Walnuts are highly valued for their rich nutritional content, but their quality degrades during storage due to oxidation and other quality reducing processes. This study investigated the use of bioactive compounds extracted from walnut pomace, a by-product of walnut oil production, to develop an edible coating that extends the shelf life of ‘Milotai 10’ walnut kernels. Walnut kernels were stored for eight months in four different packaging materials (PE, PP, MPP, PLA) and three treatments were used (air or without treatment, nitrogen gas, and walnut pomace extract coating). The effects of these combinations on walnut quality parameters, including polyphenol content, vitamin E, fatty acids, peroxide value, and color, were analyzed. The results show that the combination of metallized polypropylene packaging under nitrogen treatment or with atmospheric air and walnut pomace extract (MPP-A-E+) best preserves walnut quality, making it a promising option for extending shelf-life.

Toinvestigate the response of integrated nutrient management (INM) practices on growth and tuber yield of potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.) in clay soils of Punjab was conducted during rabi season of 2017-18 at the Campus for Agricultural Research and Advanced Studies Dhablan of the G.S.S.D.G.S. Khalsa College Patiala, Punjab. The field experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 13 different treatments with 3 replications. Integrated nutrient management significantly influenced the growth and tuber yield of potato crop. All the growth parameters like plant height (cm), number of branches plant-1, fresh weight plant-1and tuber yield (200.26 q ha-1) was significantly higher in treatment T7with 100% RDF + 2t Poultry manure ha-1 + 20kg S ha-1 + 20kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 1t vermicompost ha-1 + Azotobacter which was followed by treatment T6 with 100% RDF + 2t Poultry manure ha-1 + 20kg S ha-1 + 20kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 1t vermicompost ha-1.

A two year field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2010-11 and 2011-12 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. To study the Effect of Planting pattern and Weed management in Baby corn (Zea mays L.) intercropped with Field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Result showed that days to 50% taselling of baby corn did not vary significantly due to planting pattern. Various weed management practices were effective to record significant variation in days to 50% taselling during the course of investigation. The various planting pattern did not exhibit any significant differences in days to 50% silking. Various weed management practiced brought about significant variation in days to 50% silking. Maximum days taken to achieve 50% silking was recorded under weedy check, while post-emergence application of imazethapyr @ 50 g ha-1 brought about significant reduction in days to 50% silking. There was not any significant variation in the cob yield as influenced by planting pattern. Maximum grain yield was recorded with sole planting of baby corn and minimum was recorded with paired row planting of baby corn. Maximum cob yield was recorded with the post-emergence application of imazethapyr @ 50 g ha-1. Planting pattern exhibited significant variation in recording higher grain yield in field pea. Further perusal of the data revealed that higher grain yield of 14.32 q ha-1 was recorded under sole planting and application of imazethapyr @ 50 g ha-1 recorded maximum grain yield of 12.00 q ha-1 of field pea.

coli O157:H7 is an emerging food borne pathogen having zoonotic significance. Though the primary reservoir of this serotype is cattle; Sheep and goat are also considered to be the main reservoir for E. coli O157:H7. Conventional cultural methods are time consuming method and also the specificity is very less. Multiplex PCR (mPCR) tends to be specific, more rapid and reliable. In the present study fecal samples collected from sheep (n=517) and goat (n=450) in different farms across Kalyana Karnataka region were analysed. The samples were processed and analysed for the cultural isolation, biochemical Characterization and latex agglutination test. An mPCR method for the detection and molecular Characterization of E. coli O157:H7 was standardized using primer pairs targeting six specific virulent genes; fliCh7, eaeA, rfbE, hly, stx1, and stx2. The mPCR produced species-specific amplicons of the six targeted genes of the size; 625 bp, 397bp, 296 bp, 166 bp, 210 bp and 484 bp, respectively. The percent of sheep and goats that showed shedding of E. coli O157 in the faeces was 3.86% (20 out of 517) and 2.88% (13 out of 450) respectively. The results obtained show that the standardized mPCR protocol is a rapid, highly sensitive, species-specific and reliable method for the detection of the pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 and could be used for identification and molecular Characterization of E. coli O157:H7 in suspected food and water borne outbreaks, disease investigations and routine analysis etc.

In present study wild pomegranate flavedo powder (425 mu particle size) was used for the extraction of phenolics through various solvents by Soxhlet method. A significant difference in all parameters was observed among the different extracts with varying solvents and extraction time after oven drying of extracts. The highest total phenolics and flavonoids among different extracts after oven drying were recorded when ethanol was used as solvent after 6 h of extraction. To separate different treatments based on similarity, cluster analysis was applied based on Ward method and it showed that all treatments were divided in nine major groups and two major clusters. The two best selected extracts were further compared on the basis of total phenolics, flavonoids and various antioxidant properties after lyophilization. In conclusion, lyophilized ethanolic extract (4 h) contained higher total phenolics (174.62 GAE/g), flavonoids (8.90 QuE/g), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (88.12 %), ferric reducing antioxidant power (816.10 mu M Fe2+/100 g) and metal chelating activity (68.50 %). The selected lyophilized extract has also shown higher zone of inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli as 22.0 mm and 20.0 mm at 100 ppm concentration. Hence, fruit flavedo is rich source of total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity which are beneficial natural antioxidants to health and have many health promoting properties which makes the flavedo suitable for future processing into various functional/nutraceutical foods.

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder associated with chronic inflammation. It is preceded by pre-diabetic phase that is also influenced with the inflammatory mechanisms which finally culminate into diabetes and its associated complications. Thus the main objective of this study was to assess the level of inflammatory mediators in pre-diabetic and diabetic patients. Methods: This case control study was conducted with 100 controls, 145 pre-diabetic patients and 126 diabetic patients in Santosh medical College and Hospital, Ghaziabad. Serum routine parameters like fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid and inflammatory mediators like adiponectin, fibrinogen, IL-6, CRP and uric acid were estimated using kit based methods. Results: We observed significantly low adiponectin and significantly high CRP, IL-6, fibrinogen and uric acid in pre-diabetic and diabetic patients compared to controls. The level showed gradual decrease from control-prediabetic-diabetic groups in case of adiponectin while the trend was increasing in case of CRP, IL-6, fibrinogen and uric acid. We also found significant negative correlation of adiponectin with CRP, IL-6, fibrinogen and uric acid in both the patient groups but the correlation with uric acid in pre-diabetic patients was insignificant. Conclusion: These results reveal the involvement of inflammatory mechanisms in progression from normoglycemia to impaired fasting glucose and finally to hyperglycemia. Therefore the development of mechanisms that aid in reducing pro-inflammatory and alleviating antiinflammatory mediators may be fruitful in reducing diabetes risks.

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (India). To study the Effect of Planting pattern and Weed management in Baby corn (Zea mays L.) intercropped with Field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Weed control efficiency did not differ significantly due to various planting pattern. However, paired row planting system and normal planting pattern remained at par to each other and recorded higher weed control efficiency (%) than sole planting. Further perusal of the data revealed that weed management practices recorded significant variation in weed control efficiency. At 30 DAS, hand weeding at 25 DAS recorded higher weed control efficiency and remained at par to pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha-1. However, at 60 and 90 DAS post-emergence application of imazethapyr @ 50 g ha-1 was significantly superior and was most effective in increasing the weed control efficiency.

Wild pomegranate is not a cultivated fruit but found in wild form in certain pockets of six districts of Himachal Pradesh viz., Shimla, Sirmour, Solan, Mandi, Kullu and Chamba. The present studies were conducted to develop syrup from wild pomegranate and its quality evaluation during storage. Different combinations of juice (25, 30, 35 and 40 %) and TSS (65 and 70 oB) were tried to standardize proper combination for the development of syrup. Out of 8 different treatment combinations of juice and TSS tried, syrup with 40 per cent juice, 70 oB TSS and 1.80 per cent acid was found to be best on the basis of sensory and some physico-chemical characteristics of the product. The standardized recipe (T8) of syrup contains higher ascorbic acid content (7.05 ± 0.03 mg/100 ml), anthocyanins (8.19 ± 0.06 mg/100 ml) and higher total phenols (45.82 ± 0.58 mg/100 ml). The syrup prepared by following the best selected recipe was packed in glass and PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles and stored for six months under ambient (20-25 oC) and refrigerated temperature (4-7 oC) conditions. It could safely be stored for a period of six months under both the ambient and refrigerated storage conditions without much changes in various quality characteristics. However quality of the product was retained better in glass than PET bottles under refrigerated condition as compare to ambient storage condition.

E. coli O157:H7 is an emerging food borne pathogen having zoonotic importance. Though the primary reservoir of the serotype is cattle; sheep and goats are also considered as main reservoir for E. coli O157:H7, which act as asymptomatic carriers. Conventional cultural and biochemical methods are time consuming to detect E. coli O157:H7 in food borne outbreaks and have less specificity and sensitivity. Latex agglutination test (LAT) tends to be specific, more rapid and reliable. In the present study, faecal samples collected from sheep (n=517) and goats (n=450) from different farms across North Eastern Karnataka during June 2016 to August 2017 were analysed. The samples were processed and analysed for the cultural isolation, biochemical characterisation and latex agglutination test. In this study, LAT was taken as confirmative diagnostic test and the results obtained by cultural isolation and biochemical characterisation were compared with that of LAT to estimate the sensitivity and the specificity. The percent of sheep and goats that showed shedding of E. coli O157 in the faeces was 3.67% (19 out of 517) and 2.88% (13 out of 450) respectively. The results obtained show that LAT is a rapid, highly sensitive, species-specific and reliable method for the detection of the pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 and could be used for identification and molecular characterisation of E. coli O157:H7 in suspected food and water borne outbreaks, disease investigations and routine analysis.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), better known as drones, are one of the major technological developments of today. Groups of UAV are of special interest for their abilities to coordinate simultaneous coverage of large areas, or cooperate to achieve goals such as mapping. Cooperation and coordination in UAV groups also allows increasingly large numbers of aircraft to be operated by a single user. Our project aims to develop an algorithm for commanding multiple UAV’s to co-operatively perform multiple tasks and to assign specify tasks to each vehicle without collision, congestion and overlapping by exact localizing each drone. We are planning to develop a real time algorithm that works possibly under communications constraints and other uncertainties and failures. For simulating of our algorithm, we use Dronekit, Ardupilot, pixhawk v and MAVlink protocol. Then we can embed the algorithm in real time in a Quadcopter using Ardupilot controller. Key-Words: Cooperative UAV; path planning; collision avoidance

The present study was conducted to assess and compare the total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity in black and green tea.The green tea showed a higher polyphenol content and antioxidant levels than black tea (p < 0.05).The variations in polyphenolic levels in black tea (2.11-0.26mg TAE/g) and green tea (5.20-1.17mg TAE/g) observed in our study.In black tea, the FRAP levels ranged from (5.58 mg AAE/g to 1.21 mg AAE/g) whereas in green tea has ranged (8.88 mg AAE/g to 3.26 mg AAE/g.The total antioxidant capacity in green tea (22.866±7.036mg AAE/g) is significantly higher than in black tea (3.386±1.28mg AAE/g).The activities of antioxidant were well correlated the total polyphenol content r2 = 0.9571 for FRAP method and r2 = 0.9287 for Polymolybdenum assay.The Assam and Darjeeling green tea (North East India) had higher TPC and antioxidant levels than Munnar, Coimbatore Nilgiri green tea (south India).However, the more studies on Indian tea to emphasize the health benefits of Indian tea especially green tea which will help in its increased consumption as a favorite beverage in India.

Studies were carried out on physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of wild pomegranate fruits found in hilly slopes of Himachal Pradesh. Among physical parameters, fruit size and weight were found to be highest in Basantpur location. The visual colour of mature fruits from all the locations was found to be yellowish green, whereas, the colour of arils was observed as red in all the locations with slight variations in the intensity. TSS, sugars and anthocyanins content was found higher in Karsog location, whereas acid content and ascorbic acid content were found higher in Darlaghat and Basantpur locations, respectively. The DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activity, FRAP (Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power) and reducing power were recorded highest in Karsog location whereas metal chelating activity was slightly higher in Basantpur location than Karsog location.

A 46-year-old male presented with left flank pain and was found to have left nephromegaly with renal vein and inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus. On hematological evaluation, he had leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia. Further evaluation revealed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Following initial cytoreductive therapy and supportive care for hyperleukocytosis, he underwent left simple nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy. Postoperatively, he developed massive thrombosis of infrahepatic IVC with renal failure. Renal venous thrombosis as a rare presentation of AML in adults with leukemic hyperleukocytosis has not been reported. In the absence of clear guidelines, early diagnosis and management are desirable.

Wild aonla (Phyllanthus emblica L.) is one of the unique fruit which has got great commercial importance because of its high antioxidant and medicinal properties. Among various physical characteristics mean length, diameter and weight of wild aonla fruit were found to be 2.38 ± 1.10 cm, 2.35 ± 1.05 cm and 8.78 ± 0.28 g respectively. The mean juice content was found to be 35.65 ± 1.63 per cent (from whole fruit) and 44.50 ± 1.24 per cent (from edible portion). TSS, reducing and total sugar content of fruits was recorded as 10.50 oB, 5.06 and 6.94 per cent, respectively. The ascorbic acid and total phenol content of fruit was found to be as 598.32 mg/100 g and 15.98 ± 0.86 mg/ g respectively whereas, carotenoids of the same were found as 0.005 mg/100 g. Hydraulic press gave the maximum juice yield of 44.50 per cent and quality of juice obtained by hydraulic press was found to be the best as compared to other methods like manual extraction, food processor and screw type juice extractor.

The present investigations were carried out for the development of chutney from wild pomegranate fruit and its quality evaluation during storage of six months. Different combinations of arils, sugar and mint were tried and analysed on the basis of physico-chemical and sensory quality attributes to standardize proper combination for chutney. The chutney prepared by following the best selected recipe (60 % arils, 40 % sugar and 10 % of mint) was packed in glass and PET jars and stored for six months under ambient and refrigerated storage conditions. Chutney could be safely stored for a period of six months under both storage conditions without many changes in quality characteristics. However, changes were slower in refrigerated storage conditions as compared to that under ambient conditions. Both the packaging materials viz. PET and glass jars were found suitable, with comparatively less changes occurring in glass jars stored under refrigerated conditions.

In Bihar 45% of women has a BMI below 18.5, indicating a high prevalence of nutritional deficiency and 58.3% pregnant women are anaemic (NFHS-IV, 2015-2016).The aim of the study is to raise Nutrition status of Pregnant women of Patna district by application of direct agriculture intervention method i.e. sack farming, kitchen gardening, livestock production and adopting new technology of farming SRI and SWI etc and by behavior change communication.Cross-sectional study was carried out over a period of 1 year on 200 pregnant women (age 18 to35 year) from 1 st trimester to till birth of babies. Samples were selected by incidental-cum purposive sampling. Anthropometric measurements and bio-chemically measurement were recorded using standardized methodology as recommended by World Health Organization along with BCC. Baseline and end line data were analysed. Data were analyzed using computer software Microsoft Excel for windows and all results were evaluated statistically by applying the SPSSPC package (version 9.0, SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA.). Baseline and end line data were analysed. Majority of pregnant women were from low socioeconomic group (59%), joint family (62.5%) and illiterate (34.7%). Majority of women, when bio-chemically examined they were found in anaemic condition at baseline 8.8 ± 0.82 but at end line the level was 11.88 ± 1.18. The mean of Body Mass Index (BMI) of pregnant women were 17.4± 1.67 and 23 ± 2.35 respectively baseline and end line. Seventy one per cent of women have been given the birth of normal body weight babies. There was great impact on the nutritional status of pregnant women who got balanced diet due to improvement in production in agricultural products and consumption of food product by women regularly and improvement in behavioural change due to nutrition education.

The present investigations were conducted to develop vitamin C rich RTS beverage from wild aonla (Phyllanthus emblica L.) fruits. Different treatment combinations of juice (10 %, 12 %, 14 % and 16 %) and TSS (12 oB and 15 oB) were tried to standardize proper combination for RTS beverage. Eight treatment combinations for the preparation of wild aonla drink were tried and drink recipe (T7) with 14 per cent juice was found to be best on the basis of its some physico-chemical characteristics like TSS (15 oB), titratable acidity (0.42 %), pH (4.20), ascorbic acid (61.38 mg/100 g), total phenols (2.17 mg/g) and with highest sensory scores for colour (8.00), body (7.92), taste (8.10), aroma (7.90) and overall acceptability (7.95). Further standardized product was packed in PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and glass bottles under ambient (20-25 oC) and refrigerated temperature (4-7 oC) conditions for six months. Drink could be stored safely for a period of six months under both storage conditions and also in both packaging materials with minimum changes in chemical and sensory attributes. However, comparatively minimum changes in drink packed in glass bottle and stored under refrigerated storage conditions were observed as compared to PET bottle.

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) a root vegetable which is mainly consumed raw, converted to various products and cooked vegetable dish. Present studies were carried out to study quality characteristics of fresh carrot during the season for selection of best month for procurement of carrot and effect of different pretreatments on quality of carrot. As no work is carried out earlier to standardize the blanching time for this form of carrot i.e. roundels and effect of blanching time on quality of dried roundels. So steam blanching as pre-treatment for 3 minutes was found best to inhibit peroxidase activity of roundels. Further roundels were pretreated with additives like sulfur fumigation and KMS dipping treatments in different concentrations. On the basis of higher sensory characteristics like colour, texture, taste and overall acceptability. A pre-treatment comprising of steam blanching followed by 2000 ppm KMS dip for 60 minutes was found best for carrot roundels.

Wild aonla (Phyllanthus emblica L.) belongs to Euphorbiaceae family and also known as Indian gooseberry. It is indigenous to tropical South East Asia, particularly in Central and Southern India from where it spread to Sri Lanka, Malaysia and China [1, 2]. In India, it is widely distributed in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Aonla is a rich source of ascorbic acid, phenols, sugars, pectin, starch and minerals like iron, calcium, phosphorous and magnesium [3]. It is one of the richest sources of vitamin-C after barbados cherry. Aonla has been reported to be hepatoprotective and possesses expectorant, purgative, spasmolytic, antibacterial, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities [4]. Its fruits are astringent, carminative, digestive, stomachic, altrant, aphordisac, diuretic, antipyretic and trichogenous and also useful in curing many diseases like diabetes, cough, asthma, bronchitis, headache, ophthalmic disorders, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, skin diseases, leprosy, jaundice, scurvy, diarrhoea and greyness of hair [5]. Aonla is not consumed as fresh in its raw state due to its highly acidic and astringent taste. The cultivated aonla fruits have been used to prepare various processed products like ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage, murraba, candy, pickles, jam, pickles, squash, toffees, fruit bar, powder, etc. [6]. But scattered information is available in the literature with respect to the development of value added products from wild aonla. So, in view of its availability in abundance and various health benefits the present studies were under taken to develop appetizer from this fruit and study its storage life.