The flavonoid izalpinin was isolated from the aerial parts of Chromolaena leivensis. Its structural determination was carried out using MS and NMR spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C). This compound was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effect in a rat model on λ-carrageenan-induced plantar edema. Paw inflammation was measured at one-hour intervals for seven hours following the administration of λ-carrageenan. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were evaluated, obtaining statistically significant results with the treatments at doses of 10 mg/kg (* p < 0.01) and 20 mg/kg (** p < 0.005). The anti-inflammatory effect of the compound was evaluated by using plethysmography, and the results showed significant differences at the three concentrations (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg) in the first and third hours after treatment. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001 vs. the negative control group treated with vehicle (DMSO). Lastly, molecular docking analyses reveal that izalpinin has a strong binding affinity with five target proteins involved in the inflammatory process. The analysis using molecular dynamics allowed demonstrating that the ligand–protein complexes present acceptable stability, with RMSD values within the allowed range.

Reference intervals (RI) of physiological parameters related to the acid-base equilibrium state were estimated from blood samples of 76 healthy mules at high altitude. The animals were at rest and subjected to the same diet. The data obtained were compared with those reported by various authors, finding closeness between the estimated RIs and those of the cited authors. It was concluded that the RI of mules and horses do not present great differences.

Infectious endocarditis is a pathological process with low incidence in the daily clinical practice. The main etiology are the bacterial agents that colonize with higher prevalence the mitral and aortic valves. This paper reports the case of a dog with a previous diagnosis of peripheral vestibular syndrome secondary to probable otitis media-interna. The dog has a sudden heart murmur, intermittent claudications, lack of appetite, depression and temperatures. It is performed an echocardiographic assessment that shows mitral valve thickening with hyperecoic structures in the free border that indicates vegetations. Using the Modified Duke Criteria, a definitive diagnosis of infectious endocarditis is concluded. The dog is provided a medical treatment at the clinic without success. The clinical and paraclinical findings match the background found in the literature. Modified Duke Criteria allow guiding the diagnosis process and uncovering the alarm clinical signs. Antimicrobial clinical treatment must be administered based on blood cultures and sensitivity tests and considering both the pathogen prevalence and infection primary origin. Doctors must deem this condition as a bad prognosis pathology with a high mortality percentage. Finally, it is concluded that the main limitation in this case is a lack of histopathological confirmation.

Se estimaron intervalos de referencia (IR) de parámetros fisiológicos relacionados con el estado de equilibrio acido-base a partir de muestras de sangre de 76 de mulas sanas a gran altura. Los animales estuvieron en reposo y sometidos a una misma dieta. Los datos obtenidos fueron comparados con los reportados por varios autores, encontrando cercanía entre los IR estimados y los de los autores citados. Se concluyó que los IR de mulas y caballos no presentan grandes diferencias.

El estudio busca establecer posibles diferencias entre la medición de la frecuencia cardiaca por tiempos inferiores a los 60 segundos (30 y 15 segundos) en caballos. Para esto, se evaluaron 37 caballos adultos sanos a los cuales se les realizó medición de frecuencia cardíaca, utilizando estetoscopio y cronómetro, de manera simultánea por tres personas. Las frecuencias cardiacas se tomaron por 15” (t15) por la persona 1; 30” (t30) por la persona 2 y 60” (t60) por la persona 3. Se determinó el promedio y desviación estándar de las tres frecuencias de medición y se compararon mediante análisis de varianza. Se encontraron diferencias entre t15 y t60 y entre t30 y t60 (p<0.001); pero con diferencias entre 2 y 2.5 segundos entre tiempos de medición. En conclusión, hacer la medición de la frecuencia cardíaca en menos de un minuto podría generar sub- o sobrevaloraciones.

The study aimed to determine possible differences between the measurement of heart rate for times less than 60 seconds (30 and 15 seconds) in horses. For this, 37 healthy adult horses were evaluated, and heart rate measurement was performed using a stethoscope and a stopwatch, simultaneously by three people. Heart rates were taken by 15 " ( t15) for person 1; 30 " (t30) for person 2 and 60 " ( t60) for person 3. The mean and standard deviation of the three measurements were determined and compared by analysis of variance. Differences were found between t15 and t60 and between t30 and t60 (p<0.001); but with differences between 2 and 2.5 seconds between measurement times. In conclusion, taking the heart rate measurement in less than a minute could generate under or overvaluations.

The six-minute walking test is a diagnostic and prognostic tool widely used in human medicine. However, to date there is no enough evidence in veterinary medicine to support its use in the same way. This study was conducted at 2600 meters above the sea level and included only healthy, young and acclimated dogs to generate averaged distances walked and to evaluate the impact of this test on some physiological variables. Distances walked were no very different to the average reported in other studies at the sea level. Nevertheless, a physiological variable such as heart rate had a different response. No comparable data in respiratory rate was found. The six-minute walk test is a repeatable test that can be used safely and reliably in canines at high-altitude so that it can be used as a prognostic test in the practice of small animals This study aims to be the base for future attempts to establish the comparison with chronically sick dogs and the potential use of this test as a prognostic tool in small animal practice.

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common heart alteration in dogs. A vast extent of research has been focused on echocardiographic tissue Doppler and strain indices and the medical treatment of this condition, which are beyond the scope of this article. This review intends to include less known information of the mitral valve, acknowledge the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) consensus on MMVD and state different surgical approaches and devices, all valuable information for small animal clinicians and cardiologists. Also, during the last decade studies have been oriented towards to understand valve’s mechanical structure and function, genes involved in the etiology and molecular signaling pathways. Advances have been made in understanding the mitral valve, but more assessment and efforts are needed in this specific area.

Se da a conocer la presencia y duración de sonidos cardíacos en 24 equinos sanos habitantes de una zona ubicada a 2600 msnm. La toma de los datos se realizó mediante fonocardiografía directamente sobre la zona precordial. En todos los equinos se identificaron los sonidos 1 y 2. El sonido 4 estaba presente en el 87.5% de los equinos y el sonido 3 fue detectado solo en el 29.2% de los individuos. El estudio muestra la presencia común del sonido 4 en contraste con la baja presentación del sonido 3 en caballos sanos.

The presence and duration of cardiac sounds is reported in 24 healthy equines from an area located at 2600 meters above sea level. The data was taken by phonocardiography directly on the precordial area. In all equines, sounds 1 and 2 were identified. Sound 4 was present in 87.5% of equines and sound 3 was detected only in 29.2% of individuals. The study shows the common presence of sound 4 in contrast to the low presentation of sound 3 in healthy horses.

La prueba de marcha de seis minutos es una herramienta diagnóstica y pronóstica ampliamente usada en medicina de humanos. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no hay suficiente evidencia en medicina veterinaria para usar esta prueba de la misma manera. Este estudio fue realizado a 2600 metros sobre el nivel del mar e incluyó únicamente caninos jóvenes sanos aclimatados para generar valores de distancias recorridas y evaluar el impacto de esta prueba sobre algunas variables fisiológicas. Las distancias recorridas no fueron diferentes de las reportadas en otros estudios al nivel del mar; sin embargo, la frecuencia cardiaca aumentó al final de la prueba a diferencia de reportes a nivel del mar. Los datos de frecuencia respiratoria no fueron comparables en la literatura. La prueba de marcha de seis minutos es una prueba repetible y que puede ser utilizada de forma segura y confiable en caninos habitantes de gran altura con el fin de que se pueda utilizar como una prueba pronóstica en la práctica de pequeños animales. Este estudio busca ser la base para futuros intentos de establecer la comparación con perros afectados de manera crónica y el uso potencial de esta prueba como una herramienta pronóstica en la práctica de pequeños animales.

En el presente estudio se buscó determinar si existe una variación significativa en perros despiertos entre la presión arterial entre los cuatro miembros, incluyendo la cola. Las presiones arteriales diastólica, sistólica y media fueron tomadas, utilizando el equipo SunTech Medical®, mediante la técnica de oscilometría, en cada uno de los miembros y la cola de 17 caninos pacientes de una clínica de pequeños animales en Bogotá, Colombia. No se encontró diferencias significativas entre los valores de la presión arterial diastólica, sistólica y media entre cada uno de los miembros y la cola.