Background: This study assessed the potential cost-effectiveness of high (80–100%) vs low (21–35%) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) at preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) after abdominal surgery in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Methods: Decision-analytic models were constructed using best available evidence sourced from unbundled data of an ongoing pilot trial assessing the effectiveness of high FiO2, published literature, and a cost survey in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Effectiveness was measured as percentage of SSIs at 30 days after surgery, a healthcare perspective was adopted, and costs were reported in US dollars ($). Results: High FiO2 may be cost-effective (cheaper and effective). In Nigeria, the average cost for high FiO2 was $216 compared with $222 for low FiO2 leading to a −$6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −$13 to −$1) difference in costs. In India, the average cost for high FiO2 was $184 compared with $195 for low FiO2 leading to a −$11 (95% CI: −$15 to −$6) difference in costs. In South Africa, the average cost for high FiO2 was $1164 compared with $1257 for low FiO2 leading to a −$93 (95% CI: −$132 to −$65) difference in costs. The high FiO2 arm had few SSIs, 7.33% compared with 8.38% for low FiO2, leading to a −1.05 (95% CI: −1.14 to −0.90) percentage point reduction in SSIs. Conclusion: High FiO2 could be cost-effective at preventing SSIs in the three countries but further data from large clinical trials are required to confirm this.

Gastrointestinal duplication cyst is a rare congenital anomaly. When it involves the pylorus or the first part of the duodenum, it may present with features of gastric outlet obstruction. We present a 4-month-old baby girl, second of a set of twins who presented with features of gastric outlet obstruction. A diagnosis of gastric outlet obstruction querying hypertrophic pyloric stenosis was made and she was resuscitated. The intraoperative finding was that of a huge non-communicating duplication cyst involving the pylorus and the first part of the duodenum. Excision and mucosal stripping of the cyst was done. Histology showed ectopic gastric mucosa. Pyloroduodenal duplication cyst is a rare congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract and a close differential for patients who present too early or too late with features of Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Introduction: Biliary ascites is a rare condition in infancy and is commonly caused by the perforation of the extrahepatic bile duct. The cystic duct is the part of extrahepatic biliary tract most rarely affected. This is likely to be the first case of biliary ascites of infancy, secondary to spontaneous cystic duct perforation in our centre. Methods: Consent was obtained from the parents of the child. Ethical approval was also obtained from the research and ethics committee of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika, Zaria. The case notes of the child were summarized and the relevant literature was reviewed to give the report a context. Results: A three-month-old boy presented with ten days history of jaundice, a week history of abdominal distention, and a day’s history of fever. There was associated bilateral inguinal hernia, excessive cry, refusal to feed, and weight loss. Pregnancy history was normal. He was acutely ill-looking, irritable, febrile with an axillary temperature of 37.7°C, mildly pale, jaundiced with a greenish tinge, had a weight of 4.7kg. He had gross ascites and bilateral reducible inguinal hernia. Bedside abdominal paracentesis reveals thick yellow and foamy fluid. Abdominal ultrasound scan revealed gross ascites, clotting profile was deranged, there was hyperbilirubinaemia of 228 umol/L, other laboratory results including liver function test were normal. He was commenced on medical management for presumed sepsis with obstructive jaundice. Five days into the admission, there was no significant improvement, and the diagnosis was reviewed to a ruptured choledochal cyst and the child was prepared for an explorative laparotomy. Intra-operatively, the cystic duct was perforated. Cholecystectomy and repair of the common bile duct were performed and the child did well postoperatively. Conclusion: Perforated cystic duct should be suspected in infants presenting with jaundice abdominal distension, acholic stools with or without fever, vomiting, and inguinal hernias. Early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention greatly reduce morbidity and mortality from the disease.

Introduction: Thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) is the most common congenital midline neck mass that most commonly present as gradually enlarging painless mass that moves with swallowing and protrusion of tongue, usually noticed in the first decade or in young adult. The aim of this study is to review the treatment outcome of patients with TGDC who presented to Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: The record of patients managed for TGDC at the Division of Paediatric Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology of Department of Surgery Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria over a 10-year period between January 2007 and December 2016 was reviewed. The information obtained included demographic characteristic and complete clinical information. The data were analyzed using a Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0 software.Results: A total of 19 patients were managed for TGDC within the years under review. The age range of the patients was 2–12 years with mean age and standard deviation of 6.6 and 3.5 years, respectively. Eleven patients (57.9%) presented within 6 months to 3 years of the disease onset. The location of the TGDC in majority of our patients 15 (78.9%) was infrahyoid. Most of the patients 17 (89.5%) had uncomplicated TGDC. Fifteen (79%) of the patients had Sistrunk operation, and no case of recurrence was observed after 2 years.Conclusion: The outcome of treatment of TGDC is good, when early diagnosis and complete surgical excision of the cyst is achieved. Complete excision of the cyst without the removal of the hyoid bone may be adequate for suprahyoid cyst.