Different categories of social calls may be used in a variety of behavioral contexts and may have different functions. Here, we show that Great Himalayan leaf-nosed bats emit two types of calls: bent upward frequency modulated (bUFM) calls emitted during agonistic interactions between two bats that have perched close to each other and stepped upward frequency modulated (sUFM) calls emitted by a roosting individual when a free-flying bat approached. There were significant differences in acoustic parameters between bUFM calls and sUFM calls. Moreover, we tested different choices of Hipposideros armiger to playback of bUFM calls and sUFM calls. The bats avoided the location of bUFM call playbacks independent of the simultaneous playback of echolocation pulses, silence, or sUFM calls. The bats also avoided approaching the side of the flight room where sUFM calls were broadcast when also presented with playbacks of echolocation pulses, but not when simultaneously presented with silence. The results suggest that bUFM calls may serve the function of territorial defense, while sUFM calls may convey warning information. Our results, therefore, imply that the two types of calls have different functions depending on behavioral context. These differences in function suggest that bats can detect context-dependent modifications of acoustic cues across the two types of social calls.

我国经济自高速发展时期过渡到平稳发展时期,经济发展过程中环境遭到严重破坏,为解决我国面临的环境问题,环境化学成为人们关注的热点.固相萃取技术为常见的样本处理方法,检测效率高及检测便捷,在我国空气、水质、药物中毒等检测中体现一定价值.本文探讨了固相萃取技术的优点及类型,分析了固相萃取技术在环境化学中的应用.

环境治理是我国日常工作中重要部分,如今我国的环境情况恶化非常严重,能源消费总量持续增长,生产产生的污染物数量增加,经济增长因此受到了环境问题的严重制约.面对如此严峻的环境问题需要重视管理工作的开展.对于当前环境管理制度中存在的问题需要从制度入手进行解决,从生态文明建设出发对环境管理制度进行创新.

城市大气污染问题,是近几年的一个热门话题,国家一直在想办法采取措施进行治理,努力为大家提供一个良好的生活环境.本文对城市大气污染的成因进行了分析,然后提出了几条治理措施以期望能为城市的环境治理提供帮助.