BACKGROUND:Human health status can be measured on the basis of many different parameters. Statistical relationships among these different health parameters will enable several possible health care applications and an approximation of the current health status of individuals, which will allow for more personalized and preventive health care by informing the potential risks and developing personalized interventions. Furthermore, a better understanding of the modifiable risk factors related to lifestyle, diet, and physical activity will facilitate the design of optimal treatment approaches for individuals.OBJECTIVE:This study aims to provide a high-dimensional, cross-sectional data set of comprehensive health care information to construct a combined statistical model as a single joint probability distribution and enable further studies on individual relationships among the multidimensional data obtained.METHODS:In this cross-sectional observational study, data were collected from a population of 1000 adult men and women (aged ≥20 years) matching the age ratio of the typical adult Japanese population. Data include biochemical and metabolic profiles from blood, urine, saliva, and oral glucose tolerance tests; bacterial profiles from feces, facial skin, scalp skin, and saliva; messenger RNA, proteome, and metabolite analyses of facial and scalp skin surface lipids; lifestyle surveys and questionnaires; physical, motor, cognitive, and vascular function analyses; alopecia analysis; and comprehensive analyses of body odor components. Statistical analyses will be performed in 2 modes: one to train a joint probability distribution by combining a commercially available health care data set containing large amounts of relatively low-dimensional data with the cross-sectional data set described in this paper and another to individually investigate the relationships among the variables obtained in this study.RESULTS:Recruitment for this study started in October 2021 and ended in February 2022, with a total of 997 participants enrolled. The collected data will be used to build a joint probability distribution called a Virtual Human Generative Model. Both the model and the collected data are expected to provide information on the relationships between various health statuses.CONCLUSIONS:As different degrees of health status correlations are expected to differentially affect individual health status, this study will contribute to the development of empirically justified interventions based on the population.INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID):DERR1-10.2196/47024.

Analysis of concentration of components in skin tissue, such as melanin, blood, oxygen saturation, is important in medical or cosmetic fields. Some researchers have developed methods to estimate the components. However, almost all the research has not considered a depth dependency of blood concentration and oxygen saturation, which is actual characteristic of skin tissue. Although there has been a method considering the depth dependency, the method does not have capability to estimate oxygen saturation. In addition, there is a problem in the methods that it is possible that the estimation is disturbed by shading which is on skin surface. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method solving those problems of the methods, that is to estimate melanin concentration, blood concentration, and oxygen saturation in skin tissue layers with independence of shading considering the depth dependency. The proposed method is evaluated on the estimation accuracy with simulation comparing previous methods. The result indicates preferred capability of the proposed method.

We performed multi-resolution analysis using the wavelet transform on components of surface reflections from a facial image to identify wrinkles and fine asperities. Additionally, by applying principal component analysis, we statistically analyzed relationships between distributions of the wrinkles and surface asperities, and actual ages. In previous research, the components of facial surface reflection were calculated as for multi-resolution analysis, however, the uneven illuminance on the face affected the trend. Therefore, we proposed a method to transform the luminance unevenness of facial images into a uniform distribution using signal processing, which contributes to the appropriate analysis of the surface reflection components on the face. As a result, compared with previous research, we could analyze the lighting unevenness with less influence of bias and acquire the distribution tendency of wrinkles and fine asperities in each direction.

Measurement of melanin concentration, blood concentration and oxygen saturation in skin tissue is highly important technology in medical and cosmetic fields. Most previous studies neglect depth inhomogeneity of blood concentration distribution in skin tissue. However, skin tissue has a complex layered structure, and it is known that distribution of blood concentration differs greatly depending on the depth. Although a method has been proposed considering the inhomogeneity of blood distribution in depth direction, it is impossible to measure oxygen saturation. In addition, there is a limitation that shading influences the estimation as noise in any of the methods. Therefore, in this study, we propose a method to measure skin components concentration, which are melanin concentration, blood concentration, and oxygen saturation, in layers with different depths of skin tissue without influence of shading. First, to construct a dataset of absorbance corresponding to the skin components concentration we construct an optical multi-layered model of skin tissue and simulate light propagation and attenuation by light scattering and absorption with Monte Carlo simulation method. Each absorbance value is converted to a relative value based on an averaged absorbance value of all wavelengths to remove influence of shading. Next, we create a model describing an absorbance value corresponding to the skin components concentration with high dimensional multivariate regression based on the created dataset. This model enables to estimate the skin components concentration from spectral information without influence of shading. The proposed method is evaluated by simulation and shown to have state-of-the-art performance.

In this research, we proposed a method to estimate the concentrations of melanin and blood in different layers of skin tissue. Furthermore, we stimulated skin with a warm bath and a carbon dioxide bath and obtained spectral data by a multispectral camera six times during 18 minutes. Based on the captured image, we estimated the blood concentrations in each blood layers by the proposed method. The result showed that the blood concentration of the deep layer is increased only with the stimulation by carbon dioxide bath, and the blood concentration in the shallow layer is increased in both stimuli cases, but the rate of increase in the carbon dioxide bath was higher and the increase time was longer. Our result is consistent with the result of the previous research.

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between impression of facial skin and skin pigmentation distribution by applying Canonical Coefficient Analysis (CCA) to multiple physical and psychological features obtained from facial skin. Based on the acquired relationship expression, we modulate the skin pigment features, and appearances of the face with arbitrary psychological features are reproduced. In our previous work, we applied principal component analysis (PCA) to the melanin pigment variation of the facial skin, and we obtained individual differences in it occurring over seven years. In the previous method, as the factor causing individual difference, we considered the frequency of UV care. However, actual skin appearance is thought to depend not only on melanin but also on several other factors. Therefore, in this study, we photographed the faces of women of various ages for 12 years, and at the same time obtained psychological features of appearance. As physical features, melanin and hemoglobin pigmentation distributions, shading and the frequency of UV care for 12 years were obtained. Subjective evaluation values were acquired as psychological features. As a result of CCA, it was found that the whole face can be made lighter in appearance by using UV protection every day continuously for six years or more.

In this paper, we perform multi-resolution analysis by using Wavelet transform for the components of surface reflection on faces in order to acquire features of wrinkles and fine asperities on the face. Also, by applying principal component analysis to the acquired trend of the wrinkles and the fine asperities, we analyze the relationship between the distribution of wrinkles and asperities, and actual age statistically. In the previous researches, components of facial surface reflection were directly used for multiresolution analysis, and it is considered that the acquired relationship was dependent on the luminance unevenness of lighting on the face. In this research, therefore, we propose to remove the luminance unevenness of the lighting on the face is transformed into uniform distribution by signal processing, and it contributes to the appropriate analysis to the component of surface reflection on the face.

In this study, we have analyzed individual differences in how the melanin component changes with time in 2003, 2010 and 2015. The frequency of use of protection against ultraviolet rays (UV) is considered to be a factor that causes individual differences in aging. Melanin is produced in human skin by exposure to UV, which promotes aging effects such as darkening and unevenness of skin color. In our previous work, we applied principal component analysis (PCA) to the distribution of melanin pigment and obtained feature values which quantitatively describe it. Furthermore, we found that the melanin component especially around the cheeks tends to increase with age. Comparing the melanin feature values for each frequency of use of UV protection, we found that the daily UV care even in winter can reduce the melanin component of face. In our previous work, we analyzed the database of facial images taken in 2003 and 2015. In this study, adding new facial data for 2010, we constructed a database of facial images captured in 2003, 2010, and 2015. It includes photographs of 60 subjects each in 3 years. The database also includes subjects' frequency of using UV protection. Applying the same analysis as our previous study, we obtained principal component (PC) scores, which describe the changes in individuals' faces in 2003, 2010 and 2015. From trends in these data, we found that the daily care for 12 years can suppress increasing the facial melanin component.

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between impression of facial skin and skin component distribution by applying canonical coefficient analysis (CCA) to multiple physical and psychological features obtained from facial images. Based on the acquired relationship, we modulate the skin pigment features, and appearances of the face with arbitrary psychological features are reproduced. In our previous work, we applied principal component analysis (PCA) to the melanin pigment variation of the facial skin, and we obtained individual differences in it occurring over 7 years. In the previous method, as the factor causing individual difference, we considered the frequency of UV protection. However, actual skin appearance is thought to depend not only on melanin but also on several other factors. Therefore, in this study, we captured facial images of females aged from 10s to 80s at intervals of 12 years, and we obtained not only physical but also psychological features. As physical features, melanin and hemoglobin pigment and shading distributions, and the frequency of UV protection for 12 years were obtained. Psychological feature values were acquired as subjective evaluation. As a result of CCA on the physical features only, it was found that the whole face can be made lighter in appearance by performing UV protection every day continuously for 6 years or more. As a result on both physical and psychological features, pigment features greatly affecting the impression of the skin and multiple skin aging patterns were obtained. According to this result, the pigment features were modulated, and facial appearances with arbitrary psychological features were reproduced. (C) 2019 Society for Imaging Science and Technology.

In this paper, principal component analysis is applied to pigmentation distributions, surface reflectance components and facial landmarks in the whole facial images to obtain feature values. Furthermore, the relationship between the obtained feature vectors and age is estimated by multiple regression analysis to modulate facial images in woman of ages 10 to 70. In our previous work, we analyzed only pigmentation distributions and the reproduced images looked younger than the reproduced age by the subjective evaluation. We considered that this happened because we did not modulate the facial structures and detailed surfaces such as wrinkles. By analyzing landmarks represented facial structures and surface reflectance components, we analyzed the variation of facial structures and fine asperity distributions as well as pigmentation distributions in the whole face. As a result, our method modulate the appearance of a face by changing age more appropriately.

54 GLUCOSYLMORANOLINE DERIVATIVES AND USE THEREOF FOR INHIBITING INCREASE IN BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS 75) Inventors: Makoto Sugiyama, Kyoto; Yoji Ezure, Otsu; Yoshiaki Yoshikuni, Uji; Takayuki Ozaki; Nobutoshi Ojima, both of Moriyama, all of Japan (73) Assignee: Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Japan 21 Appl. No.: 917,739 (22) Filed: Oct. 10, 1986 (30) Foreign Application Priority Data Oct. 12, 1985 JP Japan ................................ 60-227601 May 14, 1986 JP Japan ................................ 6-111618 51 Int. Cl." ..................... C07H 15/00; CO7H 17/00; A61K 31/70 52 U.S. Cl. .................................. 536/17.4; 536/17.9; 514/866 58 Field of Search ................ 536/17.4, 17.9; 514/23, 514/866, 25 (56) References Cited U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 4,338,433 7/1982. Matsumura et al. ................ 514/866 4,363,802 12/1982 Matsumura et al. ............... 536/17.4 4,859,767 Aug. 22, 1989 11 Patent Number: 45) Date of Patent:

This paper proposes to apply nonlinear estimation of chromophore concentrations: melanin, oxy-hemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin and shading to the real hyperspectral image of skin. Skin reflectance is captured in the wavelengths between 400nm and 700nm by hyperspectral scanner. Five-band wavelengths data are selected from skin reflectance. By using the cubic function which obtained by Monte Carlo simulation of light transport in multi-layered tissue, chromophore concentrations and shading are determined by minimize residual sum of squares of reflectance. When dark circles are appeared under the eyes, the subject looks tired and older. Therefore, woman apply cosmetic cares to remove dark circles. It is not clear about the relationship between color and chromophores distribution in the dark circles. Here, we applied the separation method of the skin four components to hyperspectral image of dark circle, and the separated components are modulated and synthesized. The synthesized images are evaluated to know which components are contributed into the appearance of dark circles. Result of the evaluation shows that the cause of dark circles for the one subject was mainly melanin pigmentation.

In this paper, we obtain individual difference on variation of melanin component which greatly affect apparent age. We consider frequency of use for UV protection as the factor causing individual difference in aging. It is known that the exposure of UV rays produces melanin pigment in our skin, which promotes aging of a skin such as darkening and unevenness of a skin color. In our previous work, we applied principal component analysis (PCA) to skin color pigmentation distribution and obtained feature values. By changing feature values, we simulated the appearance of human face in arbitrary age. According to this, it is revealed that melanin component in around cheeks especially tends to increase with aging. However, in the previous method, averaged feature values are used for each ages in analysis, and individual difference should be considered at the next step of research. In this paper, we constructed database that have facial image taken in 2003 and 2010 where the same 77 people were subjective. The frequency of use for UV protection was also recorded as lifestyle habit. By applying the same analysis in the previous method, we obtained score shift from the data in 2003 and 2010. From these trends of the shift, we found that one-fourth people can get lightskinned face after 7 years if they use UV protection throughout the year.

In this article, principal component analysis is applied to. pigmentation distribution in the whole face to obtain feature values, and the relationship between the obtained feature vectors and age is estimated by multiple regression analysis to simulate the changes of facial images in women of ages 10 to 80. Since the human face receives more attention than other body parts, a change of a small quantity of the features in a face makes a large difference to its appearance. We can divide the features into two categories. One category is physical features such as skin condition and shape, and the other is physiological features, which are influenced by age and health. In the beauty industry, the synthesis of skin texture is based on these two kinds of feature values. Previous works have analyzed only small areas of skin texture. By morphing the shapes of facial images to that of an average face and extending the analyzed area to the whole lace, the authors' method can analyze pigmentation distributions in the whole face and simulate the appearance of a face as a function of changing the person's age. (C) 2014 Society for Imaging Science and Technology.

To quantitatively evaluate skin chromophores over a wide region of curved skin surface, we propose an approach that suppresses the effect of the shading-derived error in the reflectance on the estimation of chromophore concentrations, without sacrificing the accuracy of that estimation. In our method, we use multiple regression analysis, assuming the absorbance spectrum as the response variable and the extinction coefficients of melanin, oxygenated hemoglobin, and deoxygenated hemoglobin as the predictor variables. The concentrations of melanin and total hemoglobin are determined from the multiple regression coefficients using compensation formulae (CF) based on the diffuse reflectance spectra derived from a Monte Carlo simulation. To suppress the shading-derived error, we investigated three different combinations of multiple regression coefficients for the CF. In vivo measurements with the forearm skin demonstrated that the proposed approach can reduce the estimation errors that are due to shading-derived errors in the reflectance. With the best combination of multiple regression coefficients, we estimated that the ratio of the error to the chromophore concentrations is about 10%. The proposed method does not require any measurements or assumptions about the shape of the subjects; this is an advantage over other studies related to the reduction of shading-derived errors.

We adapted the critical angle method for measuring rough surfaces under partial contact to acquire an in vivo skin refractive index (RI). Assuming that the total reflection is the simple sum of reflection from areas that are in contact and reflection from those that are not in contact, the RI can be estimated even for partial contact with a rough surface. We found that cheek skin is sufficiently soft that a sufficiently large area can be in contact and that the critical angle was detectable. The RIs of the cheeks of adult females were measured. The RI range was about 1.51 to 1.53, at a wavelength of 550 nm, without considering systematic errors. The RIs of cheeks are significantly correlated with their conductance, which corresponds to their water content. We determined the relationship between the RI and conductance within the variation of skin under normal conditions; this relationship was theoretically obtained in previous studies. In the present study, a direct in vivo measurement method was developed that enabled us to measure the RI in daily life, although this method contains errors for several reasons, including disregarding absorption.

Background: The behavior of reflected light in skin affects skill appearance and provides clues as to the internal condition of the skin. Surface topography is one of the central physical factors contributing to surface reflection.Objective: We tried to clarify the relationship between microstructure of the skin surface and surface reflection based on geometric optics.Methods: Microstructures and surface reflections in the left cheeks of adult females were evaluated. Skin topography was acquired measuring replicas using confocal laser microscopy. Surface topography was used to calculate arithmetical mean deviation of the surface (S-a), and geometric index from gradient of the surface (S-grad), which is expected to correlate with the directionality of surface reflection (DoSR) based on geometric optics. A surface reflection image was acquired from differently polarized pictures of a face, and the index of surface reflection (I-obs) was calculated as the average pixel value of the area of shine. Correlations between indices were then evaluated.Results: S-grad and S-a showed significant correlation (p < 0.01) with I-obs. However, S-grad showed a higher correlation with the simulated surface reflection from the reflection model than S-a. In addition, S-grad can explain differences in DoSR for some panelists even in the case of an identical S-a.Conclusions: The topographic element involved in DoSR was extracted from height mapping. S-grad reflects the ratio of flat area, offering a more effective indicator than S-a for distinguishing topographic characteristics with respect to surface reflection. (C) 2012 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

In the field of virtual studios in the television industry, the facial live video stream and background scenes must be composed in real time. One of the complex problems in this compositing is matching the lighting between the facial live video and the background scene. In this paper, we develop a practical lighting reproduction technique to reproduce the appearance of a face in the facial live video with rigid facial motion in real time under an arbitrary environmental lighting condition.

しみやソバカス，ニキビなどに代表される肌色ムラは，日本人女性の肌悩みの上位を占め，化粧品や美容医療分野で重要な研究対象となっている。本研究では，肌画像からメラニン成分画像とヘモグロビン成分画像に分離できる独立成分分析法を用いて，10代から70代の日本人女性201名の顔面におけるメラニンムラの実態解析を行った。その結果，しみとは異なる，薄く，境界が不明瞭なメラニンムラが地肌に広がっている様子が観察された。頬部における「地肌のメラニンムラ」の目立ちスコアは，年齢と有意な正の相関が認められた。また，「地肌のメラニンムラ」は，加齢にともない，頬上部から頬下部 (口元やあご) にまで範囲が広がることが明らかとなった。さらに，中高年女性特有の肌悩みである「肌のくすみ」が「地肌のメラニンムラ」と強く関係していることがわかった。以上のことから，「地肌のメラニンムラ」は，「肌のくすみ」の新たな評価軸となり，美白製剤の有効性評価に役立つと考えられた。