The impact of anthropogenic activities on our atmospheric environment is of growing public concern and satellite-based techniques now provide an essential component of observational strategies on regional and global scales. The purpose of this book is to summarise the state of the art in the field in general, while describing both key techniques and findings in particular. It opens with an historical perspective of the field together with the basic principles of remote sensing from space. Three chapters follow on the techniques and on the solutions to the problems associated with the various spectral regions in which observations are made. The particular challenges posed by aerosols and clouds are covered in the next two chapters. Of special importance is the accuracy and reliability of remote sensing data and these issues are covered in a chapter on validation. The final section of the book is concerned with the exploitation of data, with chapters on observational aspects, which includes both individual and synergistic studies, and on the comparison of global and regional observations with chemical transport and climate models and the added value that the interaction brings to both. The book concludes with scientific needs and likely future developments in the field, and the necessary actions to be taken if we are to have the global observation system that the Earth needs in its present, deteriorating state. The appendices provide a comprehensive list of satellite instruments, global representations of some ancillary data such as fire counts and light pollution, a list of abbreviations and acronyms, and a set of colourful timelines indicating the satellite coverage of tropospheric composition in the foreseeable future. Altogether, this book will be a timely reference and overview for anyone working at the interface of environmental, atmospheric and space sciences.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Graduate-Level Online Module for Teaching Remote Sensing of Tropospheric NO2 from SpaceR. J. Law , J. P. Burrows , A. Ladstätter-Weißenmayer , A. Richter , M. Kanakidou , T. Wagner , and Peter Borrell View Author Information PerModum, Postfach CH-7155 Ladir, Switzerland Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; and Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, GR-71003 Heraklion, Greece Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany P and PMB Consultants, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, ST5 2QJ, United KingdomCite this: J. Chem. Educ. 2009, 86, 6, 750Publication Date (Web):June 1, 2009Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 June 2009Published inissue 1 June 2009https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ed086p750https://doi.org/10.1021/ed086p750research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views187Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Distillation,Materials,Radiation,Students Get e-Alerts

— A correction is offered to the approximate values previously given by Mendenhall (1978) for the enthalpy of formation and entropy of O2(a1Δg) and O2(b1+) between 298 and 1500 K. Accurate values have been calculated for the functions together with the equilibrium constants for the formation of these species from O2(X3σg-).

Climate change is already upon us – the first 2007 IPCC Scientific Report provides near certainty that it is happening together with ample evidence to show that it is induced by human activities. Climate change is a consequence of the increased concentrations of CO2 and other radiatively active trace gases together with particulate matter in the global atmosphere. The overall effect is to entrap energy in the lower atmosphere, increasing the average surface temperature, increasing the intensity of the circulation and probably changing the general pattern of the weather systems themselves, with direct consequences for us who live on the surface. Air quality depends the trace gas emissions from the biosphere and from human activities, the chemical reactions which govern the concentrations of trace species in the atmosphere, and on the temperature and the weather systems.. All these processes will be affected by the changes in temperature and circulation, so air quality is likely to be subject to appreciable changes as well. And this is added to the probable increases in human-produced emissions due to the necessary increases in industrial activity as we attempt to cope with the Earth's ever increasing population. While some qualitative effects of climate change on air quality can be imagined, the detailed response for any particular place or region is far from clear. In the future, the majority of the parameters within the models used to encompass our understanding of air quality will change as the climate changes, as will the emissions and the land use which governs many of them. Whether the models which have been developed and tested within the present climate are flexible enough to cope with the changes is, necessarily, an open question. Thus much intensive research work, both observational and modelling, will be required to ensure that our understanding keeps pace with the changes so that, if possible, more extreme consequences can be predicted and possibly avoided. It was within this context that the ACCENT 4th Barnsdale expert workshop on the Impact of Climate Change on Air Quality (CCAQ) was initiated. The workshop was held under the auspices of six ACCENT groups: Access to Emission Data, Access to Laboratory Data, Aerosols, Remote Sensing from Space (AT2), BIAFLUX, Modelling, and Transport and Transformation of Pollutants (T&TP). The meeting was held at the Barnsdale Hall Hotel in Rutland on Monday to Wednesday, the 5th to the 7th of November 2007. Some 45 experts attended. (Appendix 1). The meeting was organised around four discussion groups, addressing the major areas of concern. The workshop (Appendix 2) started with a plenary talk on each topic. The major part of the meeting was taken up with group discussions, the participants reassembling to consider the recommendations from each group. The speakers, chairs, rapporteurs and participants received detailed instructions to try to ensure that the discussions were as productive as possible (Appendix 3). The following conclusions and recommendations emerged from the three discussion groups.

In this paper, we discuss a general development of a quark-model description of nucleon-nucleon (NN) interactions, assuming that quarks are Dirac particles and nucleons are specified approximately by flavor SU(6) wave functions. The down (d) quark is differentiated from the up (u) quark allowing isospin symmetry violating effects. As a simple model calculation, we include effects due to one-gluon exchange (which dictates the short-range behavior of NN forces), one-pion exchange (which gives rise to the Yukawa tail in NN forces), single sigma-exchange (which mocks up to the intermediate attraction in an economical manner), and one-photon exchange (which contributes to isospin symmetry violations). To avoid introduction of additional shape parameters, we adopt a double-sphere geometry with an adjustable isolated nucleon radius. All quark-interchange effects are explicitly evaluated and Pauli blocking is incorporated. Numerical results in the 1S0p−p, n−p, and n−n channels are described and discussed. In particular, it is found that the simple one-boson exchange model (at the quark level) provides a reasonable description of the 1S0 phase shifts for 10 MeV ≤ TCM ≤ 150 MeV with TCM the center-of-mass [CM] kinetic energy. It is also found that, with the nonzero up-down quark mass difference as determined by an overall fit to the observed baryon mass splittings, isospin-symmetry violating effects arising from quark interchange are of marginal numerical importance for a nucleon radius R of 0.8 fm and become fairly sizable for R = 1.0 fm. It turns out that, for R = 0.8 fm, the predicted ann with ann the low-energy scattering lengths in the 1S0n-n channel is in good agreement with a recent experimental result of Gabioud et al. and the observed large charge dependent effect as given by |anp| − |ann| can also be understood.

The newly observed global distributions of tropospheric species such as NO2, SO2, HCHO and BrO, obtained by observations from space platforms, mark the opening of a new era in tropospheric chemistry. Both the treatment of the data presently available, and of data from the missions planned for the near future, will add a new dimension to the field. The new data offer the possibility of studying concentration distributions over large areas, and in locations and at levels in the troposphere, which were only accessible to occasional individual observations in the past. They will lead to a significant enhancement of our capability for investigating the chemistry and physics of the troposphere. An example of a global distribution for NO2 is given in Fig. 1 [1–9].

In the development of control policies for photo-oxidants, questions must be addressed which relate to the damage inflicted by elevated concentrations on human health, plants and crop yields, how atmospheric properties are affected, the geographical area which is influenced and the change in severity with time. The link between man-made emissions and elevated concentrations must be established, and the emission reductions as well as costs involved to meet specific environmental targets, need to be determined.

The conclusions of the EUROTRAC Application Project concerning photo-oxidants in Europe are presented, together with a brief account of the proposed project, EUROTRAC-2, which it is hoped will follow when the present project finishes at the end of 1995.

The atmosphere is a main recipient for gaseous waste from the industrialised society. The combustion of fuels for heating, electricity production, industrial processes and transportation is the most important source of atmospheric pollutants. Both industrial manufacturing, and agriculture also cause significant atmospheric emissions.