Harvest regulation is one of the primary tools that natural resource managers use to manage exploited fish and wildlife populations. Unfortunately, the desired results of harvest regulations are frequently not realized. We contend that a broader and more thorough understanding of anglers could improve the success of harvest regulations. Using a case study from an interstate U.S. fishery for Walleye Sander vitreus, we demonstrate the counterintuitive responses anglers exhibited to differing Walleye harvest regulations. Three possible reasons are explored, using theories from social–science disciplines, to explain why anglers released a greater proportion of larger Walleye under a more liberalized harvest regulation: (1) harvest regulations serving as goals for anglers, (2) resolution of cognitive dissonance provided by restrictive harvest regulations, and (3) the perceived “value” assigned to specific fish or wildlife entity by harvest regulations. We conclude by discussing how taking an interdisciplinary approach (e.g., sociology, psychology, economics) to understanding angler behavior could be an exciting frontier for fisheries management and how this approach specifically holds promise for improving the success of harvest regulations.

Carlson AK, Bailey PE, Fincel MJ, Graeb BDS. Otoliths as elemental tracers of walleye environmental history: insights for interjurisdictional fisheries management. Lake Reserve Manage. 32:329-340.Understanding fish natal origins and movement is important for managing interjurisdictional fisheries. We used otolith microchemistry to assess walleye (Sander vitreus) provenance, movement, and natal homing in Lake Oahe, an interjurisdictional reservoir fishery in North Dakota and South Dakota. Historical (1983-1989) water chemistry varied among 6 tributaries for strontium: calcium (Sr:Ca; mu mol/mol) and barium: calcium (Ba:Ca) and between 2main-stem sites for Ba: Ca. Current (2012) water chemistry was spatially heterogeneous for Sr: Ca and Ba: Ca. Both ratios were consistent between the historical and current periods in tributaries and main-stem sites. Sr: Ca and Ba: Ca of age-0 walleye otolith cores varied in proportion to water chemistry, resulting in high reclassification accuracies to habitat types (87%) and individual sites (78%). For adult walleye, contributions of South Dakota natal sites to the North Dakota population (48%, n = 30) and North Dakota natal sites to the South Dakota population (48%, n = 29) were highest for tributaries and embayments (e.g., Moreau and Cannonball rivers, Beaver Bay). Annual downstream movement was more prevalent than upstream movement, particularly during a flood in 2011. An average of 36% of North Dakota walleye and 33% of South Dakota walleye exhibited natal homing each year from 2009 to 2013. Otolith element: Ca ratios are effective natural tracers for evaluating walleye natal origins, movement within and between states, and natal homing. Otolith microchemistry is a tool for interjurisdictional walleye management in reservoirs, providing a methodology for assessing natal origins and movement and designing spatially informed habitat conservation programs and harvest regulations.

A common goal of recreational fisheries management is to improve fishing success. The mean number of fish caught per hour of angling (mean angler catch per unit effort [CPUE]) is frequently used to measure angling success. Unfortunately, the sample sizes needed to detect even modest differences in mean angler CPUE at conventionally-used levels of statistical significance are often impractical or impossible to obtain. Using case studies, I investigate potential issues with the use of mean angler CPUE and several alternative approaches for representing angling success. I present proportional angling success (PAS) as an alternative approach to representing angling success with creel survey data. Proportional angling success (PAS) is defined as the proportion of anglers that have individual catch rates greater than or equal to x fish per hour (where x is determined on a species and region specific basis). I demonstrate that PAS is statistically powerful, is minimally affected by subjective decisions to include or exclude portions of data, reflects differences in fishing quality among creel surveys, does not require changes to conventional creel survey design and can be used to readdress historical creel survey data, can be used as a standard method for comparing angling success among fisheries, and can serve as the norm for the angling public. I encourage fisheries managers to consider using PAS when developing fisheries management objectives or analyzing creel survey data. The use of PAS may enable fisheries managers to better measure angling success and ultimately contribute to improved management of recreational fisheries.

Recent studies in adolescents have found a weak association between lower self-esteem and smoking. However, this association has not been investigated in a psychiatric setting. In 223 inpatient adolescents [140 girls (16.5 years) and 83 boys (16.4 years)], self-esteem was measured with Coopersmith's self-esteem inventory (SEI), and smoking dependence with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). DSM-IV categories included major depression (n=35), anxiety disorders (n=35), psychotic disorders (n=31), eating disorders (n=9), and conduct disorders (n=113). There were 101 smokers and 122 nonsmokers. Self-esteem scores were lower in smokers than in nonsmokers (p=0.039). Self-esteem scores were very significantly lower in smokers showing moderate or high nicotine dependence (i.e., FTND score>or=4) when compared with nonsmokers (p=0.002). Smoking with moderate or high nicotine dependence was associated with lower self-esteem in both girls and boys, whereas smoking with no or low nicotine dependence was associated with lower self-esteem only in girls. Smoking was associated with lower self-esteem in all diagnostic categories, except in eating disorders. Interventions targeted on self-esteem might be used to prevent smoking in adolescents with mental disorders.

ABSTRACT Fisheries scientists often use beach seines to determine species presence and to estimate relative abundance of small littoral zone fishes in lentic habitats. My purposes were to estimate the effort needed to detect various changes in relative abundance of common littoral zone fishes and to determine the degree of change likely to be detected with a realistic amount of effort at various combinations of a and β for three reservoirs in Wyoming. Retrospective power analysis was conducted on relative abundance data from 75 randomly selected 33-m seine hauls for each reservoir. The detection of large-to-moderate changes (50% to 25% from the mean) in relative abundance typically are not logistically possible with seining and reasonable amounts of seining (15 seine hauls) typically allow the detection of 75% or greater changes from the mean. Seining is an ineffective tool for measuring and detecting large changes in relative abundance of small littoral zone fishes.

Seining is commonly used to determine species distributions and to estimate species richness of small fishes in littoral zones of lentic habitats. However, little guidance exists on the seining effort required to properly estimate species richness for lentic habitats. Our objective was to determine the seining effort needed to estimate species richness for three Wyoming reservoirs. We conducted a simulation study based on seining data collected from three reservoirs to define the sampling effort needed to estimate species richness. Eighteen to thirty-eight seine hauls were needed to attain a 90% probability of detecting approximately 90% of the species present, and 42-66 seine hauls were needed to attain a 90% probability of detecting all of the species present. Seining appears to be an effective tool for estimating species richness in Wyoming reservoirs, even though considerable effort is required for precise estimates.

High-mountain lakes provide important fisheries in the Rocky Mountains; therefore we sought to gain an understanding of the relationships among environmental factors, accessibility to anglers, stocking rates, and features of stocks of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki in high-mountain lakes of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming. We sampled fish with experimental gill nets, measured lake habitat features, and calculated factors affecting angler access among 19 lakes that lacked sufficient natural reproduction to support salmonid fisheries and that were stocked at 1-, 2-, or 4-year intervals with fingerling cutthroat trout. We found that angler accessibility was probably the primary factor affecting stock structure, whereas stocking rates affected the densities of cutthroat trout among lakes. The maximum number of years survived after stocking appeared to have the greatest affect on biomass and population structure. Our findings suggest that control of harvest and manipulation of stocking densities can affect the density, biomass, and structure of cutthroat trout stocks in high-elevation lakes.

Much as Total Quality Management (TQM) has helped companies decrease waste and enhance value, environmental accounting offers an approach and a suite of tools that can help organizations improve both environmental quality and bottom-line business performance. Its focus is to bridge the world of finance and economics with the world of environmental management. Companies in all sectors have discovered that they can increase profits by meeting and even surpassing environmental regulations. Through environmental accounting, companies can discover more of these opportunities and, ideally, bring environmental concerns earlier into planning, decision making, and operations. This article introduces environmental accounting and some basic principles that should guide organizations' thinking on environmental accounting and environmental accounting systems. It also describes several different objectives for environmental accounting that imply different requirements and orientations. Although the focus of this article is on environmental accounting as an aspect of forward-looking management and decision making in companies, much of the discussion applies to nonprofits and government units as well.

There is no simple recipe for success in implementing environmental accounting. Day-to-day needs and strategic objectives will determine how an organization can benefit from environmental accounting. Our previous article listed many potential applications of environmental accounting and discussed common environmental accounting objectives. 1 This article is geared toward organizations that want to start implementing environmental accounting and create a foundation of success on which to build. In this context, the questions are (1) What are some logical starting points? and (2) Where do companies go from there? This article first describes some paradigms that may guide companies as they think about how to implement environmental accounting, then it presents a series of critical activities that are needed to make environmental accounting an integral part of ongoing business management functions.