Background:Injectable products, particularly human vaccines, must be free from fever-inducing agents and thoroughly tested for pyrogens as part of a quality control. Consequently, manufacturing facilities are required to conduct ppropriate pyrogen tests per pharmacopoeial standards. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of the monocyte activation test (MAT) in quantifying pyrogenic content in the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Methods:We assessed pyrogen activity in the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), formulated vaccine, and aluminum hydroxide by comparing the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), rabbit pyrogen test (RPT), and MAT, measuring activity in relative pyrogen unit (RPU) as per the European Pharmacopoeia. Monocytes from healthy donors were isolated and identified via flow cytometry to measure the CD14+ marker frequency. Results:The study found that the pyrogenic concentration of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in the MAT was 50,000 ng/mL (5.19 EEU/mL). In contrast, the same concentration in the rabbit pyrogen test (RPT) was deemed non-pyrogenic based on rectal temperature assessments. The MAT showed sensitivity to the API and adjuvant, with a detection limit of 2.5 EU/mL for IL-6, outperforming the RPT, which had a detection limit of 5 EU/mL. Conclusion:A strong IL-6 response to both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LTA stimulation was observed, indicating that IL-6 could serve as a valuable marker for pyrogen testing. The MAT appears to be an effective alternative to the RPT for assessing pyrogenicity, demonstrating commendable consistency and accuracy across various testing systems allowed by the Ph. Eur. General MAT Chapter, especially given the RPT's limitations in controlling pyrogenicity in injectable products.

Background: Diabetes patients have been known to activate the inflammasome pathway. The current research was carried out to assess the gene expression levels of nuclear factor-κappa B (NF-κB), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ) in PBMC samples from peripheral blood to find out whether its mRNA could be used as an early marker for renal function deterioration in diabetics.Methods: This empirical study collected serum samples from 60 diabetic patients suffering from nephropathy and 60 healthy controls. Collected blood from the patients was isolated and preserved in the medium at a temperature of -20. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, cholesterol/HDL-LDL, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, and CBC were analyzed. Real-time PCR measured NF-κB, IL-6, and IFN-γ gene expression.Results: Diabetic patients with nephropathy showed increased fasting plasma glucose levels compared to non-diabetic subjects, although there were no significant differences between them regarding cholesterol, triglyceride or other lipid levels, white blood cell count, and red blood cell count. Along with platelet count parameters, the levels of MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW-CV, AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase did not change in the control group. The patient group showed a significant increase in NF-κB and IL-6 gene expression at the level of (P-value <0.001) and also IFN-γ expression at the level of (P-value <0.01) compared to the healthy control group.Conclusion: Due to the elevated level of these genes in nephropathic patients, it can be possibly concluded that NF-κB, IL-6, and IFN-γ are involved in nephropathy complications of diabetes.

Background: Low-cost, soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers enhance the efficacy of herbal formulations with established antimicrobial properties. Objectives: This study investigates the healing process of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-infected wounds using PVA loaded with herbal extracts, including Arnebia euchroma, Allium sativum, and Echinacea purpurea. Methods: minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, Disk Diffusion Method (DDM) tests, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses were conducted on herbal extract samples. Twelve male Wistar rats were divided into G1: Negative control group (healthy mice), G2: Wound model + S. aureus (Positive control), G3: wound model + S. aureus + Povidone-iodine, and G4: Wound model + S. aureus + PVA/formulation. Hematoxylin-eosin and immunofluorescent staining were employed to assess wound healing. Results: The ethanolic herbal extract exhibited potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with MIC and MBC values in the 1.87 mg/mL range. The PVA/formulation displayed a zone of inhibition with a diameter of 7 mm against S. aureus. Histopathological investigations indicated that the infected wound treated with Nanofibers extract experienced a significant reduction in inflammation between days 7 and 14. Notably, the increased CD3 expression at this site was remarkable for the healing process. Conclusions: Consequently, this experimental study suggests combining PVA and herbal extracts enhances antibacterial properties and promotes CD3 expression and re-epithelialization effects.

Various factors are effective in reducing the fertility rate. This experiment aimed to investigate chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate, that could alter the structure of the uterus and the molecules involved in parental and fetal. CPF was injected intraperitoneally in thirty mice for five days in a week (six weeks). The animals were euthanized on the 5th day of gestation, then their blood and uterus were collected for biochemical and histopathological assays. Exposure to CPF resulted in a significant reduction in maternal weight gain and the number of litters. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased in blood serum of the CPF group compared with the control. The number of uterus glands, endometrium thickness, and the uterine cavity were changed following CPF injection. Additional investigation indicated that the expressions of L-selectin, L-selectin ligand, and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) as initial adhesion of mice blastocysts and maternal endometrium biomarkers were downregulated in the CPF group. Nevertheless, any mortality and abnormal clinical symptoms were not observed in the treated mice. This study revealed a potential molecular mechanism of continuous CPF-induced toxicity in fetal-maternal attachment without clinical symptoms.

In recent decades, some 30 new human pathogens have been identified, of which 75% were spillovers from animals.In late 2019, human infections with a new coronavirus from an unknown origin emerged in China and later spread worldwide.The zoonotic source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 remains unknown, and there is only some limited information about the close association between the first human cases of COVID-19 and visiting animal markets.Now, bats and pangolins are suspected as natural hosts, and large cats, raccoon dogs, dogs, minks, ferrets, and pangolins as intermediate hosts.There is not enough evidence to prove that animals can transmit COVID-19 infection to humans, but there are some data about the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between humans and some animal species.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), as a worldwide pesticide, can effect on the integrins αv and β3 which play a main role in the implantation window. Therefore, the aim of this study was to consider CPF effects on integrin alpha v and beta 3 in implantation window phase. Thirty female NMRI mice were separated into groups of CPF, sham, and control. After 6 weeks, each group was mated, and on the 5th day of gestation, all mice were euthanized. Estradiol and progesterone levels were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test; two subunits of integrins (αv and β3) genes and proteins of endometrium were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry method, respectively. Fibrosis of the liver which evaluated by Masson's trichrome stain was increased in the CPF group compared with the others. But estradiol and progesterone levels were significantly decreased in CPF groups. Based on the findings, the proportion of genes' expressions of integrin subunits declined by the effect of CPF, while there was not any notable consequence on mice in the sham group. Alpha v and beta 3 integrin proteins expressed in all groups, but the concentration of these proteins in CPF groups was lower than in other groups. This study has shown that the decline of estradiol and progesterone downregulates the expression of αv and β3 integrins which were influenced by CPF exposure. Changing these patterns of proteins could have numerous influences on unsuccessful implantation. Therefore, this experimental study recommends that inclusive consideration of the effects of insecticides may be crucial to women's unrecognized cause of infertility.

Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxy phenol) is a phenolic compound of the clove family Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry. In traditional and modern medicine, clove oil has been used as an antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic, anticarcinogenic, neuroprotective ability, hypolipidemic efficiency, and antidiabetic effect, induce apoptosis by destruction the mitochondrial membrane and production of reactive oxygen species, household products, fragrance in soaps and cosmetics, skincare products, flavoring substances for food, dental and pharmaceutical products and etc. Core tip *Correspondence to Dr. Zohre Eftekhari z_eftekhari.vet@alumni.ut.ac.i r Received: 19 September 2019 Accepted: 12 October 2019 ePublished: 20 November 2019

Introduction & Objective: The function and transparency of the lens actually diminishes with aging as a result, external intervention is necessary to amend it. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of vitreous humor on the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to lens fiber like cells. Materials & Methods: The present experimental study was conducted at Tarbiat Moallem University in 2010. Bone marrow was collected from tibias in NMRI mice and then cultured. Immuno-cytochemistery was done to confirm the mesenchymal stem cells using Oct4 antibody. Subsequently, MSCs were treated with bovine vitreous body for 7 and 21 days. The morphology of the MSCs to the lens fibers were studied using Phase Contrast Microscope. Results: During the primary culture, the cell population was heterogeneous and in the subsequent passages, the number of the spindle-shaped cells increased. Immuno-cytochemistery study confirmed the MSCs. Morphological studies showed that most cells in the experimental group were locally longer and more aligned in parallel compared to control group cells. Moreover, lens fiber like with large nuclei and multiple nucleoli was observed. Furthermore, the concentration of 25% of vitreous body had more induction effect on MSCs in comparison with the 50% concentration. Conclusion: The MSCs derived from mouse bone marrow could differentiate into lens fiber like cells by treating them with vitreous humor.