Information about the carbon cycle potentially constrains the water cycle, and vice versa. This paper explores the utility of multiple observation sets to constrain a land surface model of Australian terrestrial carbon and water cycles, and the resulting mean carbon pools and fluxes, as well as their temporal and spatial variability. Observations include streamflow from 416 gauged catchments, measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) and net ecosystem production (NEP) from 12 eddy-flux sites, litterfall data, and data on carbon pools. By projecting residuals between observations and corresponding predictions onto uncertainty in model predictions at the continental scale, we find that eddy flux measurements provide a significantly tighter constraint on continental net primary production (NPP) than the other data types. Nonetheless, simultaneous constraint by multiple data types is important for mitigating bias from any single type. Four significant results emerging from the multiply-constrained model are that, for the 1990-2011 period: (i) on the Australian continent, a predominantly semi-arid region, over half the water loss through ET (0.64+/-0.05) occurs through soil evaporation and bypasses plants entirely; (ii) mean Australian NPP is quantified at 2.2+/-0.4 (1 sigma) Pg C yr(-1); (iii) annually cyclic ("grassy") vegetation and persistent ("woody") vegetation account for 0.67+/-0.14 and 0.33+/-0.14, respectively, of NPP across Australia; (iv) the average interannual variability of Australia's NEP (+/-0.18 Pg C yr(-1), 1 sigma) is larger than Australia's total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2011 (0.149 Pg C equivalent yr(-1)), and is dominated by variability in desert and savanna regions.

D. A. Waddicor, G. Vaughan, T. W. Choularton, K. N. Bower, H. Coe, M. Gallagher, P. I. Williams, M. Flynn, A. Volz-Thomas, W. Pätz, P. Isaac, J. Hacker, F. Arnold, H. Schlager, and J. A. Whiteway School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Centre for Research in Earth and Space Sciences, York University, Toronto, Canada

We present a case study of Aitken and accumulation mode aerosol observed downwind of the anvil of a deep tropical thunderstorm. The measurements were made by condensation nuclei counters flown on the Egrett high-altitude aircraft from Darwin during the ACTIVE campaign, in monsoon conditions producing widespread convection over land and ocean. Maximum measured concentrations of aerosol with diameter greater than 10 nm were 25 000 cm−3 (STP). By calculating back-trajectories from the observations, and projecting onto infrared satellite images, the time since the air exited cloud was estimated. In this way a time scale of about 3 hours was derived for the Aitken aerosol concentration to reach its peak. We examine the hypothesis that the growth in aerosol concentrations can be explained by production of sulphuric acid from SO2 followed by particle nucleation and coagulation. Estimates of the sulphuric acid production rate show that the observations are only consistent with this hypothesis if the particles coagulate to sizes >10 nm much more quickly than is suggested by current theory. Alternatively, other condensible gases (possibly organic) drive the growth of aerosol particles in the TTL.

Powdery mildew is a common disease of field pea, Pisum sativum L., and is caused by the ascomycete fungus Erysiphe pisi. It can cause severe damage in areas where pea is cultivated. Today breeders want to develop new pea lines that are resistant to the disease. To make the breeding process more efficient, it is desirable to find genetic markers for use in a marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategy. In this study, microsatellites (SSR) were used to find markers linked to powdery mildew resistance. The resistant pea cultivar '955180' and the susceptible pea cultivar 'Majoret' were crossed and F2 plants were screened with SSR markers, using bulked segregant analysis. A total of 315 SSR markers were screened out of which five showed linkage to the powdery mildew resistance gene. No single marker was considered optimal for inclusion in a MAS program. Instead, two of the markers can be used in combination, which would result in only 1.6% incorrectly identified plants. Thus SSR markers can be successfully used in marker-assisted selection for powdery mildew resistance breeding in pea.

A simple model of surface conductance for evaporation was developed. Results are given of a study, conducted during the spring of 1995, on the analysis of a key parameter in the model, maximum canopy conductance (Gcmax), for six patches (with pasture, or wheat, oats or triticale crop) along a 100-km transect in south-east Australia. The latent heat flux of the region was estimated using Gcmax for the different patches, weighted by their area fractions in the region, and the results were compared with latent heat fluxes measured using instrumented aircraft flights.

This paper introduces the micrometeorological field campaigns known asOASIS (Observations At Several Interacting Scales) and then summarizesseveral companion studies that have used the OASIS dataset. Instrumentedtowers, aircraft and atmospheric sondes were used for measurements overthree paired sites (crops and pastures), approximately equi-spaced along an88-km transect in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia, during the australsprings of 1994 and 1995. Measurements included standard meteorologicaldata and the fluxes of solar and net radiation, sensible heat, water vapour andthe greenhouse gases CO2, N2O, CH4. Descriptions of the site, andthe spatial and temporal variations of climate fields and fluxes, are presented.There were strong contrasts in fluxes and surface conductances, evaporationratios and water use efficiencies between the 1994 drought year and the normalrainfall year of 1995. Despite greater incoming solar radiation in 1994 associatedwith less cloud cover, net radiation was lower than in 1995 because of greateroutgoing thermal radiation caused by higher surface temperatures. In 1994 dailysensible heat fluxes were about 50% higher and evaporation rates about half thosefor 1995. Rainfall in the three-month growing season prior to the field campaignswas the key determinant of leaf area index, surface conductances and the fluxes ofsensible and latent heat and CO2. Antecedent rainfall distribution also controlled variation in fluxes and surface properties along the transect within each year. There was a net loss of CO2 to the atmosphere at the drier central sites in 1994, and a net uptake at the wetter north-eastern sites. Both sites recorded uptake of CO2 in 1995, but values were lower at the central site than at the north–east site due to the strong rainfall gradient along the transect in the three months prior to each fieldcampaign. Differences in fluxes between crops and pastures at each site were smallerthan between sites.

By analysing a number (20–38) of individuals from selected varieties of wheat and tomato, we have been able to assess intra-varietal uniformity at certain micro satellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) loci. In total, 45 varieties of wheat were analysed at between 7–9 different SSR loci, and 10 varieties of tomato were analysed at six loci. The results showed that there was variation both between varieties and between microsatellites in the degree of non-uniformity observed, and it was possible to identify a number of different probable sources of non-uniformity. Twenty-four of the wheat varieties and nine of the tomato varieties were sufficiently uniform to meet the standards currently applied for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) testing using phenotypic characteristics. The implications for the potential future use of SSRs in DUS testing are discussed.

In hexaploid bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), ten members of the IWMMN ( International Wheat Microsatellites Mapping Network) collaborated in extending the microsatellite (SSR = simple sequence repeat) genetic map. Among a much larger number of microsatellite primer pairs developed as a part of the WMC ( Wheat Microsatellite Consortium), 58 out of 176 primer pairs tested were found to be polymorphic between the parents of the ITMI ( International Triticeae Mapping Initiative) mapping population W7984 x Opata 85 (ITMI pop). This population was used earlier for the construction of RFLP ( Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) maps in bread wheat (ITMI map). Using the ITMI pop and a framework map (having 266 anchor markers) prepared for this purpose, a total of 66 microsatellite loci were mapped, which were distributed on 20 of the 21 chromosomes (no marker on chromosome 6D). These 66 mapped microsatellite (SSR) loci add to the existing 384 microsatellite loci earlier mapped in bread wheat.

. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers for varietal identification and discrimination in tomato. For this purpose, a set of 20 STMS primer pairs was used to construct a database containing the molecular description of the most common varieties (>500) of tomato grown in Europe. The database was built and tested by a consortium of five European laboratories each using a different STMS detection system. In this way, it could be demonstrated that the STMS markers and database were suitable for use in network activities where a common database is being established on a continuing basis with data from different laboratories. Microsatellite polymorphism in tomato was found to be relatively low. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 8 with an average of 4.7 alleles per locus. Nevertheless, more than 90% of the varieties had different microsatellite profiles. A "blind testing" exercise showed that in general, identification of unknown samples (or detecting the most similar variety) with the 20 markers and the database was relatively easy for homogeneous varieties but less certain with heterogeneous varieties when using pools of 6 individuals.

. A database of 502 recent European wheat varieties, mainly of winter type, was constructed using 19 wheat microsatellites and one secalin-specific marker. All datapoints were generated in at least two laboratories using different techniques for fragment analysis. An overall level of >99.5% accuracy was achieved. The 199 alleles detected allowed discrimination between all of the varieties except duplicates, and varieties derived from identical parents. Approximately 25% of the varieties showed some heterogeneities, with the highest level of heterogeneity in south-eastern European material. The highest genetic diversity and the highest number of rare alleles were found in varieties from southern Europe. The relative allele frequencies varied for most microsatellites in different geographical regions.

The present study is part of a EU project that aims to demonstrate the technical viability of STMS markers for variety identification. As examples two important European crop species, tomato and wheat were chosen. Initially, about 30-40 STMS markers were used to identify a set of 20 good markers per crop and to standardise the methodology and the interpretation of the results in different laboratories. Several systems were used for the detection of STMS polymorphisms. The selected STMS markers are being tested on 500 varieties of each species and databases are being constructed. The first comparisons of data generated by the different laboratories revealed a high degree of agreement. The causes of discrepancies between duplicate samples analysed in different laboratories and precautions to prevent them, are discussed.

The physical and chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol were determined at a site remote from anthropogenic influences, on the edge of the Antarctic continent. The number concentration (0.12–3.12 μm diameter) ranged between 9 and 90 cm−3 and the corresponding mass between 0.1 and 3.7 μg m−3. The concentration of sulphate in two filter samples was 0.29 and 0.48 μg m−3. Size distributions at the site were remarkably invariant. The two major factors affecting the size distribution and concentration were occurrence of precipitation and atmospheric stability, respectively.

WeatherVolume 44, Issue 4 p. 155-159 AN INCIDENT OF CLEAR AIR PRECIPITATION G. W. Fisher, G. W. Fisher New Zealand Meteorological Service, WellingtonSearch for more papers by this authorP. Isaac, P. Isaac New Zealand Meteorological Service, WellingtonSearch for more papers by this authorA. M. Bromley, A. M. Bromley New Zealand Meteorological Service, WellingtonSearch for more papers by this author G. W. Fisher, G. W. Fisher New Zealand Meteorological Service, WellingtonSearch for more papers by this authorP. Isaac, P. Isaac New Zealand Meteorological Service, WellingtonSearch for more papers by this authorA. M. Bromley, A. M. Bromley New Zealand Meteorological Service, WellingtonSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1989 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1989.tb07006.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume44, Issue4April 1989Pages 155-159 RelatedInformation

INVESTIGATIONS AT 28–32 Commercial Road, Gloucester, provide the first excavated evidence for the first Norman castle. Parts of the bailey surface and motte ditch were explored. Gullies, pits and post-holes attributable to the occupation and use of the castle were found in the bailey; one pit contained the remains of a tabula board with bone inlay and a complete set of counters. Sealed beneath the bailey surface were the remains of a substantial late Roman building which, according to a radiocarbon date, continued in use through the 5th century. This late occupation of the building was associated with the formation of a ‘dark soil'outside its walls. The ruins of the building intermittently provided the setting for a range of activities between the 6th century and the 11th, at one stage being the site of a farrier's workshop.

SUMMARY1. Blood pressure, pulse rate, salivary flow and the degree of sedation were recorded at intervals following oral administration of single doses of guanfacine, a clonidine‐like agent, to hypertensive patients.2. Between 2 and 10 h after administration of guanfacine (3 mg or S mg), there were dose‐related decreases in lying and standing blood pressure, together with significant reductions in pulse rate and salivary flow.3. It is concluded that guanfacine lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients and is probably suitable for twice daily administration, but produces xerostomia and sedation.