片战斗部壳体的膨胀断裂过程,研究了端面单点中心起爆方式下短长轴断裂时间差与短长轴比的关系,以及不同起爆点、不同短长轴比和不同装填比(即装药与壳体质量之比)对椭圆截面战斗部径向破片速度分布的影响.结果表明:与端面中心单点起爆、端面长轴双点偏心起爆和端面短长轴四点偏心起爆相比,端面短轴双点偏心起爆方式对椭圆截面战斗部壳体破片径向速度的增益效果最好.装填比一定时,短、长轴断裂时间以及短、长轴断裂时间差与短长轴比呈线性关系,战斗部壳体膨胀过程中截面形状的实时短长轴比与加载时间呈线性关系;随着短长轴比的增大,战斗部壳体破片径向速度增益逐渐减小.短长轴比一定,装填比小于1时,破片速度随方位角增大呈正弦趋势上升,且短、长轴方向破片速度差与装填比呈线性关系.

Reactive Materials, a new material with structural and energy release characteristics under shock-induced chemical reactions, are promising in extensive applications in national defense and military fields. In this paper, the damage effect of high explosive charge with reactive material casing on typical targets was studied through an explosion driving experiment, to guide the application of reactive material casing in a typical high explosive charge. Explosive driving experiments were carried out for high explosive charge with different thicknesses of reactive material casings and traditional 2A12 aluminum alloy casings. The power of charge with the new material casing was evaluated by analyzing the deformation of 0.3mm thick Q235 steel plate under the action of the shock wave. Based on the principle of energy conservation, the deflection calculation model of steel plate under explosion load was established. The maximum deflection of plastic deformation of steel plate at different distances under the action of explosive loading caused by the charge with different material casing was calculated. The characteristics of the steel plate damaged by the explosion shock wave generated by the charge with a reactive material casing were analyzed and compared with the explosion power of the charge with the traditional 2A12 aluminum alloy casing. The results show that, with the increase of the thickness of the reactive material casing, the maximum deflection of the plastic deformation of the steel plate increased, that is, the damage effect to the target improved. The theoretical model of the maximum deflection of plastic deformation of steel plate under explosive loading can accurately predict the deflection of steel plate under explosive loading, and provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the damage effect of active materials driven by the explosion. The experimental results showed that the reactive material casing has a good application prospect in realizing high-efficiency damage.

为提高含能材料形成射流对目标的侵彻深度,设计了一种基于K装药结构的Al/Ni-Cu双层含能药型罩聚能装药结构,其内层罩为无氧铜,外层罩为Al/Ni含能结构材料.分别开展了Al/Ni-Cu双层含能药型罩与Cu-Cu双层药型罩的聚能射流成型X光试验、侵彻钢锭静破甲试验和对典型混凝土靶标的侵彻威力试验.研究结果表明,双层含能药型罩K装药起爆后可形成连续射流,侵彻的钢靶和混凝土靶中有明显的开坑区形成,但射流对侵彻过程的扩孔作用不明显.Al/Ni-Cu双层含能药型罩可发挥动能和化学反应的联合侵彻毁伤效应,与Cu-Cu罩相比,在靶中形成射流堆积更少,对钢靶的侵彻深度和侵彻体积分别提高了20.1％和23.0％,对混凝土靶的侵彻深度和侵彻体积分别提高了17.2％和45.6％.

Reactive Materials (RMs), a new material with structural and energy release characteristics under shock-induced chemical reactions, are promising in extensive applications in national defense and military fields. They can increase the lethality of warheads due to their dual functionality. This paper focuses on the energy release characteristics of RM casings prepared by alloy melting and casting process under explosive loading. Explosion experiments of RM and conventional 2A12 aluminum alloy casings were conducted in free field to capture the explosive fireballs, temperature distribution, peak overpressure of the air shock wave and the fracture morphology of fragments of reactive material (RM) warhead casings by using high-speed camera, infrared thermal imager temperature and peak overpressure testing and scanning electron microscope. Results showed that an increase of both the fireball temperature and air shock wave were observed in all RM casings compared to conventional 2A12 aluminum ally casings. The RM casings can improve the peak overpressure of the air shock wave under explosion loading, though the results are different with different charge ratios. According to the energy release characteristics of the RM, increasing the thickness of RM casings will increase the peak overpressure of the near-field air shock wave, while reducing the thickness will increase the peak overpressure of the far-field air shock wave.

The dynamic behaviors of shocked Al/Ni energetic structural materials， including particle deformation， pressure， temperature， and propagation of shock waves， were investigated by two types of mesoscale modelling methods， which are established based on the SEM images and the uniform particle morphologies， respectively.

In order to study the reaction characteristics of reactive materials under explosive loading, two typical reactive materials, namely Al/PTFE and Al/Ni, as well as two inert materials, namely Al2O3/PTFE and Al2O3/PTFE/W, were manufactured by powder compaction. Explosion-driven tests were conducted on the four materials, by combining with the high-speed photography technology, far-infrared thermal imager testing technology and peak overpressure testing technology. The characteristics of explosive fireball, distribution of temperature and peak overpressure of blast shock waves were analyzed for different materials. Furthermore, the chemical energy released from the reactive materials was considered in the empirical calculation model to estimate the peak overpressure of blast shock waves. The influence of the released energy on the blast shock wave was analyzed by the model. The results show that during the explosion driving process, the reactive materials undergo such stages as reaction under strong loading, debris generation and scattering around, impact on steel plates and subsequent reaction. Reactive materials can strengthen the air shock wave produced by explosive explosion, and only part of the chemical reaction occurs at the moment of explosion loading.

为了研究长杆弹侵彻过程中弹体材料的二维流动特性,基于长杆弹高速侵彻流体动力学模型,结合侵彻过程质量守恒以及弯管-流线模型,发展以撞击速度、参考点角度、参考点半径为控制变量的二维弯管-流线侵彻模型.利用该模型计算分析了钨合金侵彻钢靶过程中弹体头部材料的流动特性,并与试验结果进行了对比.结果 表明:长杆弹侵彻过程中弹体头部材料的流动呈非均匀分布特性,外侧流速小于内侧流速,且弹体头部材料压力呈梯度分布.二维弯管-流线模型可用于描述侵彻过程中弹体头部材料的流动行为,解释了弹体在侵彻最终阶段弹体头部由流体主导向固体主导转变的作用过程,揭示了侵彻孔道形状变化与弹体侵彻状态之间的关联机制.

为了获得材料硬度对刻槽壳体爆炸驱动形成破片性能的影响规律,选取3种不同热处理硬度下的D60钢作为刻槽壳体材料,通过破片速度测试与沙箱回收破片试验,研究了D60钢刻槽壳体形成破片的速度及质量分布特性,并利用AUTODYN-3D软件结合Stochastic随机失效模型,仿真研究了D60钢刻槽壳体爆炸驱动下形成破片作用过程及破片速度、质量变化规律.结果表明:随着硬度的降低,0.1 g以上的破片数量增加,破片平均尺寸增大,不同硬度D60钢刻槽壳体形成破片初速差异不大.HRC36壳体形成的破片形状较另外2种硬度破片规则,且高硬度壳体材料形成破片穿甲能力较强,可以完全穿透6 mm厚Q235A钢板.

Quasi-static tensile/compression and SHPB (split Hopkinson pressure bar) compression tests were conducted in order to study the mechanical properties of steel fragments with different hardness. Furthermore, the fragments were launched by a ballistic gun at different velocities into a Q235A steel plate with finite thickness. The correlation between the mechanical properties and the failure mode of fragments was analyzed based on the ballistic test results. Combined with the dimensional analysis method, the empirical relationship of the ballistic limit velocity of the steel fragments with different hardness penetrating into the Q235A steel plate was obtained. The results show that the mass loss of the fragments decreases with the increase of the hardness of the fragments, while the residual length of the fragments decreases with the increase of the hardness. The penetration ability of fragments increases with the increase of the hardness. The residual velocity of the fragments with HRC36 was relatively higher than that with HRC20 after penetration. The predicted values of the determined empirical relationships agree well with the experimental results.