Insulating ceramic films, which have the property of being hard and corrosion resistant, are good candidates for corrosion protection coatings. Al2O3 has the additional advantage that it is transparent. Therefore it is used as protective coating in many fields, such as microelectronics and laser optics. Ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) provides a good means for depositing stoichiometric Al2O3 coatings, which have a very good adhesion, on any bind of vacuum compatible materials.Earlier studies already showed that IBAD Al2O3 coatings act as corrosion protection coatings against pitting of aluminium. The present paper deals with its protection ability against uniform corrosion of mild steel.The Al2O3 coatings were prepared with ion beam assisted deposition using three different deposition modes: (1) evaporation of Al in an oxygen atmosphere under bombardment with Ar ions; (2) evaporation of Al in an oxygen atmosphere under bombardment with O ions; (3) evaporation of Al2O3 under bombardment with Ar ions. In all cases appropriate combinations of the process parameters, namely the ion energy, the ion to atom arrival ratio IIA, and the backfilling gas pressure, were chosen in order to deposit stoichiometric Al2O3.The electrochemical and corrosion behaviour were determined by current/potential measurements under conditions for uniform corrosion attack.The results showed that the Al2O3 coatings considerably increase the resistance of steel against uniform corrosion. In the examined range the modes of deposition do not significantly influence the corrosion protection effect. However, there is a distinct influence of the ion energy and the IIA ratio on the protective power. It can be concluded, that, up to a certain level, an increase of the power input per condensing atom during the growth of the Al2O3 films leads to an increased protection ability.

The complex formation and diffusivity during rapid thermal annealing of low concentrations of ion-implanted Sb in silicon have been studied as functions of donor concentration by combination of Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, Hall effect/resistivity measurement combined with layer removal, transmission electron microscopy, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. For extrinsic/intrinsic carrier concentrations n/n(i) greater-than-or-equal-to 20 extremely large diffusion coefficients are found exhibiting approximately an (n/n(i)4 dependence. This dependence is correlated to the appearance of a new defect-complex containing Sb as revealed by Mossbauer spectroscopy.

The effect of phosphorus background concentration on the diffusion of tin, arsenic and antimony in silicon has been studied for phosphorus concentrations between about 9 × 1019 and 5 × 1020cm−3, corresponding to 10 ⪅ n/ni ⪅ 60. The effective diffusion coefficients are found to be proportional to high power of n/ni for all three impurities. These results are discussed within the framework of the percolation model.

The diffusion of ion-implanted Sn and Sb in silicon single crystals during rapid thermal annealing at 1000 and 1050 °C has been studied as a function of P donor concentration. For extrinsic/intrinsic carrier concentration ratios (n/ni )≥20, almost identical, extremely large diffusion coefficients are found for both impurities. The diffusion coefficients exhibit approximately an (n/ni )4 dependence. The onset of this dependence is accompanied by the appearance of a new defect-complex type containing Sb or Sn, respectively.

Increased recycling of nitrogen to the forestomachs on low nitrogen rations was found. On high CP rations the AAN at duodenum was greater than or equal to the N intake. Apparently absorbed TN in the small intestine was increased on the SBM supplemented ration. No significant difference was found for absorbed AAN fractions. Key words: Nitrogen, cattle, metabolism, gastro-intestinal tract

Fifty-two Danish Black and White heifers were fed different complete rations in a two factor experiment. Over the last two months before calving (Period 1) the heifers were fed two different rations, one with small and one with high amounts of bulky feed. The rations were fed in a way that gave the same energy intake for both groups measured as Scandinavian feed units (1 FU = the energy value of 1 kg of barley).

Postero-anterior and lateral chest radiographs were taken in 56 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease in whom the forced expiratory volume (FEV1), total lung capacity (TLC), the residual volume (RV) and the slope of phase III (S3) on the single breath nitrogen washout test (SBN2) were known. The shape and the level of the diaphragm and the shape of the costophrenic sulci, were determined from the chest films and were found to correlate with S3 and FEV1 but not TLC or RV/TLC%.