Curcumin and resveratrol are phytochemicals that require comprehensive investigation beyond their established anticancer properties to delineate their broader biological roles. Focusing on emerging radiobiological identification of natural radio-modulators from phytochemicals, especially polyphenols, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy. Network pharmacology analysis was employed to identify bioactive compounds of curcumin and resveratrol and to elucidate their associated molecular targets and signalling pathways in breast cancer. The molecular docking analysis highlighted AKT (PDB ID: 2UZR), TNF (PDB ID: 4RSU), TP53 (PDB ID: 6VIP) as protein targets exhibiting comparatively favourable docking interaction profiles. In vitro radiation sensitivity experiments using low-dose X-rays were conducted to assess potential approaches for enhancing breast cancer radiotherapy. The primary aim of this study was to explore the potential targets of curcumin and resveratrol in breast cancer using network pharmacology and molecular docking, complemented by experimental evaluation as a preliminary screening of their radiation-modulating properties.

Cervical Cancer (CC) remains a major global health challenge, necessitating the development of novel therapeutics. Aurora Kinase B (AURKB), a critical regulator of mitosis, is often overexpressed and represents a promising oncogenic target. The present study investigated the anticancer potential of Gloriosa superba seed extract through in vitro and in silico approaches against AURKB. Seeds were collected, dried, powdered, and extracted, followed by phytochemical screening, FTIR and GC–MS analysis, antioxidant properties, cytotoxicity, migration, gene expression analysis, and AURKB-mediated integrated in silico approaches were performed. The extract possesses significant levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids. FTIR and GC–MS confirmed the presence of biologically active compounds. It exhibited strong antioxidant activity, showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity, induced morphological changes, and significantly inhibited the migration of HeLa cells. RT-PCR showed modulation of AURKB and key cell cycle genes upon treatment with extract, supported by the strong binding affinity of extract compounds towards AURKB in molecular docking. Further, the TCGA-based transcriptomics and protein validation analysis confirmed the clinical relevance of AURKB in CC tissues. Co-expression analysis identified genes positively correlated with AURKB, and STRING-based PPI network construction, followed by hub gene analysis, revealed the top 20 regulatory genes in CC pathogenesis. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway indicated their involvement in critical signalling pathways like the mitotic cell cycle and chromosomal segregation. Overall, G. superba seed extract exhibits potent antioxidant and anticancer activities mediated by the regulation of AURKB. The observed effects are attributed to the presence of betulin diacetate and 9-O-pivaloyl-N-acetylcolchinol in the extract.

Isoflavonoids are key secondary metabolites in leguminous plants that play essential roles in plant physiology and provide significant health benefits to humans. In the isoflavone biosynthetic pathway, isoflavone synthase (IFS) catalyzes the conversion of naringenin and liquiritigenin into the bioactive isoflavones genistein and daidzein. This study aimed to enhance genistein and daidzein accumulation in soybean seeds through genetic engineering. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring the binary vector pCAMBIA1301 containing GmIFS under the control of a seed-specific promoter (Gmβ-conglycinin) was used to transform modified half-seed explants of soybean cv. JS335. Hygromycin-B-resistant plants were regenerated, hardened, and confirmed by histochemical GUS assay. Molecular analysis by PCR validated the presence of the GmIFS transgene, yielding a 700 bp amplicon. Biochemical analysis revealed that seeds of T₀ transgenic plants showed a 1.53-fold increase in total phenolic content and a 3.67-fold increase in flavonoid content compared to non-transformed controls. Antioxidant assays demonstrated significantly higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in GmIFS-overexpressing plants. HPLC analysis further indicated that transgenic seeds accumulated, on average, 4.07-fold higher daidzein and 1.75-fold higher genistein levels relative to control plants. qRT-PCR analysis showed significantly elevated GmIFS expression in immature cotyledons, mature cotyledons, and seeds of transgenic plants. Overall, these results demonstrate that GmIFS overexpression effectively enhances isoflavone production in soybean seeds, highlighting the potential of metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathway genes to improve nutritional quality.

Pentatropis capensis (L.f.) Bullock (Apocynaceae) is traditionally used to treat various ailments. However, it lacks systematic scientific validation. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and biological activities of methanolic, ethyl acetate, and hexane leaf extracts. Among them, the methanolic extract showed the highest extractive yield as well as the greatest phenolic (16.5 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (20 mg QE/g) contents. It also exhibited strong antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 14.85 µg/mL; ABTS IC50 = 26.13 µg/mL; TAC OD = 0.18), notable antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (22 ± 0.3 mm; MIC = 24 µg/mL), and significant anti-inflammatory activity (protein denaturation IC50 = 12.81 µg/mL). The methanolic extract also demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity against HT-29 colon cancer cells (IC50 = 65.62 µg/mL). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses identified key bioactive compounds. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities of major constituents, particularly octadecanedioic acid, cyclohexane derivatives, and n-octacosanol, toward the colorectal cancer target DCAF1/VprBP (3WA0). Further validation through a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA analysis confirmed stable binding with minimal RMSD fluctuations. Overall, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of P. capensis and support its further in vivo evaluation for cancer treatment.

Hemidesmus indicus (L) R. Br. root extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (HiAgNPs) were synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity against ovarian cancer cells. GC–MS analysis identified forty bioactive compounds in the root extract, which facilitated the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Characterization using UV–visible spectroscopic analysis showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 428 nm, while SEM revealed predominantly spherical nanoparticles. On the other hand, DLS revealed a size distribution peak at 222.2 d.nm, whereas zeta potential was found to be -20.9 mV. Further, EDX analysis confirmed the presence of silver (Ag) and oxygen (O), and FTIR revealed distinct patterns in the stretching vibrations of their functional groups, indicating the presence of capping agents in the nanoparticles. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and FRAP assays. MTT assay demonstrated significant dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity of HiAgNPs against SKOV3 cells. Apoptotic induction was confirmed through nuclear morphology, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, migration assays, and RT-PCR analysis of Bax, Bcl2 and Caspase 3 genes. Overall, this study highlights HiAgNPs as a promising eco-friendly therapeutic candidate for treating ovarian cancer .

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of GmMYB100 was used to generate genome-edited soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. JS335) lines with enhanced isoflavone accumulation. A single guide RNA targeting the first exon of GmMYB100 was cloned into the pHSE401 vector and introduced into soybean via Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105. Molecular characterization of stable T0 plants confirmed the integration of the Cas9 and hptII genes, while sequence analysis identified insertion/deletion (indel) mutations at the target site, confirming successful genome editing. The edited lines (T0) showed significantly increased isoflavone accumulation, with daidzein and genistein contents increasing by 2.85-fold and 1.23-fold, respectively, compared with non-transformed plants. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed significant upregulation of major isoflavone biosynthetic genes in immature cotyledons, mature cotyledons, and seeds, consistent with the enhanced metabolite accumulation. These results demonstrate that disruption of GmMYB100 relieves negative regulation of the isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway, leading to increased isoflavone production in soybean seeds. The study establishes GmMYB100 as an effective target for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated metabolic engineering and provides a practical strategy for improving the nutritional quality of soybean through precise genome editing.

Vitex negundo is a valuable medicinal plant, primarily known for its secondary metabolites. We attempted to establish callus induction and cell suspension cultures for vitexin production from V. negundo. In callus induction, auxins (NAA, IBA, 2,4-D, IAA; 0 mg L-1-9 mg L-1), photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark or dark incubation) and media strength (1/4x, 1/2x, 3/4x, 1 & khcy;, 2 & khcy;) were optimized. In cell suspension cultures, 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA; 0 mg L-1-9 mg L-1), media strength (1/4x, 1/2x, 3/4x, 1 & khcy;, 2 & khcy;) and carbon sources (sucrose, glucose, fructose; 1 %- 9 %) were examined. In solidified MS medium, leaf explants inoculated in full strength MS solid medium supplemented with NAA (5 mg L-1) and incubated under dark resulted in the maximum callus biomass (88.88 % of response; 2.31 g explant-1 fresh weight; 0.068 g explant-1 dry weight) compared to control (MS medium without auxins; no response). In cell suspension cultures, fullstrength MS liquid medium supplemented with 5 % sucrose, and NAA (5 mg L-1) incubated under dark condition exhibited the highest biomass of fresh weight (18.92 g flask-1), and dry weight (1.725 g flask-1). In addition, the optimal cell suspension cultures exhibited enhanced total phenols, and total flavonoids with elevated antioxidant activities than control. In HPLC analysis, vitexin was significantly improved in 5 % sucrose (8.97 mg g-1 DW) treatment, than the control (0.86 mg g-1 DW). These results indicated that the V. negundo cell suspension cultures can be used as an efficient system for vitexin production.

Gynecological tumors are highly aggressive cancers in women, often treated with conventional treatments that can cause significant side effects. This study focuses on the preparation of chitosan nanoparticles from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves, which possess anti-tumor properties, to address and overcome these issues. The successfully synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, and FTIR spectroscopy to analyze their physiochemical properties. In vitro studies, including cytotoxicity and scratch wound healing assays, along with staining and qRT-PCR, revealed the nanoparticles' anticancer efficacy against breast and ovarian cancer cells. The formation of Nat-CSNPs showed an absorbance peak at 221 nm, a particle size range of 41-56 nm with a spherical shape, polydispersity, and a positive surface charge. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of functional groups associated with the synthesized Nat-CSNPs. It exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 62.40 mu g/ml for MDA-MB-231 and 44.7 mu g/ml for SKOV3 cells. Further assays such as wound healing assay, and DAPI/AO/EtBr staining demonstrated their antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on MDA-MB-231 and SKOV3 cells. Induction of apoptosis by the chitosan-nanoparticle via upregulation of the pro-apoptotic genes (Bax, Cas3, Cas9) and downregulation of antiapoptotic genes (Bcl2) was assessed using qRT-PCR analysis. In vivo acute toxicity assessments of Nat-CSNPs on Danio rerio revealed no significant impact on glucose levels or AST, ALT, and AChE activity, indicating low toxicity. These findings underscore the potent anticancer effects of Nat-CSNPs, particularly inducing apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and SKOV3 cell lines. While demonstrating low toxicity in Danio rerio, Nat-CSNPs are considered a promising novel anti-cancer drug for breast and ovarian cancer treatment.

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. is an ethnopharmacologically important medicinal plant with valuable bioactive compounds and industrially important secondary metabolites. This plant has a promising role in treating a wide spectrum of ailments, such as cancer, respiratory difficulties, liver disorders, diabetes, and neurological diseases. However, the rising demand for this plant and its metabolites has classified it as an endangered species. Thus, to meet the demand for secondary metabolites, in vitro culture systems, especially cell suspension systems are considered as an alternative strategy. Hence, the present study is an attempt to develop a cell suspension culture system in Hemidesmus indicus using leaf explants. In solid culture system, auxins (NAA, IAA, and 2,4-D), photoperiod (16 h light/8 hrs dark or complete darkness), media strengths (1x, ¾x, ½x, and ¼x), carbon sources (glucose, sucrose, and fructose) and in liquid media auxins, (NAA, IAA, and 2,4-D), media strength (1x, ¾x, ½x, and ¼x), and carbon sources (glucose, sucrose and fructose) were optimized. In solid media, leaf explants showed maximum results when cultured in ½ MS media augmented with 32.2 µM NAA and 5 Callus and cell suspension cultures were developed in Hemidesmus indicus for the first time to boost lupeol production.

Breast cancer is an invasive disease in women and could be a major concern due to its serious health risk. This study explores the bioactive compounds from Ichnocarpus frutescens root extract against breast cancer cell (MDA MB-231). The bioactive compounds from the root were extracted using various solvents. The total phenol, flavonoids, alkaloid and tannin quantified and in vitro antioxidant activity were also evaluated using standard methods. GCMS analysis and the binding affinity of the active components were investigated against EGFR, CHD 1, HER-2 and BRCA 1protein. The most promising active ligand was subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Further, cell proliferation was examined in MDA MB-231 by MTT, wound healing and staining assays. The I. frutescens root extract exhibited high levels secondary metabolites. Additionally, ethyl acetate (EA) extract shows highest antioxidant activity with lowest IC50 values in DPPH (55.22 μg/mL) and ABTS (36.31 μg/mL) radical scavenging assay. The fourteen bioactive compounds were identified by GCMS analysis. However, it has been the first report the compound Estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-6-one, 3,17-bis(acetyloxy), 6-(O-methyloxime), (17.beta.)- exhibiting high binding affinity (-9.5) against HER-2 receptor protein. The results of the molecular dynamics indicate that the ligand forms a stronger complex with the breast cancer protein BRCA1. Furthermore, MTT assay demonstrated a significant anti-proliferative effect against MDA MB-231 breast cancer cells with IC50 value of 84 μg mL−1. Nuclear damage in these cells was examined using AO/EtBr and DAPI staining. In vitro studies confirmed the anti-proliferative activity of the extract against MDA MB-231 breast cancer cells. These findings suggest that this plant extract could be a promising source for the development of novel anti-cancer agents.

The development of novel treatment strategies is essential to treat Cervical Cancer (CC) as it is the fourth-leading cancer among women. Gloriosa superba is a medicinal plant that retains various pharmacological activities. It possesses significant anticancer properties that have been previously studied. However, the anticancer efficacy of the nanocombination of G. superba tuber and seed has not yet been studied in CC. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer efficacy of chitosan-encapsulated G. superba tuber nanoparticles and chitosan-encapsulated G. superba seed nanoparticles (CEGSTNs and CEGSSNs) via targeting the SKA3-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in CC. The CEGSTNs and CEGSSNs were synthesized and characterized by UV, DLS, zeta potential, FTIR, and TEM analysis. The anticancer efficacy on cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis was investigated, and RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of the SKA3-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in HeLa cell lines. Furthermore, the acute toxicity assessment was conducted in Wistar rats, and body weights, haematological, and biomedical parameters, as well as histopathological studies, were performed. Characterisation techniques confirmed the synthesis of CEGSTNs and CEGSSNs. Both exhibited significant anticancer activity, induced apoptosis, and downregulated SKA3 expression, which inactivated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in HeLa cells. Acute toxicity analysis showed no toxicity or adverse effects in the treatment group. Overall, these results suggested that CEGSTNs have exhibited more anticancer efficacy than CEGSSNs. Moreover, CEGSTNs induced apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation of cells via the downregulation of the SKA3-mediated PI3K/AK/mTOR pathway.

Plant glycosides have a broad spectrum of pharmaceutical activities primarily due to the glycosidic residues present in their structure. Especially, the therapeutic glycosides can be classified into many compounds based on the sugar moiety, chains/ saccharide units, glycosidic linkages, and aglycones. Among many classes, the widely used pharmacological classification is based on the aglycones linked to the glycoside molecule. Based on these non-sugar moiety (aglycones), plant glycosides are further classified into twelve different types of glycosides along with the recent discovery of novel (cannabinoid) glycosides. They are called alcoholic, anthraquinone, coumarin, chromone, cyanogenic, flavonoid, phenolic, cardiac, saponin, thio, steviol, iridoid, and cannabinoid glycosides. Each of the plant glycosides has been discussed in this paper with, origin, structure, and abundant presence in a specific family of plants. Besides, the therapeutic roles of these plant glycosides are further described in detail to validate their efficacies in the human health care system. On the other hand, glycosides are inactive until enzymatic hydrolysis releases their active aglycone, enabling targeted drug delivery. This process enhances aglycone solubility and stability, improving bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. They target specific receptors or enzymes, minimizing off-target effects and enhancing pharmacological outcomes. Derived from plants, glycosides offer diverse chemical structures for drug development. They are integral to traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals, utilized in therapies ranging from cardiology to antimicrobial treatments.

Endophytes provide a wide range of benefits to host plants when the plants encounter unfavorable biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The current study aims to examine the impact of externally applied Sinorhizobium meliloti NOR1, Talaromyces flavus AVRF3 and coinoculum on soybean plants under drought stress conditions. The treatments were evaluated for their influence on morphological and physiological traits, biochemical parameters and gene expression levels. The isolated endophytic bacterial and fungal inoculum enhanced soybean seed germination and improved tolerance to artificial drought stress under in vitro conditions. The colonization of endophytic colonies in soybean plants was confirmed through reisolation and scanning electron microscopy analysis. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that endophytic cultures contain various organic volatile compounds that promote plant growth and tolerance to abiotic stress conditions. The soybean plants treated with endophytic inoculum showed significant improvements in shoot length, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots compared to the control plants. The beneficial effect of endophytic treatments led to an increase in primary and secondary metabolites and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in soybean plants under drought stress conditions. Additionally, root inducing gene of GmPIN1A was increased by S. meliloti NOR1, while T. flavus AVRF3 and coinoculum treatments enhance the expression of GmPIF under both drought stress and normal conditions. This is one of the few studies that examine the impact of endophytes on soybean plants subjected to drought stress. The findings suggest that both endophytic bacterial and fungal inoculum application reprograms the photosynthetic pigments, biochemical contents and antioxidant expression of drought stress affected soybean plants and improve their plant growth under drought stress conditions.

Vitex negundo is a traditional medicinal plant known for its anticancer properties, particularly its effectiveness in targeting apoptosis-related cancer pathways. Colorectal cancer is the most prevalent malignancy worldwide, often requiring alternative therapies involving plant-derived bioactive compounds. This study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles using V. negundo leaves (VnZnONP) and confirm their formation through characterization studies. Further, the anticancer efficacy of VnZnONPs was also evaluated in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using methanolic leaf extract of V. negundo (MeVn), which contained nearly 39 phytocompounds, identified in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). UV–vis spectroscopy showed a prominent peak at 374 nm, while dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed a size distribution peaking at 452.5 nm. In SEM analysis, the spherical-shaped morphology with random distribution was observed. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of zinc and oxygen, and zeta potential analysis showed a + 41.4 mV charge, indicating stable nanoparticles. FTIR analysis identified functional groups such as aliphatic, aromatic compounds, alkenes, alcohols, and amides. In the DPPH assay, VnZnONP at 100 µg/ml exhibited 87.96

In the present work, we have synthesized four new mono- and binuclear cobalt(III) complexes [Co(HL1)(L1)](NO3)(2) 1, [Co(HL2)(L2)](NO3)(2) 2, [Co(HL3)(L3)](NO3)(2) 3 and [Co-2(L4)(2)(NO3)(2)H2O](NO3)H2O 4 composed of N2O donor ligands (HL1 = 2-((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)ethan-1-ol), HL2 = (1-((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)propan-2-ol), HL3 = (3-((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino)propan-1-ol) and HL4 = (2-methyl-2-((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino)propan-1-ol)) and characterized them by various analytical methods. X-ray crystallographic analysis of complex cations [Co-III (HL1)(L1)](2+) and [Co-III (HL2)(L2)](2+) reveals that the Co(III) ion is in a distorted octahedral environment constructed by facial coordination of two equivalents of tridentate ligands (HL1/HL2). Interestingly, one equivalent of the ligand acts as an anionic donor, while neutral behaviour was noticed for the second equivalent. Complex 4 crystallises as a binuclear entity wherein the two cobalt centres communicate via a bis-mu-alkoxide bridge in the solid state. Both cobalt centres possess distorted octahedral geometry (Co1: the Co(III) ion is chelated to the N4O2 chromophore; Co2: the Co(II) ion is in an oxygen-rich O-6 environment). The ESI-MS profile of 4 in water shows that the mononuclear Co(III) species (m/z = 418.173) exists in the solution state. Furthermore, the spin and oxidation state of 1-4 in solution are assessed by the H-1 NMR spectroscopic data. All the complexes mimic the function of the phenoxazinone synthase enzyme with impressive turnover numbers (242.10-1424.95 h(-1)) in water. From kinetic experiments, it is observed that complex 2 with a methyl substituted ligand moiety exhibits rapid PHS-like activity, and the reactivity of the catalysts follows the order: 2 > 3 > 4 > 1. The antibacterial activity of ligands (HL1-HL4), Co(NO3)(2) and complexes 1-4 was tested individually against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. Complexes 1-3 exhibited up to 92% inhibition of the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae at a concentration of 100 mu g mL(-1).

In this study, we have investigated the effect of carbon quantum dots (FM-CQDs) synthesized from marine fungal extract on Curcuma longa to improve the plant growth and curcumin production. The isolated fungus, Aspergillus flavus has produced a high amount of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (0.025 mg g -1 ), when treated with tryptophan. CQDs were synthesized from the A. flavus extract and it was characterized using ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (UV - Vis) and high -resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The synthesized CQDs were excited at 365 nm in an UV - Vis and the HR-TEM analysis showed approximately 7.4 nm in size with a spherical shape. Both fungal crude extract (FCE) at 0 - 100 mg L -1 and FM-CQDs 0 - 5 mg L -1 concentrations were tested on C. longa . About 80 mg L -1 concentration FCE treated plants has shown a maximum height of 21 cm and FM-CQDs at 4 mg L -1 exhibited a maximum height of 25 cm compared to control. The FM-CQDs significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments such as total chlorophyll (1.08 mg g -1 FW) and carotenoids (17.32 mg g -1 FW) in C. longa . Further, antioxidant enzyme analysis confirmed that the optimum concentrations of both extracts did not have any toxic effects on the plants. FM-CQDs treated plants increased the curcumin content up to 0.060 mg g -1 by HPLC analysis. Semi quantitative analysis revealed that FCE and FM-CQDs significantly upregulated ClCURS1 gene expression in curcumin production.

Fruit crop offers a wide variety of beneficial metabolites and nutrients that favor human health. Increasing concerns over food and nutritional instability caused by significant climatic changes have posed challenges to crop development, quality, and yield in fruit crops. Conventional farming methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive and are not able to provide long-term solutions to meet the current challenges in fruit cultivation. In this era, newly developed technology like clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas)-based genome editing could be a promising approach for trait improvement in fruit crops. This technology can offer efficient means to modify targeted genes that lead to desirable features such as improving fruit quality traits, increasing fruit yield, changing plant architecture that favors fruit development, enhancing nutritional levels, improving shelf life, knocking out genes producing anti-nutrient compounds, improving tolerance to abiotic stress, and reducing fruit disease susceptibility. Furthermore, its simple operation and high mutation efficiency have encouraged researchers working in fruit crops to introduce this technology to generate new germplasm via gene-directed mutation. It is possible to swiftly create newly improved varieties for the development of crucial agronomic traits by precisely editing key genes/transcription factors in fruit crops using CRISPR/Cas. In this chapter, we summarized the mechanism and applications of CRISPR/Cas as a possible technology in improving agronomical traits that benefit fruit crop breeding.

Oil-producing plants are the world's most significant crops, both economically and nutritionally. Despite this, numerous countries have looked into genetic engineering techniques for crop development. It initiated the success of genetically altered crop types for biotic (tolerance for herbicide, resistance to disease resistance), abiotic (salinity, temperature, and heavy metal), and nutritious benefits. Indian oil-producing crops were discovered to be refractory in tissue culture, with a lower transformation frequency. Many crops have yet to benefit from commercialized gene transfer techniques using in vitro culture methods. Furthermore, the in vitro culture method is regarded as a fundamental necessity for transgenic recovery. As a result, well-established genetic transformation procedures for crop enhancement are in high demand. This chapter highlighted the gene transfer technique and the existing state of genetic modification of crops rich in oil and its enhancement. This chapter further discusses the potential benefits of CRISPR cas9 in editing genes in plants and its farming applications.