Mathematics from the electromagnetic field quantization procedure and the soliton models of photons are used to construct a new 3D model of photons. Besides the interaction potential between the charged particle and the photons, which contains the annihilation and creation operators of photons, the new function for a description of free propagating photons is derived. This function presents the vector potential of the field, the function is a product of the harmonic oscillator eigenfunction with the well-defined coordinate of the oscillator and the Gaussian function of the polar radius in the transverse direction. In the article, the difference between the quantum mechanics of particles and photons is discussed.

The task of assembling and calculating spectrally significant lines of Vitamin D2 and D3 is related to a wider goal of establishing if it is possible to develop non-invasive optical sensors for these substances present at concentrations on the order of tens of nmol/L. Such a non-invasive in vivo sensor would be helpful for medical considerations, among others, related to multiple sclerosis prevention, reduced risk of mortality in D3-treated acute in-patients admitted with COVID 19, systemic infection, acute respiratory tract infections, including epidemic influenza, community-acquired pneumonia at concentrations <50nmol/L(<20ng/mL), dental health (90-100nmol/L) of 25(OH) D, general health and others. Currently, to determine the concentration of these substances, it is necessary to draw a sample from a vein in ambulatory settings and analyse the sample with the gold standard of mass spectroscopy or immunoassay. In this article Vitamin D optical properties are studied by density functional theory calculations, compared to reported data, and the new calculated and measured D2 and D3 optical absorption lines are presented, as well as the calculations compared with spectral measurements of optical transmission, FTIR ATR and Raman spectra.

Three linear equations are proposed as quantum-mechanical equations for the free propagating photons. The solution of these equations is the vector potential of the electromagnetic field and it is a product of the Gaussian functions for the transverse coordinates and the eigenfunction of the harmonic oscillator for the longitudinal coordinate. This solutions is used to describe the reflection and refraction of photons on the boundary between two dielectrics. The amplitude of the reflected field coincides with the Fresnel formulae for the plane waves, but the amplitude of the refracted field is different. These amplitudes are the probability’s amplitudes of reflection and refraction of photons—like in the quantum mechanics. The photons propagated from the first into the second medium increase (decrease) their transverse size in the plane of incidence, if the refraction index of the second medium is greater (smaller) than in the first medium. The increasing or decreasing grow when increasing the angle of incidence. The difference between the quantum mechanics of the particles with a mass and the photons, as well as the interpretation of the wave function of photons, is discussed.

The study establishes optically relevant lines by modelling ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3) and compare these to measured and earlier reported absorption and Raman spectra lines. This is a step to reach a further goal of finding if minute Vitamin D (D2 and D3) concentration changes could be determined so that a non-invasive sensor could be developed with a reference to non-invasive measurements reported in [1] describing a Raman spectroscopy method of blood glucose concentration of threshold of 5 mmol/l. However, our concentrations are lower by two orders, i.e., 50 nmol/l. At such concentrations random-type metabolites may have an important role, like those related with person’s daily diet. We believe that using the most suited optical lines may be a way forward. If successful, this would be because of medical considerations.

Density functional theory (DFT)-calculated Infrared and Raman spectra of Vitamin D2 and D3 are presented. The calculated results are compared with each other and with available experimental data. Applicability of Raman spectra for non-invasive optical Vitamin D sensors is discussed.

Visibility is a very subjective notion. It depends on the view of the person who determines it. But it also depends on more precise elements such as the turbidity of water, the ambient luminosity (which itself depends on the nature of the environment and the sunshine on the surface), the degree of pollution of the water, the bustle of the sea, the quality of the diving mask. Good visibility allows you to dive safely, and / or to collect easily some fresh fish. Clear, crystal-clear water also makes the most of the beautiful landscapes of the underwater world. However, this visibility rate change from an environment to another. In this paper we describe the effects responsible to disrupts visibility underwater by analyzing water properties and the reaction of optical sensors.

A new nonlinear equation for the description of the localized in space, 3D electromagnetic solitons, simpler than previously considered, is proposed. The new equation formally can be reduced to the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, but the essential differences between them are discussed. In this model, each point in the field of the soliton oscillates with the same frequency. The physical arguments are presented that only the so-called degenerate N-soliton solutions for this 3D model are possible.

Computer vision is an interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made for gaining high-level understanding from digital images or videos.Fish detection and monitoring is an important topic in computer vision.The growth of high-powered computers, the evolution of high-quality video cameras with low cost and the growing need for automated video analysis have caused more interest in the development of underwater inspection.However, in the sea, the spread of light and sound are not uniform.Therefore, visibility becomes increasingly difficult due to the physical properties of the water.This fact affects negatively of detection accuracy.In this paper, we present method for underwater image enhancement.Dark Channel prior, will be responsible to adjust colour channels in order to get more visibility in images.The algorithm is tested to many images.Experimental results demonstrates a good quality improvement in underwater images.

The previously proposed three-dimensional soliton model of a photon propagating in vacuum is modified to describe its propagation in a homogeneous linear dielectric medium. The one-soliton solution of the derived nonlinear equation correctly predicts the energy and the Abraham and Minkowski momenta of the photon in dielectrics. A new nonlinear equation is proposed, which has a one-soliton solution that at every point oscillates with the same frequency and falls exponentially in the longitudinal, as well as in the transverse direction from the centre of the soliton.

The field of environmental sensors has been developing driven by the Baltic Sea environmental considerations. The authors propose the use of optical methods for developing sensitive, selective and low cost approach to address water media emitted matter research. An optical method to detect the human anthropogenic load presence in water bodies by measuring minute optical brighteners (OBs) concentration in water due to the laundry effluent is demonstrated. The authors propose to use OBs as a conveniently and affordably detectable optical parameter to compare the levels of human impact on the water bodies studied.

Water quality and anthropogenic loads in many, but not all, cases are related. Some water quality monitoring programs analyse samples for the presence of Escherichia coli. These bacteria can come from humans and animals. Human‐attributable effluent contains optical brighteners (OBs) from detergents. A convenient and affordable optical quantitative method giving a linear luminescence outcome over several orders of detergent concentrations in the water solution is demonstrated. The proposed method uses the common presence of OBs in detergents. Detergent concentration in water can be used as a surrogate indicator of resultant anthropogenic loads in water bodies. The proposed optical method with linear outcome over several ranges of detergent water concentrations is described.

The crystallization behaviour of Fe70-xCr20MoxB10(x = 0 to 8) amorphous alloy ribbons prepared by melt spinning has been investigated by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. As-spunFe(70)Cr20B(10) to consists of polycrystalline tetragonal M(3)B. Addition of Mo increases the tendency to form an amorphous structure in the melt-spun ribbons. In amorphous Fe70-xCr20MoxB10 alloys, the crystallization peak temperature and the activation energy for crystallization both increase with increasing Mo content, reaching maximum values of 559 degrees C and 3.4 eV respectively for Fe66Cr20Mo4B10. After heat treating at 1000 degrees C for 2 hours, Fe70-xCr20MoxB10 alloys consist of a mixture of orthorhombic M(2)B and tetragonal M(3)B(2) boride particles embedded in a matrix of bcc bath martensite and/or bcc ferrite.