Collet-Sicard sendromu (CSS), jugular foramen ve hipoglossal kanal bölgesini etkileyen kafa tabanı lezyonlarında görülen tek taraflı 9 ,10, 11 ve 12. kraniyal sinirlerin paralizisidir. Amacımız kliniğimizde tanı alan CSS vakasını literatür bilgileri eşliğinde sunmaktır. 68 yaş kadın hasta polikliniğe 2 senedir devam eden sağ kulakta çınlama şikayetiyle başvurdu. Sağ timpanik membranda kırmızı-mor renkli refle görüldü. Dil sağ yarısında atrofi, video laringoskopide sağ vokal kord paralitik izlendi. Sağ omuz ve trapezius kası sola göre deprese görünümdeydi. Hastaya Gamma Knife radyocerrahi tedavisi planlandı. 1. yıl kontrol görüntülemede tümör progresyonu saptanmadı. Hastanın klinik bulgularında belirgin iyileşme gözlenmedi. Collet-Sicard sendromuyla gelen glomus tümörleri nadirdir. Nadir görülmesi sebebi ile etkin bir tedavi kılavuzu bulunmamaktadır. Prognoz hakkında bilgiler yetersizdir. Daha kapsamlı vaka serilerinin olduğu randomize kontrollü çalışmalara ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır.

Pediatrik hastalarda sarkomlar, kulak ve temporal kemiğin sık görülen malign tümörlerindendir. Bu grup içerisinde en sık görülen rabdomyosarkomlardır. Rabdomyosarkom, özelikle 5 yaş altı çocuklarda en sık karşılaşılan yumuşak doku tümörüdür. En sık embriyonel rabdomyosarkom alt tipi görülmektedir. Has-ta klinik olarak, genellikle tedaviye yanıt vermemiş orta kulak veya dış kulak yolu enfeksiyonu hikaye-si ile başvurmaktadır. Bu makalede tekrarlayan otit hikayesi olan, yeni başlayan periferik fasiyal paralizi nedeniyle kliniğimize refere edilen ve cerrahide alınan biyopsi sonucu rabdomyosarkom olarak gelen 4 yaşında bir çocuk hastamız tartışılmıştır.

Amaç: Erişkin ve çocuk hastalarda tonsilektomi endikasyonlarının dağılımı farklıdır. Bu çalışmada erişkin hastaların histopatolojik sonuçları retrospektif olarak değerlendirilerek sıklığı ve klinik özellik-leri literatür eşliğinde incelenmesi amaçlandı.Yöntem: Retrospektif olarak son 15 yılda kliniğimizde erişkin yaş grubuna ait tonsil örneklerinin his-topatolojik sonuçları incelendi. Toplam 182 hasta kaydı incelendi. 18 yaşından küçük hastalar ve Hasta Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi (HBYS) değişikliği sebebiyle sonuçlarına ulaşılamayan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edilmedi. Bulgular: Toplam 9 hastada (%4,9) malignite saptandı. Bu hastaların 8’inde tonsilektomi, malignite şüphesi nedeniyle gerçekleştirilmişti. Bir hastada ise insidental malignite tespit edildi.Sonuç: Tonsilektomi yapılacak erişkin olgularda malignite ihtimali açısından endikasyon yoksa histo-patolojik inceleme yapılması tartışmalıdır. Bu durum hastane maliyetini de azaltmaktadır. İnsidental malignite insidansı, çalışmamızda literatürle uyumlu olarak düşüktür. Bu hastaların tanı alabilmesi için histopatolojik incelemenin gerekli olduğunu düşünüyoruz.

Purpose: Periorbital edema and ecchymosis that may occur after surgery in septorhinoplasty patients who have undergone lateral osteotomy are common morbidities and are seen as the main limiting factors for the recovery process of the patients. There are many different studies in the literature about the causes of periorbital edema and ecchymosis. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the possible relationships between the bone density and bone thickness measured in the frontal process of the maxillary bone, and postoperative periorbital edema and ecchymosis, which are suitable for the osteotomy lines that they will detect in computerized tomography. Methods: Between January 1, 2019 and November 11, 2020, 59 patients whose nasal pathologies were determined by paranasal sinus computed tomography examination due to nasal deformity and nasal deformity and who underwent septorhinoplasty operation were included in this study. Bone density and thickness measurements were performed on the frontal process of the maxillary bone in accordance with the lateral osteotomy lines on the lateral nasal wall in each patient, right and left side. According to the bone density values measured at the point determined on the lateral osteotomy line, 2 groups were formed as “very dense” and “less dense.” According to the bone thickness values of the patients, 2 groups were determined as “thick” and “thin.” Thus, the authors investigated the relationship between periorbital edema and ecchymosis on the postoperative first, third, and seventh days obtained from the examination files of the patients. Findings: When bone density subgroups are examined, it has been shown that the degree of periorbital edema of the patients in the “very dense” and “less dense” group categories decreased from the first day to the seventh postoperative day. The degrees of periorbital edema on the third postoperative day were statistically higher in the “less dense” group than in the “very dense” group. In the authors' study, no correlation was found between the degrees of postoperative periorbital edema and ecchymosis and bone density subgroups on other days. While an increase was observed in the periorbital ecchymosis grades of the patients in the “less dense” subgroup category from the first day to the third postoperative day, the periorbital ecchymosis grades of the patients in the “very dense” subgroup category decreased from the first day to the third day. In both subgroups, the lowest periorbital ecchymosis levels were observed on the postoperative seventh day. When bone thickness subgroups are examined, it has been shown that the degree of periorbital edema of the patients in the “thick” and “thin” group categories decreases from the first day to the seventh day postoperatively. When the bone thickness subgroups were examined, the periorbital ecchymosis degrees of the patients in the “thick” and “thin” group categories increased on the third postoperative day, while it reached the lowest level on the postoperative seventh day. There was no significant difference between the first, third, and seventh-day periorbital edema and ecchymosis conditions in the “thick” and “thin” groups. Conclusion: The authors observed that periorbital edema and ecchymosis that may occur after septorhinoplasty can be affected by the variable features of the lateral nasal wall bone structure. The authors conclude that the changes in the healing process can be affected by different bone density values in particular.

Acetyl ferrocene (AFC) is being used commonly in several industrial applications and scientific diciplines. Hence, in this study we aimed to determine the LC50 value of AFC, and evaluate the toxicity potential by AFC exposure on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for 96 h. We also focused to investigate whether UX conferred a protection against AFC-induced toxic insults in fish. For this purpose, some stress related endpoints were measured in blood and liver tissues in a multibiomarker approach. The exposure to AFC observed inhibition/induction of hematological parameters by AFC was slowed down after co-application with UX and AFC. However, UX was found to be ineffective for minimising AFC-induced micronucleus formation after 96 h. Moreover, it was determined that supplementation with UX exhibited activity in favour of antioxidants and inhibited MDA / MPO levels. Again, time-dependent inhibition of Nrf-2 levels, stimulation of IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels by AFC were ameliorated after co-application with UX. Ultimately, administration with UX suppressed the accumulation of 8-OHdG adducts and caspase-3 levels as compared to only AFC treatment. In a conclusion UX exerted significant protection potency against AFC-induced hematotoxic, oxidative, genotoxic and cytotoxic damages, hence could be a new source of natural protective agents in environment.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of von Willebraund Factor (vWF) in plasma and the protein/creatinine ratio in urine in patients with idiopathic sudden acute hearing loss, which we think to be caused by epithelial dysfunction. Materials-Methods: Thirty patients with a sudden hearing loss and thirty healthy individuals were included in the study. Before the treatment, blood and urine were collected from the patients and the control group to investigate the levels of the protein/creatinine ratio and the levels of vWF. The test results of the patients group were compared with those of the control group. Results: We found that the levels of vWF increased in the patient group, which was statistically significant (P <.05). The protein/creatinine ratio in the urine increased in the patient group, but this was not statistically significant (P >.05). In addition, we found that the vWF and urine protein/creatin ratio of the patients who benefited from treatment were lower than those who did not benefit. Conclusions: This study showed that sudden sensorineural hearing loss may result from endothelial dysfunction. However, more studies that include more patients are needed in order to support this. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. on behalf of Sociedad Espanola de Otorrinolaringolog ' ia y Cirug ' ia de Cabeza y Cuello.

The purpose of the study is to determine prevalence of positional obstructive sleep apnea (POSA) and non-POSA among obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) cases. Additionally, it aims to compare the sociodemographic and polysomnographic characteristics in the city of Canakkale, located in the northwest of Turkey. We included 263 patients diagnosed with OSAS by polysomnography (PSG) between January 2021 and November 2022. OSAS was defined as AHI ≥ 5. The severity of OSAS was assessed as normal (AHI < 5); mild (AHI 5–15); moderate (AHI 16–30); and severe (AHI > 30). Sociodemographic characteristics such as gender, weight, and height, along with and polysomnographic features were evaluated and compared between two groups. Our final sample was 227 after applying exclusion criteria. The rate of POSA was 48 and 52

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are used as ideal support materials thanks to their unique properties and have become the focus of interest in enzyme immobilization studies, especially in recent years. In order to increase the catalytic activity and stability of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), a new fluorescence-based MOF (UiO-66-Nap) derived from UiO-66 was synthesized. The structures of the materials were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, 1H NMR, SEM, and PXRD. CRL was immobilized on UiO-66-NH2 and UiO-66-Nap by adsorption technique and immobilization and stability parameters of UiO-66-Nap@CRL were examined. Immobilized lipases UiO-66-Nap@CRL exhibited higher catalytic activity (204 U/g) than UiO-66-NH2 @CRL (168 U/g), which indicates that the immobilized lipase (UiO-66-Nap@CRL) carries sulfonate groups, this is due to strong ionic interactions between the surfactant's polar groups and certain charged locations on the protein surface. The Free CRL lost its catalytic activity completely at 60 °C after 100 min, while UiO-66-NH2 @CRL and UiO-66-Nap@CRL retained 45 % and 56 % of their catalytic activity at the end of 120 min, respectively. After 5 cycles, the activity of UiO-66-Nap@CRL remained 50 %, while the activity of UiO-66-NH2 @CRL was about 40 %. This difference is due to the surfactant groups (Nap) in UiO-66-Nap@CRL. These results show that the newly synthesized fluorescence-based MOF derivative (UiO-66-Nap) can be an ideal support material for enzyme immobilization and can be used successfully to protect and increase the activities of enzymes.

The mechanochemical encapsulation of enzymes during the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOF) have been thought to be a natural, economical, new, and environmentally friendly step in synthesizing supported enzymatic catalysts. In this study, for the first time, a mechanochemical technique was employed to immobilize Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), and two zinc-based MOF types (Zn-MOF-74 and ZIF-8) were preferred. The enzyme kinetics and immobilization parameters (pH, temperature, thermal stability and reusability) of the prepared encapsulated enzymes (Zn-MOF-74@CRL and ZIF-8@CRL) were investigated. The prepared encapsulated enzymes were characterized by FTIR, SEM and XRD. It was observed that the catalytic activity of Zn-MOF-74 @CRL was six times higher than that of ZIF-8@CRL. After five reuses, the activities of Zn-MOF-74@CRL and ZIF-8@CRL were found to be 81% and 73% retained, respectively. After being subjected to 60 degrees C for 120 min, ZIF-8@CRL and Zn-MOF-74@CRL maintained their activities at 65% and 73%, respectively. The enantioselective hydrolysis reaction of racemic naproxen methyl ester was chosen as the model reaction. The results showed Zn-MOF-74@CRL possessed better enantioselectivity (E = 245) than ZIF-8@CRL (E = 136). This study demonstrated that it is possible to create biocatalysts with excellent catalytic properties for the pharmaceutical industry using MOFs produced by the mechanochemical method.

Fe2+ in ferrocene facilities the oxidation. Based on this phenomenon, increased iron (Fe) level in freshwater ecosystems is thought as an important environmental problem in many geographic regions. In addition to increased mobilization of Fe from sediment due to changes in land use, mining, industrial activity, and elevated acid deposition are also proposed to be possible factors contributing to the increased Fe loading in freshwater environments. Ferrocene is useful in the modern organometallic chemistry industry due to its versatile appli-cations. In this study, the toxicity potential and related toxicity mechanisms of acute ferrocene exposure as well as the protective potential of borax supplementation against ferrocene were investigated in rainbow trout during 96 h under semi-static conditions. In target tissues multiplexed endpoints of hematological indices, genotoxicity, oxidative stress response, DNA damage and apoptosis levels, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 activities were assessed in blood tissue. In liver tissue, in addition to the parameters studied in blood tissue (except cortisol), the nuclear factor erythroid-2, which regulates the expression of detoxification enzymes, was investigated. When the results obtained from blood analyzes were examined, ferrocen treatment caused different reactions (increase/decrease) in blood indexes, and these findings were confirmed by MN tests. In ferrocene-induced hematoxicite, the healing effect of borax application has been observed to increase inhibited values and decrease in indexes with increasing tendencies. Besides, this hematoxicity was also supported by cortisol in-creases. Our findings showed that ferrocene inhibited antioxidant enzyme activities and increased lipid perox-idation, 8-OH-dG, caspase 3, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 levels in both blood and liver tissues. Similarly, cortisol level (in blood tissue) and Nrf-2 level (in liver tissue) increased with ferrocene application. In the ferrocen+borax group, the MDA level decreased 11 % at the end of the 96th hour compared to the 48th hour, and the Nrf2 level increased 9 %. In general, enzyme inhibitions in blood and liver tissues have shown that ferrocen-mediated toxicity occurs in induced ROS, DNA damage, apoptos activity, and BX applications have a positive effect on the correction of toxicity in the direction of hormesis. In a conclusion, the present study suggested that borax migt exhibite ameliorative potential against ferrocene-induced toxicity in O. mykiss blood and liver via regulating the ROS/TNF-alpha/Nrf-2 pathway.

Aim: The main aim of the study was to evaluate the DNA 5-methylcytosine (m5C) level, measured in circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) as a distinct feature of thyroid gland-related disorders, including thyroiditis, benign nodule, and malignant nodule.Material and Methods: The study included 75 patients with 30 benign nodules, 30 thyroiditis, and 15 thyroid cancers; 19 subjects were evaluated as a control group. We collected peripheral blood samples from three disease groups and the controls, and then separated the plasma from the whole blood. We measured m5C in ccfDNA purified from plasma samples of patients and healthy individuals.Results: The level of m5C, measured in thyroiditis patients was significantly different from those measured in the control group, malignant and benign patients. We observed hypomethylation in benign and malignant patients when compared with the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the malignant patients and the control group and between the benign patients and the control group. After comparison of disease groups, we observed that there was no statistically significant difference between benign and malignant patients. We observed a statistically significant difference between thyroiditis and malignant patients (p<0.01) and between thyroiditis and benign patients (p=0.001).Discussion: Very few studies have reported that DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism in thyroiditis patients. Here, we reported that the level of m5C of ccfDNA could be used as a biomarker for thyroiditis. Further studies are required with the higher number of malign and benign patients to investigate the differences between patients with nodules and healthy individuals.

The occurrence of heart electrophysiology dysfunction or/and muscle damage is referred to as cardiotoxicity. The heart weakens and becomes less efficient at pumping and hence circulating blood. Cardiomyopathy can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections, diseases such as diabetes, ischemia, hypertension, obesity, radiation therapy, antipsychotic drugs, cytotoxic drugs, most notably chemotherapeutic agents; antitumor antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, platinum-based compounds, microtubule inhibitors, vinca alkaloids, antimetabolites, proteasome inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors, alkylating agents, corticosteroids. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, animal models and transgenic methods used in studies, and the effects of therapeutic agents on cardiotoxicity.

Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound. The pyridine ring is present in many important compounds, including agricultural chemicals, medicines and vitamins. Due to their widespread industrial use, bioaccumulation and non-target toxic effects are being considered as a great risk to human and environmental health. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the hematological, oxidative and genotoxic damage potentials by different concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2 g/L) of the ketone 3-Benzoylpyridine (3BP) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Alterations in the biomarker levels of oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2 '-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), apoptosis (Caspase-3), malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), myeloperoxidase (MPO), paraoxonase (PON), and arylesterase (AR) were assessed in brain, liver, gill and blood tissues. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was also determined in brain tissue. In addition, we analyzed micronucleus (MN) rates and hematological indices of total erythrocyte count (RBC), total leukocyte count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), total platelet count (PLT), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell volume (MCV) in blood. LC50-96h value of 3BP was calculated as 5.2 g/L from the data obtained. A significant decrease in brain AChE activity was determined in clear time and dose dependent manners. While SOD, CAT, GPx, PON, and AR levels were decreased, MDA, MPO, 8-OHdG and Caspase-3 levels were increased in all tissues (p < 0.05). Again, the 3BP led to increases of MN formation at all applied concentrations in the rates of between 45.4 and 72.7%. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found out in between all studied hematology parameters between 3BP-exposed and the control fish. In conclusion, ours study firstly indicated that the treatment doses of 3BP induced distinct hematological and oxidative alterations as well as genotoxic damage in rainbow trout.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the mitochondrial DNA (mitDNA) copy number in blood samples of patients with thyroiditis, benign nodules or malignant nodules is different from that in healthy individuals, and to examine whether mtDNAcn has the ability to distinguish between different thyroid diseases. Materials and Method. This study consists of principal groups as thyroid patients and control group. The thyroid patient group comprised 30 patients with malignant nodules, 33 with benign nodules and 31 with thyroiditis, whereas the control group was com-posed of 21 healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected from the patients before treatment. Results were evaluated between groups. Results. We could not find an adequate number of participants for inclusion to match the groups. Similarly, since there is a gender difference in terms of disease prevalence, it was not possible to pair the populations in terms of gender. Instead, the results were analyzed with an adjusted model, including man characteristics as cofounders. We found that the mtDNAcn of the thyroid patients was significantly lower than that measured for the control group ( p = 0.01). Furthermore the mtDNAcn of the benign group was significantly lower than that measured in the control group ( p = 0.0001). A similar significant difference was found between the thyroiditis group and the control group ( p = 0.005). Conclusion. It was observed that mtDNAcn in the malignant group was significantly higher than that measured in the benign group ( p = 0.004), which would indicate that it may be used as a diagnostic and therapeutic marker in thyroid diseases. (c) 2022 Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Acrylamide(AA) is a compound with wide usage areas including paper, dyes, and plastics industries. Due to its broad spectrum and water solubility suggest that this vinyl compound may cause serious environmental problems. AA was shown to exhibit neurotoxic, immunotoxic, reproductive toxicant as well as carcinogenic potency on animals. Especially in recent years, the therapeutic effects of boron and boron containing compounds like borax(BX), ulexite(ULX) and colemanite(COL) had been reported. However, the ameliorative potential by boron compounds against AA-induced toxicities had not been investigated yet. Therefore, in this investigation rainbow trout were exposed acutely to AA in the presence and absence of BX. The hematological indices and genotoxic end-points were examined in the fish blood tissue. In addition to oxidative stress response, the levels of DNA damage, CASP3, TNF-α, Nrf-2 as well as IL-6 amounts were determined in both blood and liver tissues of fish. The obtained results executed that AA induced toxic conditions in both tissues. In fact, an increase in the amount of oxidative stress and ROS, and a decrease in GSH levels were observed. AA exposure led to an increase in CASP3levels and 8-OHdG formation. It was also found that Nrf-2 pathway contributed to the initiation of oxidative stress that associated with AA-induced toxicity. On the contrary, our findings indicated that co-exposure of BX with AA elicited oxidative stress and cell death. In a conclusion BX was suggested as a useful and effective natural agent for the prevention and early treatment of AA toxicity in fish.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that impairs the sharp and central vision need for daily activities. Recent advances in molecular biology research not only lead to a better understanding of the genetics and pathophysiology of AMD but also to the development of applications based on targeted gene expressions to treat the disease. Clarification of molecular pathways that causing to development and progression in dry and wet types of AMD needs comprehensive and comparative investigations in particular precious biopsies involving peripheral blood samples from the patients. Therefore, in this investigation, dry and wet types of AMD patients and healthy individuals were aimed at investigating in regard to targeted gene candidates by using gene expression analysis for the first time. 13 most potent candidate genes involved in neurodegeneration were selected via in silico approach and investigated through gene expression analysis to suggest new targets for disease therapy. For the analyses, 30 individuals (10 dry and 10 wet types AMD patients and 10 healthy people) were involved in the study. SYBR-Green based Real-Time PCR analysis was performed on isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to analyze differentially expressed genes related to these cases. According to the investigations, only the CRP gene was found to be upregulated for both dry and wet disease types. When the downregulated genes were analyzed, it was found that 11 genes were commonly decreased for both dry and wet types in the aspect of expression pattern. From these genes, CFH, CX3CR1, FLT1, and TIMP3 were found to have the most downregulated gene expression properties for both diseases. From these results, it might be concluded that these common upregulated and downregulated genes could be used as targets for early diagnosis and treatment for AMD.

Objectives: In this study, it was aimed to obtain curcumin from the extracts of the turmeric plant by using a simple and fast magnetic separation method, unlike other standard methods. Materials and methods: Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were prepared by chemical co-precipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions. Magnetic nanoparticles were used to extract curcumin from turmeric. In addition, curcumin was characterized and compared with commercial curcumin. Curcumin was recovered by purifying it from extracts of the turmeric plant. Results: Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectra. Transmission electron microscopy analysis was used to describe the particle size and surface morphology of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and the XRD device was used to explain X-ray diffraction. Curcumin was extracted from turmeric plant extracts purified with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the functional groups in the structure of turmeric, Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Fe3O4 turmeric complex, commercial curcumin, and curcumin. The UV spectrum of commercial curcumin and curcumin was also examined using the Shimadzu UV-1700 Pharma spectrophotometer. It has been established that it is recovered with a purification yield of 1.5 percent following purification. Conclusion: These results suggest that curcumin, which has research potential in the field of health, may also be beneficial in terms of creating different scientific and economic expansions and producing new studies.

Propolis is the extract of a resinous compound that protects plants from both cold and microorganism attack and has gained a strong and sticky property because it is transformed after being collected by honey bees. Up to date, many studies have shown that propolis exhibited various beneficial biological activities, such as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antitumor effects. Recent reports propounded the in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effect of propolis; however, the exact molecular genetic mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the toxicogenomic and beneficial properties, including cytotoxic, antioxidant, apoptotic/necrotic as well as genotoxic effects of propolis (1.56-200 µg/ml) on differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Additionally, microarray analysis was conducted on cell cultures following propolis application to explore gene differentiation. Differentially expressed genes were further analyzed using string software to characterize protein-protein interactions between gene pathways. Our results revealed that propolis applications could not have a prominent effect on cell viability even at concentrations up to 200 µg/ml. The highest propolis concentration induced apoptotic rather than necrotic cell death. The alterations in gene expression profiles, including CYP26A1, DHRS2, DHRS3, DYNC1I1, IGF2, ITGA4, SVIL, TGFβ1, and TGM2 could participate in the neuroprotective effects of propolis. In conclusion, propolis supplementation exerted remarkable advantageous; thus, it may offer great potential as a natural component in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Whole-genome gene expression pattern following propolis application was investigated for the first time in neuronal cell culture to fill a gap in the literature about propolis toxicogenomics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Propolis is a very rich product in terms of benefits. In addition to its antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory content, it is known to have preventive and therapeutic properties for many different ailments. On the other hand, molecular mechanisms of propolis on gene expression differentiations haven't been investigated until now. Moreover, gene expression pattern is vital for all living organisms to maintain homeostasis. Thus, we conduct an experiment series for analyzing gene expression differentiation effects on neuronal cells to understand beneficial properties of propolis. Hence, it could be possible to comment on the use of propolis as a nutritional factor and beneficial diet.

To obtain regenerable magnetic nanoparticles, triethoxy(3-isocyanatopropyl)silane and iminodiacetic acid (IZ) were used as the starting material and immobilized on Fe3 O4 nanoparticles. Copper ions (Cu2+ ions) were loaded on the Fe-IZ nanoparticles and used for cellulase immobilization. The support was characterized by spectroscopic methods (FTIR, NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer techniques. As a result of experiments, the amount of protein bound to immobilized cellulase (Fe-IZ-Cu-E) and cellulase activity was found to be 33.1 mg/g and 154 U/g at pH 5, 50°C, for 3 h. The results indicated that the free cellulase had kept only 50% of its activity after 2 h, while the Fe-IZ-Cu-E was observed to be around 77%, at 60°C. It was found that the immobilized cellulase maintained 93% of its initial catalytic activity after its sixth use. Furthermore, the Fe-IZ-Cu-E retained about 75% of its initial activity after 28 days of storage. To reuse the support material (Fe-IZ-Cu), it was regenerated by thorough washing with ammonia or imidazole.

Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a gene important for brain function and is one of the most common causes in RTT (Rett syndrome) cases to encode a protein with the same name. This condition, which is more common in females and rare in men, is caused by the X chromosome and manifests itself as mental retardation. RTT develops normally in girls during their first 6 to 18 months of infancy, but the disease's symptoms spread over time. After a period, most RTT patients lose their mobility and are more prone to acquire Parkinson's disease (PD) as they age. RTT does not have a cure, although its symptoms can be controlled. The link of RTT with the MeCP2 gene as a significant neurological condition, as well as numerous treatment techniques explored, were discussed in this article.