Received: June 27, 2018 Revised: July 7, 2018 Accepted: August 30, 2018 Warming trends and concomitant increases in frost-free period are expected to alter cropping systems and subsequent land productivity in temperate climate regions. Our agricultural and food systems need to adapt to such changes. Here, we examined how nitrogen (N) availability would affect productivity of rice double cropping in combination with its ratoon regenerated from their parents rice plant (Oryza sativa, cv. Jomyeong) with early maturing habit. For main cropping season, rice plants were transplanted in experimental paddy field (35°10'N, 26o53'E, alt. 33.0m) of Chonnam National University, on April 25, 2016, and grown under local farmers’ agronomic practices. After main crops harvested on August 17, ratoon rice plants were grown at five different levels of N availability [0 (N0), 9 (N9), 18 (N18), 28 (N28) and 37 (N37) kg N ha-1] and harvested on November 20. Unexpectedly, plant height of ratoon rice was unaffected by N availability. However, aboveground biomass (AGB) and yield of ratoon rice were significantly affected by N availability, displaying an increase of 56.5 kg ha-1 and 26.3 kg ha-1 per unit (1 kg ha-1) increase in N fertilization, respectively. As a result, while at N0, the AGB and yield of ratoon rice plants were 4.14 Mg ha-1 and 1.46 Mg ha-1, respectively, they increased to 6.32 and 2.35 Mg ha-1 at N37, corresponding to 47% and 41% of those (i.e. 13.39 Mg ha-1 in AGB and 5.68 Mg ha-1 in yield) of main rice plants. Under high N availability, the greater number of regenerated tillers and panicle per m2 contributed to greater ratoon rice productivity. Combined annual productivity of the main and ratoon seasons ranged from 17.5 to 19.7 Mg ha-1 for AGB and from 7.1 to 8.0 Mg ha-1 for yield depending on N availability. The results suggest that ratoon rice double cropping could provide an ample opportunity to consolidate national food security in the warming world by increasing annual land productivity.

We surveyed the distribution of exotic weeds in Korean paddy fields, uplands, orchards and pastures from 12,568 sites during 3 years, 2013, 2014 and 2015. As a result, 166 species in 28 families were identified and 7, 130, 126, and 80 species were surveyed from paddy fields, uplands, orchards, and pastures, respectively. Among the 166 species, 128 species were annual weed and 38 species were perennial weed. Especially, winter annual exotic weeds were 63 species (37.8%). 46, 16, and 104 exotic weeds were classified to their introduction period of 1 (1876-1921), 2 (1922-1963), and 3 (1964-now) period, respectively. The exotic weeds introduced in 2 and 3 period, included 12 Invasive Alien Species. The weeds from 1 period, however, could be grouped into native weeds as the ‘naturalized weed’ and managed the same as the native weeds. Especially, some exotic weeds such as common groundsel were widely distributed in Korean crop lands, and they will become more problematic in near future. Therefore, systemic research from the biology to management should be conducted and the results from the studies should be applied practically.

A mungbean cultivar “Munpyeong” (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) was derived as a cross between “Keumseong” and “IT163157” at the Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services (JARES) in 2013. “Munpyeong” has an erect growth habit, heart leaflet, green hypocotyls, black and straight pods when matured, and a dull green seed surface. The stem length of “Munpyeong” was 60 cm, which was 6 cm shorter than that of the control cultivar “Owool.” The pod number per plant was 25, which was 3 more than that of the control cultivar. The 1000 seed weight of “Munpyeong” was 45 g, which was 4 g lighter than that of the control cultivar “Owool.” Its field resistance to mungbean mottle virus, cercospora leaf spot, and powdery mildew are similar to the control cultivar, whereas its field resistance to lodging was slightly stronger. The hard seed rate of “Munpyeong” was 3.2%, which was similar to that of the control cultivar. The sprout yield ratio was 7.54 times, which was 9% more than that of the control cultivar. The average yield of “Munpyeong” was 1.93 ton/ha, which was 21% more than that of the control cultivar “Owool” (Cultivar registration number: 5878).

This study was to investigate the occurrence patterns of paddy weeds, their resistance levels to an ALS inhibiting herbicide, and to estimate the areas of resistance in these paddy fields. We used soil collected from 358 paddy fields of Jeonnam province in 2017. Based on their life cycles, weeds were 96% annuals and 4% perennial. Additionally, according to morphological classification, 59% were broad leaves, 28% were sedges and 13% were grasses. Different areas within Jeonnam province contained different numbers and occurrence rates of weed species. However, generally, we observed Lindernia dubia var. dubia, Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea, Ludwigia prostrata, L. procumbens, Cyperus difformis, Scirpus juncoides, Eleocharis Kuroguwai, Echinochloa oryzoides, and E. crus-galli var. echinata. We also observed seven weeds resistant to an ALS inhibiting herbicide. They were M. vaginalis, S. juncoides, C. difformis, L. dubia, Ludwigia prostrata, E. oryzoides, and E. crus-galli var. echinata. Although there were differences in the number and occurrence rate of resistant weed species to an ALS inhibiting herbicide among areas in Jeonnam province, the M. vaginalis, C. difformis, and S. juncoides occurred in 23 cities and counties in Jeonnam including Gwangju metropolitan city. Based on the rates (52%) of resistant occurrence to an ALS inhibiting herbicide in Jeonnam province, the area of weed resistant paddy fields was estimated to be 91,543 ha.

This study was conducted to analyze seasonal and annual variations in rice quality and factors affecting the quality, for quality evaluation of the brand rice varieties produced in Jeonnam region. Coefficient of variation (CV) values for the seasonal variation in the rice quality were 3.1% in Toyo value, 2.1% in whiteness, 1.6% in protein content, 1.0% in moisture content, and 0.4% in head rice ratio. Quality characteristics of the brand rice varieties generally showed a decreasing tendency after April, as the months progressed. CV values for the annual variation in the rice quality were relatively high at 5.6% in protein content and 5.2% in Toyo value whereas those for whiteness and head rice ratio were relatively low, at 2.7% and 1.8%, respectively. Palatability and protein content showed high correlations with minimum air temperature, sunshine hours, rainfall, and daily temperature range. Head rice ratio had a negative correlation with daily temperature range whereas chalky rice ratio had a positive correlation with rainfall. Based on these results, we formulated a multiple regression equation to estimate palatability of cooked rice using protein content, whiteness, head rice ratio, and moisture content as follows:y ＝－6.71a ＋ 2.27b ＋ 1.29c ＋ 0.51d － 15.34 (R2=0.51*)(y: palatability of cooked rice, a: protein content, b: moisture content, c: whiteness, d: head rice ratio).

Background: The purpose of improving the quality of oriental medicinal herbs is to contribute to the improvement of the income of farm. The present study investigated the effect of reasonable drying methods, different storage conditions and packageing materials on quality and stability of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and for developing GAP (good agricultural practice) guide book. Methods and Results: Three methods of drying Scutellaria baicalensis roots produced over two years were used to estimate loss rate owing to drying, storage, and packaging. The methods of drying were categorized into natural drying (36 - 60 h by sunshine), drying with heat dryer (2 - 10 h), or drying with gas bulk dryer (2 - 10 h). After cleaning, and initial drying for a few days under controlled temperature conditions, the second phase of drying was carried out at 35, 45 and 55℃. Changes in hunter color values and quality under the two studied storage treatments (at 20℃ indoors and at 4℃ in a refigerator) were evaluated. Storage period for 60, 120, and 180 days in three packaging materials, PE (polyethylene package), PP (polypropylene gunnysack), and WP (watertight packing paper) were studied. Conclusions: Initial cleaning, reasonable gas drying and hot air drying, and drying in an oven at 35 and 45℃ after cutting the roots resulted in the lowest loss rates in S. Baicalensis root. Hunter color valuse indicated that stroage of dry roots at room temperature was better than PP packaging, and that cold stroage was better than PE packaging for long-term stability.

본 연구는 전남지역 시군에서 생산, 유통되고 있는 브랜드쌀의 품질평가를 실시하여 연차간 변이와 유통쌀의 품질에 미치는 요인을 분석하고자 수행되었으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 전남의 연중 브랜드쌀 품질 변이는 도요윤기치 3.1%, 백도 2.1%, 단백질함량 1.6%, 수분함량 1.0%, 완전미율 0.4% 순으로 컸고 4월 이후부터 품질특성이 저하되었다. 2. 연차별 브랜드쌀 품질 변이는 단백질함량(5.6%), 도요윤기치(5.2%)가 컸고 백도(2.7%), 완전미율(1.8%)은 상대적으로 낮았다. 3. 식미치와 단백질함량은 최저기온, 일조시간, 강수량, 일교차와 높은 상관을 보였고 완전미율은 일교차와 부의 상관을, 분상질립율은 강수량과 높은 정의 상관을 보였다. 4. 단백질함량, 수분함량, 백도, 완전미율 등 밥맛과 상관이 높은 항목을 이용한 식미추정회귀식 산정 결과 y = - 6.71a + 2.27b + 1.29c + 0.51d - 15.34 ($R^2$=0.51*)이었으며 이 때 y는 관능식미, a는 단백질함량(%), b는 수분함량(%), c는 백도, d는 완전미율(%)이었다. This study was conducted to analyze seasonal and annual variations in rice quality and factors affecting the quality, for quality evaluation of the brand rice varieties produced in Jeonnam region. Coefficient of variation (CV) values for the seasonal variation in the rice quality were 3.1% in Toyo value, 2.1% in whiteness, 1.6% in protein content, 1.0% in moisture content, and 0.4% in head rice ratio. Quality characteristics of the brand rice varieties generally showed a decreasing tendency after April, as the months progressed. CV values for the annual variation in the rice quality were relatively high at 5.6% in protein content and 5.2% in Toyo value whereas those for whiteness and head rice ratio were relatively low, at 2.7% and 1.8%, respectively. Palatability and protein content showed high correlations with minimum air temperature, sunshine hours, rainfall, and daily temperature range. Head rice ratio had a negative correlation with daily temperature range whereas chalky rice ratio had a positive correlation with rainfall. Based on these results, we formulated a multiple regression equation to estimate palatability of cooked rice using protein content, whiteness, head rice ratio, and moisture content as follows: y = - 6.71a + 2.27b + 1.29c + 0.51d - 15.34 ($R^2$=0.51*) (y: palatability of cooked rice, a: protein content, b: moisture content, c: whiteness, d: head rice ratio).

The objectives of this research were to quantify resistance levels in different rice biotypes to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, benzobicyclon, mestrione, and tefuryltrione and determine mechanisms of resistance of benzobicyclon in different rice biotypes. In terms of shoot fresh weight, japonica-type, Ilmibyeo and Baekokchal were 17-and 53-73-fold more resistant to benzobicyclon and mestrione, respectively, than indica x japonica-type, Hyangmibyeo-1 and Dasanbyeo. However, responses of shoot fresh weight in rice cultivars of japonica-type to tefuryltrion were similar to those of indica x japonica-type. Carotenoids and chlorophylls contents of the japonica-type, Iilmibyeo and Baekokchal were also less affected by the benzobicyclon, than the indica x japonica-type, Hyangmibyeo-1 and Dasanbyeo. The levels of MDA and H2O2 in rice cultivars of indica x japonica-type after benzobicyclone treatment were much higher than those of rice cultivars of japonica-type. Thus, the resistance in rice cultivars of japonica-type may be caused by the result of less lipid peroxidation, less H2O2, higher carotenoid and chlorophyll contents when exposed to HPPD-inhibitibg herbicide, benzobicyclon.

'건이'는 2012년 전남농업기술원에서 육성한 털목이 품종으로 2009년 JNM-Mi-21008과 JNM-Mi-21014의 단포자 교배를 통하여 2010년 1차 선발하였다. 2011년부터 2012년까지 특성 및 생산력 검정을 실시한 결과 갓색이 연갈색으로 우수하고 병해충에 강한 계통번호 JNMMI249를 우수균주로 선발하였고 이 계통을 2013년 '건이'라는 이름으로 품종보호출원하여 2016년 등록하였다(제109호: 2016. 6.9.). 건이의 갓은 연갈색으로 매끈하여 기호성이 높으며 씹힘성이 좋고 식이섬유 함량이 높다. 원균배양에 알맞은 배지는 MCM, 맥아, PDA배지이다. 톱밥 봉지재배시 자실체 특성으로 갓색은 연갈색이며 유효경수는 39개/0.9 kg로 많았고 갓 직경 6.9 cm, 갓 폭 8.7 cm로 갓 크기는 작은 경향이다. 배양기간은 $20^{\circ}C$에서 40~54일이며 발이 및 생육기간은 20일로 기존품종보다 다소 긴 편이며 수량은 0.9 kg 봉지당 291 g 정도이다. 또한 병해충에 강하며 2차 균사발생, 부패 등 불량환경조건에서도 우수한 경향을 보였다. 교배모본 및 대조구와의 대치선이 형성되었으며 RAPD를 이용한 유전적 다형성 검정 결과 모균주와 유의적 구별성을 보였다. 또한 식이섬유 함량이 높고 씹힘성이 우수한 특성을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. Geoni, a new variety of Auricularia polytricha, was bred in JARES(Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services) in 2012. Geoni was selected through the monospore hybridization with JNM21008 and JNM21014 in 2010. Based on a performance test conducted from 2011 to 2012, the Geoni was selected from a line showing an excellent light brown pileus and strong pest resistance. Geoni has a favorable chewiness, light brown and smooth pileus. In addition, Geoni was rich in dietary fiber. MCM(mushroom complete medium), Malt and PDA(Potato Dextrose Agar) mediums were suitable for cultivating the Geoni. The number of effective stipes was 39 ea/0.9 kg and minor axis and major axis of pileus were 6.9 cm and 8.7 cm respectively. The yield of Geoni was 291 g/0.9 kg in plastic bag. Geoni was required 40~54 days for culture at $20^{\circ}C$ and 24days for the primordia and growth period, which is longer than that of the control(Pung-un). Somatic incompatibility was formed between parental strains and Geoni. Analysis of the genetic diversity of the new variety "Geoni"revealed a different profile from the parental strains when RAPD(random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers were used.

본 연구는 동부나물 생산에 적합한 재배온도를 설정하고, 유전자원을 선발하고자 수행하였다. 재배온도 설정을 위해 Seowon을 이용하여 $15^{\circ}C$에서 $30^{\circ}C$까지 $3^{\circ}C$ 간격으로 처리하였다. 나물 생산에 적합한 유전자원의 선발을 위해 Seowon, IT154149, IT154153, Tvu7426, Tvu7778 등 12계통 및 품종을 이용하여 $27^{\circ}C$에서 재배하였다. 1. 동부나물 생산수율은 $27^{\circ}C$에서 657%로 가장 높았고, 재배온도가 낮아질수록 떨어졌다. 2. 비타민 C 함량은 $24^{\circ}C$ 재배에서 2.85 mg/g로 가장 많았고, 기타 재배온도에서는 2.15~2.29 mg/g 범위였으며, 재배기간이 길어질수록 증가하였다. 3. 동부나물의 무기성분 함량은 재배온도에 따른 차이가 없었고, 아미노산 함량은 $15^{\circ}C$에서 $24^{\circ}C$까지는 재배온도가 높아질수록 증가한 반면 $24^{\circ}C$에서 $30^{\circ}C$까지는 재배온도가 높아질수록 감소하였다. 4. 동부 자원별 나물 생산수율은 IT154153 647%, Seowon 615%, Tvu7426 608% 순으로 많았다. 동부나물의 생산수율이 높은 자원은 종실이 작고 종피가 얇으며 발아력이 우수한 특징을 나타냈다. 5. 동부나물의 무기성분 함량은 칼륨, 마그네슘, 칼슘, 나트륨, 철, 몰리브덴, 아연 순으로 많았다. 동부나물의 단백질, 칼슘, 아연, 몰리브덴, 철 등의 함량은 원료곡보다 많았고, 알루미늄, 붕소 등의 함량은 원료곡보다 적었다. The purpose of this study was to establish the optimal growth temperature and to select genetic resources for production of cowpea sprouts. Seowon was treated between $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ at intervals of $3^{\circ}C$ to investigate growth temperature. Twelve resources, including Seowon, IT154149, IT154153, Tvu7426, and Tvu7778, were used for cultivating sprouts at a temperature of $27^{\circ}C$. The yield ratio of cowpea sprouts was highest at $27^{\circ}C$ (657%), and was reduced when growth temperature was decreased. The hard seed rate was lower when the growth temperature was increased. Vitamin C content was highest at $24^{\circ}C$ (2.85 mg/g), ranged between 2.15 and 2.29 mg/g at other growth temperatures, and increased with the length of the growth period. The inorganic component content of cowpea sprouts did not vary based on growth temperature, while the amino acid content increased with increasing growth temperature between $15^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$, and then subsequently decreased as growth temperature rose from $24^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$. IT154153 had the highest yield ratio of cowpea sprouts per genetic resource (647%), followed by Seowon (615%), and Tvu7426 (608%). Genetic resources with a higher yield ratio had smaller seeds, a thinner seed coat, and superior germinability. The inorganic components found at highest concentrations in the cowpea sprouts were potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, molybdenum, and zinc (in that order). In comparison to raw seeds, the protein, calcium, zinc, molybdenum, and iron content in the cowpea sprouts was higher, while the content of aluminum and boron was lower.

현재 유기재배에서 잡초 방제를 위한 방법은 관행방법에 비해 효과적이지 못하다. 본 연구는 하늘타리의 잎, 줄기, 열매, 뿌리 추출물 중 어느 부위에서 제초 효과가 가장 높은지를 알아보기 위해서 각 부위별로 물, 열수 그리고 에탄올로 추출하였다. 또한 위의 추출방법 중 제초활성능력이 뛰어난 것을 hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, BuOH, $H_2O$로 용매분획하여 잠재적 제초 성분에 대한 특성을 조사하였다. 전반적으로 오이와 보리의 발아율, 초장 및 근장 억제는 추출방법 중 물 추출법이 가장 효과적이었고, 식물체 부위별로는 열매에서 가장 효과적이었다. Ethyl acetate, butanol, chloroform, hexane, water의 용매분획에서 오이와 보리의 발아율, 초장 및 근장 저해는 물 층에서 가장 좋았고 그 밖의 분획에서는 차이가 없었다. 5% 물 층 추출물 발아전 처리에 의해 바랭이와 까마중의 생장량은 80~100% 억제되었으나, 이 추출물에 의한 오이와 보리뿐만 아니라 잡초종(바랭이, 까마중 등) 경엽처리에 의한 생육저해 효과는 없었다. 본 연구결과로 볼 때 하늘타리 추출물을 친환경 또는 유기농 재배에 잡초방제를 위해 사용할 수 있을 것으로 본다. Currently, methods for controlling weeds in organically produced crops have not been as effective as conventional methods. This research was carried out to determine the herbicidal effects of leaf, stem, fruit, root extracts of Trichosanthes kirilowii. The extraction methods used were water, boiling water and ethanol. The characteristics of potential herbicidal components among extraction methods were investigated by using the following solvent fractions: hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. Generally, water extracts provided the best on inhibition of germination rate, plant height, and root length in cucumber and barley. Specifically, extractions made from fruit parts of T. kirilowii provided the greatest inhibition effect on plant growth in cucumber and barely. Inhibition of germination rate, plant height, and root length in cucumber and barley in solvent fractions was the best in water fractions, but there were no significant differences among the other fractions. Digitaria siliaris and Solanum nigrum were controlled 80-100% by 5% extractions of water fraction. However, there were no herbicidal effects from foliar treatment in cucumber, barley, black nightshade, and henry crabgrass by 5% extractions of the water fraction. These results show that extractions of T. kirilowii can be used for controlling some weeds in organically produced crops.

제초제 저항성 논잡초 발생면적은 국립농업과학원과 전국 8개도 농업기술원 공동으로 2011년과 2012년에 조사하였다. 8개도 3,200지점에서 논흙을 채취하여 피라조설퓨론에틸 피리미노박메틸입제를 30 kg $ha^{-1}$ 처리하여 설포닐우레아(SU)계 제초제 저항성 논잡초의 발생면적을 추산하였다. 전국 벼 재배면적(유기 및 친환경농업 벼 재배면적 제외)의 22.1%인 176,870 ha에서 SU계 제초제 저항성 논잡초가 발생되었다. 발생비율을 보면, 전라남도가 논 면적의 44.3%로 제일 많이 발생되었고, 그 다음으로는 충청남도로 30.5%, 충청북도 27.8%, 강원도 24.5% 순이었다. 제초제 저항성 논잡초 중 발생면적이 가장 넓은 초종은 물달개비로서 전체 32.2%(57,018 ha)를 차지하였으며, 그 다음으로 올챙이고랭이, 밭뚝외풀 순이었다. National Academy of Agricultural Science and eight province Agricultural Research & Extension Services investigated the occurring area of herbicide resistant weeds in paddy field of Korea. In order to estimate the occurring areas of herbicide resistant weeds, we collected paddy soils randomly from 3,200 sites in 2011 and 2012, and treated 30 kg $ha^{-1}$ of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+pyriminobac-methyl GR to the paddy soil. 176,870 ha, approximately 22.1% of cultivated area excluding organic and eco-friendly cultivated area, was estimated to be infested by SUherbicide resistant paddy field weeds. Several species of resistant weeds were occurred at Jeonranam-do with 44.3%, followed by 30.5% at Chungchungnam-do, 27.8% at Chungchungbuk-do, and 24.5% at Jeonrabuk-do, respectively. Monochoria vaginalis showed the highest distribution with 57,018 ha, 32.2% followed by Scirpus juncoides, and Lindernia procumbens, respectively.