Spectral evidence is needed to show that the phantoms for quality control accurately simulate an average patient. For this purpose, some of the standard dosimetric/imaging phantoms used in diagnostic radiology, for example, the DIN (Deutsches Institut fur Normung) phantom and the CDRH (Centre for Devices and Radiological Health, USA) phantom were simulated, taking into account their special geometry and various materials of composition. Photon spectra at the position of the dosemeters were estimated for various radiation qualities, using the Monte Carlo code KASTENSPEC. These spectra were compared with relevant ones previously calculated for cubic and cuboid water or lung tissue phantoms. It is a purpose of this presentation to present some examples from a large set of spectral data given in a Catalogue.

The use of solid state dosemetry in applications for radiotherapy is discussed. It is shown that the accuracy currently recommended for the calibration at a reference point in a water phantom (+/- 3%) is difficult to achieve using present solid state dosemeters. However, TL dosimetry is still of great value for dose intercomparisons as most therapy departments in the world have a long way to go before reaching the same level of accuracy. Thus a worldwide postal TL intercomparison by the IAEA including about 700 hospitals gave a standard deviation of 6.7%, while parallel intercomparisons, undertaken each time a batch of dosemeters was sent out to the hospitals, at different primary laboratories gave a standard deviation of only 0.97% (29 intercomparisons). It is shown that semiconductor diodes and film dosimetry are very useful for in vivo dosimetry and for isodose distribution measurements if proper calibrations and corrections are performed.

Many of the more than 50 Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories (SSDLs) comprising the IAEA/WHO Network provide support to individual monitoring services in their sphere of influence and, upon request, the Agency's Dosimetry Laboratory supports traceability of corresponding radiation measurements. It will be shown with examples that the SSDLs have the equipment and knowledge to secure conformity of radiation measurement based upon the quantity air kerma. It might be possible to link the calibration of individual monitors in dose equivalent operational quantities directly to their calibration in air kerma by well established energy dependent conversion factors. In such a case SSDLs are prepared to support the implementation of the new operational quantities into radiation protection practice of individual monitoring. An IAEA Co-ordinated Research Programme (CRP) has been established to carry out an international intercomparison of individual dosemeters. The results of the CRP should assist individual monitoring services to implement radiation protection quantities recommended by ICRU 39.

A sodium iodide spectrometer was calibrated in terms of dose equivalent quantities. The detector was irradiated with a known dose (dose equivalent) at 12 ISO x-ray qualities between 33 keV and 248 keV. The method of calibration is based on the relationship between the considered dose equivalent delivered by each x-ray quality and the linear combination of the number of counts in a set of six fixed energy ranges. This procedure allows for the evaluation of the effective dose equivalent, the whole-body dose equivalent and the testes dose equivalent for parallel irradiation with a maximum and minimum relative deviation from the reference values of +11% and -21%, respectively.

Far-infrared measurements of NaCl : Cu+ are reported. At He-temperatures a sharp absorption line occurs at 23.7 cm−1 due to a lattice resonant mode. The half width of this line increases strongly with temperature.