Since the war between Hamas and Israel began in October there has been a significant surge in both anti-Muslim hate and antisemitism. Religious vilification against Muslims targets Muslims regardless of where they live, e.g. in Australia, Europe, or the US, and not just in the conflict area in the Middle East. This religious vilification targets people regardless of their ethnicity. This report is part of the “Moment Project”, a joint project of the Online Hate Prevention Institute based in Australia, which tackles all forms of online hate, and the Online Hate Task Force based in Belgium, which tackles all forms of online religious vilification. The Moment Project was started in October 2023 as an emergency response to what our organisations saw as a moment of rising online hate against both Muslims and Jews due to the unfolding events in the Middle East. This report is the second in a series of three reports, with a report on antisemitism already published, and a comparative report looking at both anti-Muslim hate and antisemitism due to be released in the coming months. The Moment Project collected data in discrete instances of collection spread over three months on 10 different social media platforms. The item was collected, along with anti-Muslim hate comments or replies and categorised according to what type of anti-Muslim hate occurred. The process is designed to allow an effective comparison between the level of hate on each platform. The second part of this research was to examine how effective the various platforms are at removing the content we identified. The report concluded with specific recommendations for platform providers as well as governments in order to address anti-Muslim hate.

This is the third book in the Online Hate Speech Trilogy. It focuses on presenting methods for detecting, analysing, and combating toxic language on the Internet. Alongside the legal dilemmas born from a desire to punish hate speech disseminators, identifying online hate speech is one of the biggest challenges in the field of studies on violent narratives and virtual attacks. The authors analyse the challenges of identifying violent narratives through automation, the advantages of manually coding social media posts, and the opportunities offered by AI in this field of research.

The Boycotts, Divestments, and Sanctions (BDS) movement coincided with the rise of Web 2.0 and then social media. Its online presence connects local groups with a central Palestinian movement and reflects a culture inspired by an older and deeply problematic history. Through the movement's online presence, this essay explores antisemitic imagery and language, applies the IHRA working definition of “antisemitism,” examines when anti-Zionism becomes antisemitism, and the demonisation of apartheid analogies. The BDS movement is, at its core, not about Palestinian rights, nor is it a tool for peace. It is war by other means and its online presence leverages antisemitism for political gain.

In 2008 the term “Antisemitism 2.0” was coined to describe the normalisation of antisemitism in society through the use of social media.1 In the past decade, the impact of social media in daily life has grown dramatically as has its use as a medium for hate speech.2 Antisemitism remains one of the most common forms of hate speech in social media along with the rise in anti-Muslim hate speech following the rise of Daesh (ISIS), the resulting refugee crisis, and the rise in global terrorism. Other groups in society are also targeted with misogyny, homophobia, and racism against Indigenous peoples making headlines around the world. The Jews have again been the canary in the coal mine with efforts to tackle Antisemitism 2.0 leading the way in the broader response to what has become known as Hate 2.0.3 In anonymous platforms like 4chan and 8chan, a more extreme version of this hate was normalised and by 2019 had led to members of that community carrying out multiple deadly terrorist attacks.4 The first problem in tackling Antisemitism 2.0 is being able to identify antisemitic content in social media in an efficient and effective manner so it can be empirically measured. This problem was identified as a key challenge at the 2009 Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism, and a solution involving crowdsourcing of reports and automated verification was presented to a meeting of the Online Antisemitism Working Group of the Global Forum in 2011. The soft-

The terror attack on the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo in Paris January 7 2015 has sparked a debate on freedom of speech versus freedom of religion. These two basic values of a democratic society may seem to be at odds, but only when failing to make the distinction between attacks on a religion and attacks on people belonging to that religion. Increased clarity in how to define freedom of religion, freedom from religion and hate speech on racial or religious grounds will serve to create a consistent approach in combating intolerance in an increasingly multicultural society.

Viral Hate: Containing Its Spread on the Internet . By Abraham H. Foxman and Christopher Wolf. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 256 pages. Hardback $19.

It is usually said that technical solutions should operate ethically, in compliance with the law and subject to good governance principles. In this position paper we face the problem of behavioural compliance and law enforcement in the case of hate and fear speech online. Law enforcement and behavioural compliance are ways of coping with the objective of stopping hate online. We contend that a combination of regulatory instruments, incentives, training, proactive selfawareness and education can be effective to create legal ecosystems to improve the present situation.

The Cyber-Racism and Community Resilience (CRaCR) project included an examination into features of online communities of resistance and solidarity. This work formed a key part of the project’s focus on resilience and produced a deeper understanding of a range of types of actors working in this space and how they might individually contribute effectively to creating resilience. The need for new synergies between different types of stakeholders and approaches was highlighted as an area of future work. This paper explores a design for that future work that builds and supports online communities of resistance and solidarity by drawing on the lessons from the earlier research and extending them. This new work both presents a model for cooperation and explains how different stakeholders can positively engage under the model in a smarter way. That is, through a system which facilitates Solidarity in Moving Against Racism Together while Enabling Resilience. This new approach draws on the strengths of individuals actors, but also seeks to turn points of weakness for one actor into opportunities for cooperation that strengthen the system as a whole.