Reading Indian legal texts is often exhaustive. Indian case documents are usually less organized and have more errors than those from other countries. This study aims to help people quickly understand large legal documents. We created a new dataset with 10,000 judgments from the Supreme Court of India, along with their handwritten summaries. The dataset is cleaned to fix legal abbreviations, punctuation errors, and ensure proper sentence structure. Each judgment is annotated with attributes such as case ID, date of judgment, names of the plaintiff and defendants, judge who delivered the final verdict, cited acts, citations, main judgment, and its corresponding headnote. In the results section, we provide statistical analyses of the judgments and their headnotes, offering useful insights for future research. Beyond legal document summarization, potential applications of this dataset include information retrieval, citation analysis, and predicting decisions made by specific judges.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly efficient antigen-presenting cells located throughout body tissues and surfaces. Initial studies described these cells as potent activators of naïve T lymphocytes; however, subsequent research has demonstrated that DCs can also regulate T cell activation, survival, and effector functions. DCs possessing T cell regulatory properties, known as regulatory DCs (regDCs), are phenotypically immature cells with modified functionality. In humans, regDCs are typically derived from blood monocytes and characterized by the surface marker expression profile CD11cloCD-11bhiCD14+HLA-DR+, low expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, adhesion proteins, and costimulatory markers (e.g., CD40, CD80), and high expression of immune checkpoint and apoptosis-inducing ligands (e.g., PD-L1, Fas ligand). Additionally, these cells secrete abundant anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β. Preclinical studies using rodent and nonhuman primate models have demonstrated the efficacy of regDCs in mitigating allograft rejection. Likewise, clinical studies evaluating regDCs have confirmed their safety, efficacy, and feasibility for inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance and/or reducing solid organ transplant rejection. In this manuscript, we review the tolerogenic potential of regDCs, the mechanisms by which regDCs mediate immune tolerance, and the findings from preclinical and clinical studies assessing their use in mitigating solid organ transplant rejection.

Pharmacovigilance (PV) is the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects of drugs and plays a key role in the healthcare system. It is concerned with the safety of drugs used in humans when the drug comes on the market. The PV data links the premarketing data with the safety information of a drug during the postmarketing surveillance phase. The journey would go a long way in establishing a strong PV system in our country and ensuring the safe use of medication. The Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC), Sweden, and the WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring provide support to the members to establish the national PV center in the member countries for the safe use of drugs through monitoring. The UMC is a self-funded, nonprofit organization working with WHO and engaging with member countries for patient safety initiatives and safe use of medicines. The member countries have access to a range of PV resources and tools. All the member countries work nationally and have a worldwide PV network to monitor and identify various adverse effects related to drugs and vaccines to provide better health. The present research article provides insight into PV and various adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring tools in India and ways to create awareness among the healthcare professionals and consumers regarding the reporting of ADRs.

Recently, cloud computing has become a growing technology in the information technology industry because of its several smooth delivery services. In cloud computing, multi-tenancy is one of the primary features that affords economic and scalability significance to the service providers and end-users by distributing a similar cloud platform. Due to the increasing demand for cloud computing, cloud usage has increased, so various vulnerabilities and threats have also been enhanced. Hence, data security and privacy are considered the major issues of multi-tenant environments in the cloud. Several existing studies have developed different mechanisms to solve security issues in multi-tenant cloud environments. However, they faced various problems while improving security, and this led to a lack of confidentiality, authenticity, and data integrity. Thus, this research paper intends to propose an efficient encryption approach for securing data delivery in the cloud with reduced time. For secure data delivery, homomorphic encryption is utilized to encode the cloud server’s data. In homomorphic encryption, four stages are available for data delivery: key generation, encryption, decryption, and evaluation. The main problems in this homomorphic encryption mechanism are key sharing and key management. Due to these problems, the performance of homomorphic encryption is diminished. Thus, the proposed work introduces an Aquila optimizer for the key generation process. In this, optimal keys are selected, and it provides improved data security and privacy for cloud users. Finally, the selected keys are generated for the encryption and decryption process. The efficiency of the proposed approach is proved by comparing the performance in terms of encryption time, decryption time and throughput over the existing schemes like Rivest, Shamir and Adleman, ElGamal, Algebra Homomorphic Encryption scheme based on ElGamal (AHEE) and modified AHEE. The experimental results reveal that the proposed model achieves reduced encryption and decryption time of 972 ms and 4261 ms for the data size ranges from 5 to 25 mb.

Aim: To find the Effects of Changing Photoperiods in Physiological and Biochemical Responses in Subtropical Bird Black headedMunia.Method: This experiment was performed on the blackheaded munia during June month. A groups of photosensitive birds (n =6-8 per group) was exposed to short day length (9L: 15D). After every 2 weeks, this group transferred to increasingphotoperiod sequentially; 10L: 14D, 11L: 13D, 12L: 12D, 13L: 11D, 14L: 10D, 15L: 9D and 16L: 8D. The group received 460 luxlight intensity during the day time at perch level. Observations on Physiological (body mass, body moults and moults primaries)and biochemical (Stress factor) parameter differences in blood at the appropriate samplings during the experiment.Results: Male and female birds responded almost in similar fashion with some variations. Overall, our results show a gradualchange over Photoperiod in responsiveness of the endogenous response system to stimulatory effects of long day length. Theysuggest roles of both long and short day lengths in regulation of seasonal cycles in subtropical bird Blackheaded munia.

A two years investigation conducted at Instructional Farm, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur during Rabi 2022-23 and 2023-24 to evaluate the impact of different methods of zinc and iron through soil and foliar application on growth attributes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L). The soil of experimental site was slightly alkaline in soil reaction (8.24 and 8.25) and clay loam in texture. The experiment was laid out under FRBD with three replications. The experiment comprised of 5 levels of soil applied Zn and Fe, S1 (10 kg ZnSO4 ha-1) S2 (20 kg ZnSO4 ha-1), S3 (25 kg FeSO4 ha-1), S4 (50 kg FeSO4 ha-1) S5 (10 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 25 kg FeSO4 ha-1) and three levels of foliar applied zinc and iron namely F1 (0.5% ZnSO4 ha-1), F2 (0.5% FeSO4 ha-1) F3 (0.5% ZnSO4 ha-1 + 0.5% FeSO4 ha-1) at two different growth stages (30 DAS and 45 DAS) along with one absolute control. The result showed that soil application and foliar application of zinc and iron increased the growth parameters of crop significantly. The result showed that among control verses rest treatments, combined soil applied zinc and iron @10 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 25 kg FeSO4 ha-1 (S5 ) recorded highest dry matter accumulation (g) at 90 DAS and at harvest, plant height (cm and number of total tillers (0.5 m2 ) at harvest in crop over control.

Background: Free Hamstring, Bone patellar tendon-bone, Peroneus Longus, and quadriceps tendon grafts are widely being used for Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with a satisfactory outcome. Free grafts are avascular and theirs tibial side fixation insufficiency is a potential cause of failure in ACL reconstruction. Tibial attachment preserving hamstring graft preserves the vascularity and mechanical strength on the tibial side, and could be a viable option in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, The authors describe the early outcome of the surgical technique of ACL reconstruction (ACLR) with tibial attachment sparing hamstring graft without implant on the tibial side. Material and methods: The hamstring insertion preserving five stranded graft was used for ACL reconstruction with adjustable endobutton for femoral side fixation and no implant for tibial side fixation. Thirty-six patients with one-year follow-ups were included in the study. Results: The mean length of the prepared graft attached to the tibia was 95.5 ± 4 mm, and the mean width was 8.6 ± 0.7 mm and 8.2 ± 0.6 mm on the tibial and femoral side respectively. None had a failure of graft till the final follow-up. The preoperative International knee documentation committee score (IKDC) mean score improved from 47.3 ± 8.9 to 87.3 ± 6.7 at one-year follow-up. The preoperative Lysholm score (LS) improved from 58.1 ± 12.8 to 90.4 ± 4.9 at one-year follow-up. Conclusion: Attachment-sparing hamstring graft with a femoral side-only implant is a simple, cost-effective technique that provides a satisfactory outcome.

The creation of lightweight aggregate self-compacting concrete (LWA-SCC) is a challenging endeavor with substantial consequences for the construction sector. However, the absence of firmly established design suggestions and recommendations as well as the limited availability of design approaches pose a noteworthy obstacle. To accomplish the anticipated mechanical properties while minimizing production costs as well as preserving natural resources, a thorough comprehension and understanding of the optimal combination of binders and coarse aggregate content is required. This study examines the impact of several supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) on the fundamental mechanical characteristics of ecofriendly LWA-SCC mixes prepared with 100% sintered fly ash aggregate (SFAA) as a replacement of natural coarse aggregates (NCAs). A total of nine LWA-SCC mixes were prepared including one base SCC mix. The base SCC mix (C-SFAA100) encompasses 100% ordinary portland cement (OPC) as the sole binder, and 100% natural fine aggregates (NFAs) along with 100% SFAA. The remaining eight mixes were further parted into two Series. Series I and Series II comprise SF and MK as a replacement for OPC by 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%, respectively. The fundamental mechanical characteristics such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, direct shear, and elastic modulus were measured after several intervals. In addition, microstructural analyses were also executed to appraise the overall efficacy of LWA-SCC combinations. The results such as the compressive strength of the SCC mixes CSF15-SFAA100 and CMK15-SFAA100 increased by 11.3% and 18.5%, respectively, after a curing time of 90 days compared to the base SCC mix C-SFAA100 confirmed that the incorporation of SCMs into LWA-SCC mixtures improves their mechanical characteristics.

One of the most important commercial and fiber crops in the world is cotton. It provides around 60% of the raw materials required by Indian textile mills and significantly adds to the community of cotton farmers in to support their way of life. The present study was accompanied in Jind district of Haryana state in 2022 and the derived data of 120 farmers was analyzed with different statistical tools such as frequency, mean score, percentage, knowledge index, adoption index and rank order etc. The study revealed that farmers have full knowledge (100 percent) and high level (100 percent) of adoption about sowing methods and irrigation requirement by cotton crop. Majority of farmers (63.33 percent) had medium knowledge level and 16.67 percent farmers had high knowledge level about different improved cotton production practices. The findings also indicated that about 76.66 percent of the farmers had medium to low level of adoption of cotton cultivation practices.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) co-infection and its genotypic distribution in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) show global inconsistency. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genotypic distribution patterns of HCV, along with viral load, in people living with HIV. This cross-sectional study was conducted at SRL Diagnostics Nepal, Pvt. Ltd. in 203 HIV-seropositive patients attending the Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal from October 2021 to May 2022. The viral load and HCV genotypes were estimated from RNA extracted from the blood sample (plasma) of PLHIV by using a standard Q-PCR protocol. HCV infection was considered as a core variable, whereas covariates used for this study were duration of HIV infection, age, sex, and ART regimen. Out of total 203 PLHIV, the estimated prevalence of HCV co-infection was 115 (56.6%). Male gender was a unique characteristic associated with a high prevalence of HCV co-infection compared to females. The HCV viral load among PLHIV ranged from 34 to 3,000,000 IU/mL. Among HCV co-infected PLHIV, 56 (48.69%) had a low level of HCV viral load. Interestingly, only 3 (2.6%) patients had an HCV viral load higher than 3,000,000 IU/mL. Diverse HCV genotypes were found in the population, including genotypes 1, 1a, 3a, 5a, and 6. However, genotype 3 was the most prevalent HCV variant among HCV-co-infected PLHIV, with a distribution of 36 (61.1%) and viral load ranging from 34 to 3000 IU/mL. HCV co-infection is frequent in the Nepalese population of people living with HIV, particularly due to HCV genotypic variant 3. The findings of this study could be useful for the management and clearance of the HCV co-infection in PLHIV, aiming to provide a good quality of life.

Dermatophytosis is one of the most common superficial infections of the skin affecting nearly one-fifth of the world population at any given time. With nearly 30% of worldwide terbinafine-resistance cases in Trichophyton mentagrophytes/Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton rubrum reported from India in recent years, there is a significant burden of the emerging drug resistance epidemic on India. Here, we carry out a comprehensive retrospective analysis of dermatophytosis in India using 1038 research articles pertaining to 161,245 cases reported from 1939 to 2021. We find that dermatophytosis is prevalent in all parts of the country despite variable climatic conditions in different regions. Our results show T. rubrum as the most prevalent until 2015, with a sudden change in dermatophyte spectrum towards T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale complex since then. We also carried out an 18S rRNA-based phylogenetics and an average nucleotide identity-and single nucleotide polymorphism-based analysis of available whole genomes and find very high relatedness among the prevalent dermatophytes, suggesting geographic specificity. The comprehensive epidemiological and phylogenomics analysis of dermatophytosis in India over the last 80 years, presented here, would help in region-specific prevention, control and treatment of dermatophyte infections, especially considering the large number of emerging resistance cases.

Introduction: Fractures of the clavicle constitute 2.6% of all fractures, account for 44% of the injuries around the shoulder girdle, approximately 70%–80% of which occur in the middle third. Even when significantly displaced, conventionally these fractures are treated without surgery. Conservative treatments either by sling/figure of eight bandage/clavicular brace are favored by patients, but the results are much inferior to what was reported previously. The present study conducted to operate fresh fracture with displacement >2 cm, nonunion by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with locking plate with or without bone grafting. The objective is relief from pain, restoration of activities as far as possible and better cosmetic appearance. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight cases of the clavicle in healthy active individuals between 18 and 65 years of age operated between December 2019 and September 2022 in Hazaribag Medical College, Hazaribag, Jharkhand. Patients with minimally displaced fracture were excluded from the study. Fracture is classified by Allman in three groups as middle 1/3rd, distal 1/3rd, and medial 1/3rd. Indications for surgery are either open fracture, vascular injuries, initial displacement >2 cm, nonunion, cosmetically conscious patients. Results: Fifteen cases of fresh, 6 cases of symptomatic delayed union, and 7 cases of nonunion operated with precontoured plate with or without bone grafting. The average hospital stay was 3–7 days. The average time of fracture union was 10 weeks (8–12 weeks). Patients were followed weekly up to 4 weeks and then after 2 and 6 months. The functional outcome according to Constant and Murley score is excellent in 17 (60.7%) patients, good in 10 (35.7%) patients and satisfactory in 1 (3.6%) case. There was no major complication, one patient had superficial infection, deep infection in 1 case, nonunion in 1 case and plate breakage in one patient. Results were compared with cases treated conservatively. Conclusion: In the present era of competition, cosmesis and advancement with least morbidity and excellent results is required. ORIF in selected cases is a very good option in comparison to accept morbidity, cosmetic disfigurement and below-average functional results.

Introduction Thyroid dysfunction is one of the most common endocrine disorders in people living with HIV (PLHIV). The abnormality in thyroid function has been linked with the adverse effects of prolonged antiretroviral therapy (ART) in PLHIV, but its prevalence remains obscure. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of impaired thyroid function and its relationship to ART duration in Nepalese people living with HIV. Methods This cross-sectional clinical laboratory based study was conducted at SRL Diagnostics Nepal, Pvt. Ltd. from October 2021 to May 2022. Two hundred and three HIV-seropositive patients enrolled at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH) in Kathmandu, Nepal were examined for their thyroid function test (TFT) by analyzing the serum T3, T4, and TSH concentrations using a fully automated COBAS e411 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, USA) based on the electrochemiluminescence assay (ECLIA). Results Out of 203 PLHIV, 22 (10.83%) had a thyroid disorder, with subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 16, 72.73%) being the most common, followed by subclinical hyperthyroidism (n = 3, 13.63%). Thyroid dysfunction had no significant correlation with HIV/ART duration (p = 0.304) and sex (p = 0.419), whereas, the risk of thyroid dysfunction was induced with the rise in the age of the PLHIV (p = 0.002, ϕ = 0.274). There were no significant differences in the mean serum T3, T4 and TSH values among different sexes and the HIV/ART duration, however a significant difference in the mean values of TSH (F (3, 199) = 3.231, p = 0.023) and T3 (F (3, 199) = 4.587, p = 0.004) among the different age-groups were shown. The mean T3 values also indicated a gradual decrease with increasing age. Conclusion The study revealed subclinical hypothyroidism as the prevailing thyroid disorder associated with PLHIV. The risk of thyroid dysfunction in PLHIV was neither gender specific nor being attributed by the ART duration in Nepalese population; however, elderly PLHIV were highly susceptible to the risk of thyroid disorder.

In this study, 306 rectal swabs from diarrheal pigs of various ages (0-3 weeks, 3-6 weeks, and >6 weeks) were collected from 54 piggery units in different climatic zones in Haryana state, India. These samples were tested for the presence of porcine astrovirus (PAstV), porcine rotavirus group A (PRV-A), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of the 306 samples tested, 153 (50%), 108 (35.3%), 32 (10.6%), and three (0.9%) tested positive for PAstV, PCV-2, PRV-A, and CSFV, respectively. A single infection was detected in 135 samples, while mixed infections were found in 77 samples: 70 with two viruses and seven samples with more than two. PAstV was detected most frequently (55.31%) in pigs aged 3-6 weeks. PCV-2 was more predominant in pigs aged 0-3 weeks (36.53%), whereas PRV-A was more common in pigs aged 3-6 weeks (11.3%). CSFV was observed in the age group of 0-3 weeks (1.92%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of lineages 2 and 4 of PAstV in this region. Thus, it can be concluded that one or more than one virus is circulating in piggery units in Haryana, India.

Microbial biofertilizers can be effective alternatives to fulfil plants' nutritional requirements as chemical fertilisers are considered unsustainable and a threat to environmental and health concerns. However, farmers hardly adopt these bioinoculants due to the uncertainty of their effectiveness in field conditions. In this study, we used porous dry organic materials obtained from biodegradable nontoxic agro-waste and process byproducts from agro-based industries which can act as a suitable carriers and protect the microbes during storage, marketing and field application. In this study, we created various formulations for Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus subtilis by combination presmud, cow dung manure as the organic matrix and jaggery, molasses, and serous gum as the binder and clay as the stabilizer. Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus subtilis increased straw and grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) over the unimmobilized biofertilizers and other used matrixes and binders in irrigated as well as water stressed cropping conditions. The immobilized biofertilizers significantly increased soil fertility and nutrient availability compared to the unimmobilized PGPRs. The formulation IBF-VI showed a 35.9 and a 61.21% increase in grain and straw yields, respectively, over unimmobilized PGPRs. Interestingly, the biofertilizers immobilized in the organic matrix have supported similar grain and straw yield recorded for the synthetic chemical fertilizer’s urea and DAP. The performance of selected immobilized biofertilizers was further examined at various water regimes to measure their efficacy in wheat growing under water stress. The studies show that immobilizing microbial biofertilizers in sugar mill waste press mud and molasses for granule production improves the performance of the microbial biofertilizers. These compounds are abundant and inexpensive locally, and small-scale entrepreneurs can supply them on a small scale. The findings provide a new potential for producing and marketing customised effective microbial bio-fertiliser formulations in rural areas using small industrial setups.

The present study focuses on current developments in the area of nanoparticles reinforced magnesium (Mg) based composites. Recently, nano sizedreinforced magnesium metal matrix composites are gaining importance in high performance applications like military, automotive and aerospace industries as a result of their improved physical and mechanical properties.Because desired performance is critical to achieve in micron sized magnesium composites due to their poor ductility, wear and friction response. Researchers find one technique to improve these properties, without any tangible weight penalty of magnesium and its alloys is to add nano size (<100 nm) reinforcement particles to the matrix as create so-called magnesium nanocomposites. Different nano reinforcing materialssuch asCarbon nanotubes (CNTs), Graphene (GNPs),Graphite (Gr), Silicon Nitride (Si3N4), Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3), Boron Nitride (hBNp), Diamond (ND), Titanium Carbide (TiC) and Tungsten Carbide (WC) have been studied. Moreover; the consequence of nano size particles on physical, microstructural, mechanical, corrosive and dry sliding wear properties of magnesium and its composites have been briefly discussed. The future research directions and development on current research area have been discussed and reviewed.