We introduce and study dynamical systems and measures on stationary generalized Bratteli diagrams B that are represented as the union of countably many classical Pascal-Bratteli diagrams. We describe all ergodic tail invariant measures on B. For every probability tail invariant measure nu p on the classical Pascal-Bratteli diagram, we approximate the support of nu p by the path space of a sub diagram. By considering various orders on the edges of B, we define dynamical systems with various properties. We show that there exist orders such that the sets of infinite maximal and infinite minimal paths are empty. This implies that the corresponding Vershik map is a homeomorphism. We also describe orders on both B and the classical Pascal-Bratteli diagram that generate either uncountably many minimal infinite and uncountably many maximal infinite paths, or uncountably many minimal infinite paths alongside countably infinitely many maximal infinite paths.

Bratteli diagrams with countably infinite levels exhibit a new phenomenon: they can be horizontally stationary. The incidence matrices of these horizontally stationary Bratteli diagrams are infinite banded Toeplitz matrices. In this paper, we study the fundamental properties of horizontally stationary Bratteli diagrams. In these diagrams, we provide an explicit description of ergodic tail invariant probability measures. For a certain class of horizontally stationary Bratteli diagrams, we prove that all ergodic tail invariant probability measures are extensions of measures from odometers. Additionally, we establish conditions for the existence of a continuous Vershik map on the path space of a horizontally stationary Bratteli diagram.

Bratteli–Vershik models have been very successfully applied to the study of various dynamical systems, in particular, in Cantor dynamics. In this paper, we study dynamics on the path spaces of generalized Bratteli diagrams that form models for non-compact Borel dynamical systems. Generalized Bratteli diagrams have countably infinite many vertices at each level; thus, the corresponding incidence matrices are also countably infinite. We emphasize differences (and similarities) between generalized and classical Bratteli diagrams. Our main results are as follows. (i) We utilize Perron–Frobenius theory for countably infinite matrices to establish criteria for the existence and uniqueness of tail-invariant path space measures (both probability and \sigma -finite). (ii) We provide criteria for the topological transitivity of the tail equivalence relation. (iii) We describe classes of stationary generalized Bratteli diagrams (hence Borel dynamical systems) that (a) do not support a probability tail-invariant measure and (b) are not uniquely ergodic with respect to the tail equivalence relation. (iv) We describe classes of generalized Bratteli diagrams which can or cannot admit a continuous Vershik map and construct a Vershik map which is a minimal homeomorphism of a (non-locally compact) Polish space. (v) We provide an application of the theory of stochastic matrices to analyze diagrams with positive recurrent incidence matrices.

In 2010, Bezuglyi, Kwiatkowski, Medynets, and Solomyak [10] found a complete description of the set of probability ergodic tail invariant measures on the path space of a standard (classical) stationary reducible Bratteli diagram. It was shown that every distinguished eigenvalue for the incidence matrix determines a probability ergodic invariant measure. In this paper, we show that this result does not hold for stationary reducible generalized Bratteli diagrams. We consider classes of stationary and non -stationary reducible generalized Bratteli diagrams with infinitely many simple standard subdiagrams, in particular, with infinitely many odometers as subdiagrams. We characterize the sets of all probability ergodic invariant measures for such diagrams and study partial orders under which the diagrams can support a Vershik homeomorphism.

Generalized Bratteli diagrams with a countable set of vertices in every level are models for aperiodic Borel automorphisms. This paper is devoted to the description of all ergodic probability tail invariant measures on the path spaces of generalized Bratteli diagrams. Such measures can be identified with inverse limits of infinite-dimensional simplices associated with levels in generalized Bratteli diagrams. Though this method is general, we apply it to several classes of reducible generalized Bratteli diagrams. In particular, we explicitly describe all ergodic tail invariant probability measures for (i) the infinite Pascal graph and give the formulas for the values of such measures on cylinder sets, (ii) generalized Bratteli diagrams formed by a countable set of odometers, (iii) reducible generalized Bratteli diagrams with uncountable set of ergodic tail invariant probability measures. We also consider the method of measure extension by tail invariance from subdiagrams. We discuss the properties of the Vershik map defined on reducible generalized Bratteli diagrams.

This paper is a survey devoted to the study of probability and infinite ergodic invariant measures for aperiodic homeomorphisms of a Cantor set. We focus mostly on the cases when a homeomorphism has either a unique ergodic invariant measure or finitely many such measures (finitely ergodic homeomorphisms). Since every Cantor dynamical system $(X,T)$ can be realized as a Vershik map acting on the path space of a Bratteli diagram, we use combinatorial methods developed in symbolic dynamics and Bratteli diagrams during the last decade to study the simplex of invariant measures.

For a Bratteli diagram B, we study the simplex M1(B) of probability measures on the path space of B which are invariant with respect to the tail equivalence relation. Equivalently, M1(B) is formed by probability measures invariant with respect to a homeomorphism of a Cantor set. We study relations between the number of ergodic measures from M1(B) and the structure and properties of the diagram B. We prove a criterion and find sufficient conditions of unique ergodicity of a Bratteli diagram, in which case the simplex M1(B) is a singleton. For a finite rank k Bratteli diagram B having exactly l≤k ergodic invariant measures, we explicitly describe the structure of the diagram and find the subdiagrams which support these measures. We find sufficient conditions under which: (i) a Bratteli diagram has a prescribed number (finite or infinite) of ergodic invariant measures, and (ii) the extension of a measure from a uniquely ergodic subdiagram gives a finite ergodic invariant measure. Several examples, including stationary Bratteli diagrams, Pascal-Bratteli diagrams, and Toeplitz flows, are considered.

In this paper we focus on Bratteli-Vershik models of general compact zero-dimensional systems with the action of a homeomorphism. An ordered Bratteli diagram is called decisive if the corresponding Vershik map prolongs in a unique way to a homeomorphism of the whole path space of the Bratteli diagram. We prove that a compact invertible zero-dimensional system has a decisive Bratteli-Vershik model if and only if the set of aperiodic points is either dense, or its closure misses one periodic orbit.

The goal of this paper is to put together several techniques in handling dynamical systems on zero-dimensional spaces, such as array representation, inverse limit representation, or Bratteli-Vershik representation. We describe how one can switch from one representation to another. We also briefly review some more recent related notions: symbolic extensions, symbolic extensions with an embedding, and uniform generators. We devote a great deal of attention to marker techniques and we use them to prove two types of results: one concerning entropy and vertical data compression, and another, about the existence of isomorphic minimal models for aperiodic systems. We also introduce so-called decisiveness of Bratteli-Vershik systems and give for it a sufficient condition.

We study ergodic finite and infinite measures defined on the path space $X_{B}$ of a Bratteli diagram $B$ which are invariant with respect to the tail equivalence relation on $X_{B}$ . Our interest is focused on measures supported by vertex and edge subdiagrams of $B$ . We give several criteria when a finite invariant measure defined on the path space of a subdiagram of $B$ extends to a finite invariant measure on $B$ . Given a finite ergodic measure on a Bratteli diagram $B$ and a subdiagram $B^{\prime }$ of $B$ , we find the necessary and sufficient conditions under which the measure of the path space $X_{B^{\prime }}$ of $B^{\prime }$ is positive. For a class of Bratteli diagrams of finite rank, we determine when they have maximal possible number of ergodic invariant measures. The case of diagrams of rank two is completely studied. We also include an example which explicitly illustrates the proven results.

This paper is a survey on general (simple and non-simple) Bratteli diagrams which focuses on the following topics: finite and infinite tail invariant measures on the path space $X_B$ of a Bratteli diagram $B$, existence of continuous dynamics on $X_B$ compatible with tail equivalence relation, subdiagrams and measure supports. We also discuss the structure of Bratteli diagrams, orbit equivalence and full groups, homeomorphic measures.

We study finite measures on Bratteli diagrams invariant with respect to the tail equivalence relation. Amongst the proved results on finiteness of measure extension, we characterize the vertices of a Bratteli diagram that support an ergodic finite invariant measure.

For any primitive proper substitution sigma, we give explicit constructions of countably many pairwise non-isomorphic substitution dynamical systems {(X-zeta n, T-zeta n)}(n=1)(infinity) such that they all are (strong) orbit equivalent to (X-sigma, T-sigma). We show that the complexity of the substitution dynamical systems {(X-zeta n, T-zeta n)} is the essential difference that prevents them from being isomorphic. Given a primitive (not necessarily proper) substitution tau, we find a stationary simple properly ordered Bratteli diagram with the least possible number of vertices such that the corresponding Bratteli-Vershik system is orbit equivalent to (X-tau, T-tau).

We study the set M(X) of full non-atomic Borel (finite or infinite) measures on a non-compact locally compact Cantor set X. For an infinite measure $\mu$ in M(X), the set $\mathfrak{M}_\mu = \{x \in X : {for any compact open set} U \ni x {we have} \mu(U) = \infty \}$ is called defective. We call $\mu$ non-defective if $\mu(\mathfrak{M}_\mu) = 0$. The class $M^0(X) \subset M(X)$ consists of probability measures and infinite non-defective measures. We classify measures $\mu$ from $M^0(X)$ with respect to a homeomorphism. The notions of goodness and compact open values set $S(\mu)$ are defined. A criterion when two good measures from $M^0(X)$ are homeomorphic is given. For any group-like $D \subset [0,1)$ we find a good probability measure $\mu$ on X such that $S(\mu) = D$. For any group-like $D \subset [0,\infty)$ and any locally compact, zero-dimensional, metric space A we find a good non-defective measure $\mu$ on X such that $S(\mu) = D$ and $\mathfrak{M}_\mu$ is homeomorphic to A. We consider compactifications cX of X and give a criterion when a good measure $\mu \in M^0(X)$ can be extended to a good measure on cX.

We study the set $M_\infty(X)$ of all infinite full non-atomic Borel measures on a Cantor space X. For a measure $\mu$ from $M_\infty(X)$ we define a defective set $M_\mu = \{x \in X : for any clopen set U which contains x we have \mu(U) = \infty \}$. We call a measure $\mu$ from $M_\infty(X)$ non-defective ($\mu \in M_\infty^0(X)$) if $\mu(M_\mu) = 0$. The paper is devoted to the classification of measures $\mu$ from $M_\infty^0(X)$ with respect to a homeomorphism. The notions of goodness and clopen values set $S(\mu)$ are defined for a non-defective measure $\mu$. We give a criterion when two good non-defective measures are homeomorphic and prove that there exist continuum classes of weakly homeomorphic good non-defective measures on a Cantor space. For any group-like subset $D \subset [0,\infty)$ we find a good non-defective measure $\mu$ on a Cantor space X with $S(\mu) = D$ and an aperiodic homeomorphism of X which preserves $\mu$. The set $S$ of infinite ergodic R-invariant measures on non-simple stationary Bratteli diagrams consists of non-defective measures. For $\mu \in S$ the set $S(\mu)$ is group-like, a criterion of goodness is proved for such measures. We show that a homeomorphism class of a good measure from $S$ contains countably many distinct good measures from $S$.

We study the set S of ergodic probability Borel measures on stationary non-simple Bratteli diagrams which are invariant with respect to the tail equivalence relation R. Equivalently, the set S is formed by ergodic probability measures invariant with respect to aperiodic substitution dynamical systems. The paper is devoted to the classification of measures μ from S with respect to a homeomorphism. The properties of the clopen values set S(μ) are studied. It is shown that for every measure μ∈S there exists a subgroup G⊂R such that S(μ)=G∩[0,1]. A criterion of goodness is proved for such measures. Based on this result, the measures from S are classified up to a homeomorphism. We prove that for every good measure μ∈S there exist countably many measures {μi}i∈N⊂S such that the measures μ and μi are homeomorphic but the tail equivalence relations on the corresponding Bratteli diagrams are not orbit equivalent.