To obtain the effect of vibration frequency on the random stacking characteristics and contact heat transfer characteristics of a heat storage particle pile, the random stacking and heat transfer model of heat storage particle piles in particle heat storage tanks was established. 0-25 Hz was selected as the parameter of vibration frequency for investigation. The results showed that the particle packing rate and specific contact number after vibration increased by 7 % and 7.6 %, respectively, compared with those of the particle pile before vibration. The maximum increase in the local packing rate is 21.7 %, which was observed near the heat transfer wall. The average coordination number is maximized to 4.07, and the particle coordination number dispersion is more concentrated. The condition of 5 Hz showed the best random stacking and heat transfer traits.

Environmental changes during the Ordovician to Silurian transition (OST) and the cause of Late Ordovician Mass Extinctions (LOMEs) remain a subject of debate. This study presents the first continuous seawater pH record spanning the Late Ordovician and Early Silurian, based on carbonate boron isotope (delta 11Bcarb) data obtained from a carbonate-dominated section in South China. Our results reveal predominantly stable delta 11Bcarb values throughout the Late Ordovician and Early Silurian, punctuated by a positive delta 11Bcarb excursion during the Hirnantian coinciding with Gondwana glaciation. The calculated seawater pH pattern indicates a generally low pH baseline across the OST, temporarily interrupted by a transient increase in surface ocean pH coinciding with the glacial episode. These pH fluctuations are interpreted to result from a combination of factors, including declining atmospheric pCO2 levels, sea level changes, weathering of carbonate rocks, and decomposition of organic matter. This study suggests that the fluctuation of seawater pH exerted a crucial role in the climatic changes and biotic evolution during the OST. The enhanced carbonate weathering and increased seawater pH, together with sea level fall and a reduction in shelf area, likely contributed to the decreased net accumulation of carbonates and represented a negative feedback for the development of glaciation and cooling climate. Given that the living of organisms (e.g. brachiopod, conodont, sponge and radiolarian) was sensitive to the changes in seawater pH, if and how the seawater pH fluctuations affected the LOMEs still needs more detailed work in the future.

Thermal runaway spreading of battery modules is the direct causative factor for fire or explosion accidents in energy storage systems. A thermal runaway model for lithium batteries, established using the modeling software COMSOL Multiphysics, is built to explore effective thermal spreading inhibition schemes. The model is compared with experimental results, verifying its reliability. With the increase of the thermal conductivity of the firewall substrate, the thermal insulation effect is gradually weakened. When the thermal conductivity of the substrate increases from 0.036 W/(m & sdot;K) to 0.046 W/(m & sdot;K), the peak temperature of the front surface of the adjacent battery increases from 136 degrees C to 175 degrees C, and the thermal runaway zero-spreading effect is achieved. With the decrease of the adsorption amount of the phase change material, the thermal insulation effect is gradually weakened. When the adsorption amount of the phase change material in the phase change firewall is reduced from 100 % to 50 %, the peak temperature of the front surface of the adjacent battery rises from 137 degrees C to 156 degrees C, and thermal runaway does not spread within the module. The composite phase change firewall provides a reliable method for blocking thermal runaway propagation in large lithium batteries, and provides data support for the thermal safety protection design of LIB packets in energy storage.

Heat recovery from high-temperature granular materials is essential for industrial energy efficiency. Industrially processed granular materials typically exhibit a wide particle size distribution. In moving bed heat exchangers, particle flow and heat transfer greatly affect thermal performance and operational stability. This study employs a CFD-DEM coupled method to investigate how variations in flow velocity and tube diameter affect heat transfer around a tube within a moving bed of continuously sized particle flows. Increasing the flow velocity enhances heat transfer. An increase in the velocity from 2 mm/s to 5 mm/s leads to a 4.25% enhancement in the average heat flux across the tube wall, while the temperature disparity between larger and smaller particles diminishes. Analysis of circumferential heat flux reveals that velocity enhancement primarily improves heat exchange by intensifying radiation and gas-phase heat transfer within the void region beneath the tube. When tube diameter is enlarged from 30 mm to 60 mm (with a tube-to-particle diameter ratio φ ranging from 5 to 10), the heat transfer rate continuously increases. However, the heat transfer coefficient reaches its peak at a tube diameter of 40 mm (φ = 6.67), which is 25.7% higher than the minimum value. With increasing tube diameter, the contribution of conductive heat transfer shows the most significant increase, rising from 20% to 24.85%. Changes in tube diameter alter the particle flow structure, including contact conditions and gas-solid phase distribution, thereby modulating the contributions of different heat transfer mechanisms and influencing the overall heat transfer efficiency.

The Yakela Faulted-Uplift in the northern Tarim Basin, China, represents a complex petroleum system where hydrocarbon origins are controversial due to its high maturity and multi-source mixing. This study integrates mercury (Hg) isotopes, sulfur isotopes, and conventional geochemical analyses to elucidate the sources and accumulation processes of hydrocarbons in this region. Results show that gases from the Yakela field exhibit moderate Δ199Hg values (−0.09‰ to 0.01‰), indicating mixing of marine sapropelic and terrestrial humic organic matter. In contrast, the associated oils exhibit δ34S (20.5‰–26.8‰) and biomarker signatures consistent with the Cambrian source rocks, clearly distinguishing them from the terrestrial source rocks in the Kuqa Depression. Oils from another region (Dalaoba) within the uplift, however, show clear terrestrial affinities with higher Pr/Ph ratios and lower δ34S values. By integrating sulfur isotopes with biomarker parameters and carbon isotopes, a clear discrimination has been achieved between the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Triassic–Jurassic source rocks in the Tarim Basin. The spatial decoupling of oil (pure marine) and gas (mixed) accumulations is explained by a two-stage, tectonically controlled charging model, i.e., the Early Himalayan northward charging of marine oils followed by the Late Himalayan southward influx of terrestrial gas. This study demonstrates that combining Hg and S isotopes provides a powerful tool for resolving complex, multi-source petroleum systems, with important implications for future exploration in the Tarim Basin and analogous geological settings worldwide.

The Ordovician–Silurian transition (OST) was a period marked by pivotal changes in Earth’s paleoenvironments and a large-magnitude positive carbon isotopic excursion, the Hirnantian Isotopic Carbon Excursion (HICE). The OST sediments in the Yangtze region of South China accommodate vast shale gas resources, and tracking the HICE plays an important role in revealing the untapped resources. However, the driving mechanism behind the HICE in shallow Yangtze seawater remains elusive, hindering paleoenvironment reconstruction and energy exploration in this region. An OST limestone section was recently identified in the Wuke region, South China Block, providing an ideal opportunity to investigate the mechanism driving the HICE in the shallow Yangtze Sea. The OST of the Wuke section was classified into four stages, based on coupled C-Mg isotopic analysis. Stages I, II, III, and IV correspond to the P. sinensis, D. mirus–T. typicus, lowermost D. mirus–M. extraordinarius, and M. persculptus graptolite zones, respectively. An ~1.5‰ positive δ26Mg excursion occurs from the lowermost part of Stage II through the end of Stage III. Furthermore, binary mixing analysis of the δ26Mg and Ca/Mg ratios of carbonate fractions shows that the “limestone endmembers” during these two stages are more enriched in 26Mg than those of Stages I and IV. This feature may be attributed to the stabilization of metastable carbonates, as calcites with elevated δ26Mg can form through transformation from metastable species such as aragonite and amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). Furthermore, the positive δ13C excursion starts at the base of the D. mirus graptolite zone and continues through the end of the M. extraordinarius zone. This suggests that the HICE may have initiated as early as the Late Katian in the shallow Yangtze Sea, and the earlier onset of the carbon isotopic excursion was likely partially caused by the stabilization of metastable carbonates. The results of this study imply that stabilization of metastable carbonates is one potential factor responsible for the HICE in the shallow Yangtze Sea.

The Bonan area, characterized by complex fault systems and multistage tectonic evolution, represents a critical hydrocarbon exploration target in the southern Bohai Bay Basin. Understanding the fault systems, depositional systems, and source rock distributions is crucial to hydrocarbon prospecting in this area. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of the Cenozoic fault systems using high-precision 3D contiguous seismic data for the Bonan area. Analysis reveals, for the first time, a "three groups, three types" fault system organization that fundamentally controls the spatial-temporal distribution of depositional systems and source rocks. Specifically, three directional fault groups (NNE, NE, and EW/NWW), three fault types based on kinematic properties (strike-slip, extensional, and strike-slip-extensional), and three distinct tectonic evolution stages are identified. It is demonstrated that the early Cenozoic depositional systems were governed by the coupled interaction of EW-trending basin-controlling faults and NNE-striking-slip faults. In contrast, late Cenozoic deposition was controlled by a unified basin subsidence. These findings provide a new conceptual framework for understanding fault-controlled hydrocarbon systems in complex rift basins and offer practical guidance for exploration targeting in the Bonan area and analogous basins worldwide.

In the field of electric vehicles, the thermal runaway (TR) suppression of lithium-ion battery is still a challenge and battery thermal management systems (BTMs) is needed to enhance safety. Based on the experimental data of adiabatic TR of single cell, A model for suppressing TR propagation in lithium-ion batteries was established. Through a series of data analysis, the effect of nano ceramic fiber adsorbing four different phase change materials (PCMs)—saturated calcium chloride solution (SCCS), silica sol, tetraethyl phosphate (TEP) and tetraphenyl phosphate (TPP)—on TR propagation was studied. Compared to previous studies, through high adsorption efficiency and large latent heat, the heat insulation performance of the insulation layer was improved. Results demonstrate that insulation layer adsorbed with SCCS or silica sol successfully block TR propagation. Compared with adsorption of silica sol, SCCS (latent heat difference 25%) reduces the maximum surface temperature of adjacent cells from 151 °C to 137 °C (a relative decrease of 9.3%). Specifically, the self-generated heat of adjacent cell is reduced by 40%. These findings emphasize the key role of higher adsorption efficiency combined with larger phase change latent heat in suppressing TR propagation, and enhance safety and reliability.

Methyltrimethyltridecylchromans (MTTCs), molecular markers for paleosalinity reconstruction, have been widely found in sediments and crude oils from various origins and ages. However, the thermal stability of MTTCs remains ambiguous. In this study, the saturated and aromatic fractions were analyzed in a suite of oils exhibiting progressive thermal maturity from the Miaoxi area of the Bohai Bay Basin. The total concentrations of MTTCs in these oils decrease with increasing thermal maturity, reaching their lowest levels prior to the late oil window. The relative thermal stability of these alkylated compounds decreases with the degree of alkylation, which may result from their degradation via demethylation on the benzene ring. The position of the methyl group in dimethyl-MTTCs affects thermal stability, with an observed order of β-MTTC > ζ-MTTC > γ-MTTC. This corresponds to varying steric hindrance effects from different methyl positions on the benzene ring, leading to differential thermal stabilities among individual isomers. The β/γ-MTTC ratio can reflect changes in the thermal maturity of crude oils at the early mature stage. The α/δ-MTTC ratio and a cross-plot of MTTCI versus Pr/Ph ratios indicate that these oils, in which MTTCs survive, were derived from low-salinity source environments. Further sample analysis is required to determine whether thermal maturity influences the behavior of these proxies in paleosalinity assessments of oils from other sources. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into oil-oil and oil-source rock correlations, as well as paleoenvironmental diagnosis of early mature oils in which MTTCs are present.

In the industrial production, the reduction and utilization of low-concentration methane (LCM) and heat recovery are considered more economical. In this paper, the temperature distribution and heat recovery characteristics of preheating catalytic monolith reactors (PCMRs) have been investigated experimentally. During the cold start-up process of the PCMR, the axial and radial temperature differences in the catalytic monolith bed are reduced gradually, and the temperature distribution non-uniformity is improved. The thermal drift phenomenon of the oxidation bed can be ignored after sufficient preheating. The catalytic oxidation reaction in PCMR mainly occurs in the first layer of catalytic ceramics. The temperature rise of the first layer of catalytic ceramics is raised by 12.5% when the inlet methane concentration is increased by 22%, and is reduced by 9.4% of the total temperature rise when the space velocity is increased by 50%. Combining the results of the heat balance analysis, the correlation between the operating parameters and the heat extraction from hot gas and heat recovery of preheaters in PCMR is revealed. The total heat recovery efficiency of the PCMR is up to 85.8% under the experimental operating conditions, which provides the theoretical basis for the catalytic oxidation of lean methane for power generation and hot water production.

Particle thermal energy storage systems are one of the most important technologies for reducing the use of fossil fuels and promoting renewable energy for electricity generation. In order to clarify the random packing characteristics and contact heat transfer characteristics of thermal energy storage particles in the packed bed, a random particle packing and contact heat transfer model was established based on the Discrete Element Method (DEM), and the effects of the feed flow rate on the random packing characteristics and contact heat transfer characteristics of the thermal energy storage particle pile was investigated by numerical simulation. The results show that, with the increase of the feed flow rate, the packing rate of the particles decreases linearly, the average coordination number decreases, the initial thermal energy storage capacity decreases, the heat flux decreases gradually, the temperature uniformity of the particle pile deteriorates. When the feed flow rate was increased from 5 kg/s to 25 kg/s, the localized packing rate reduction near the wall was 2.1 times that of overall packing rate reduction, the number of contacts per unit area decreased by 2.9 % and the average coordination number of particles was reduced by 4 %. The initial thermal energy storage decreased by 2.1 %.

The origin of Paleozoic oils in the cratonic Tarim Basin, China, has long been debated, with previous studies attributing most oils to the Cambrian sources. However, the geochemical characteristics and distribution of the Ordovician-sourced oils remain poorly constrained. This study integrates biomarkers, carbon isotopes, and sulfur isotopes to identify the Ordovician-derived oils in the western part of the Shuntuoguole Low Uplift. Two oils (SHB7 and SHB71X) produced from the Ordovician exhibit distinct geochemical signatures, including the absence of aryl isoprenoids, high concentrations of C30 diahopane, elevated Pr/Ph ratios, and low DBT/P ratios, indicative of a clay-rich, suboxic depositional environment. Critically, these oils display significantly lighter bulk delta 34S values (4.0%o and -1.6%o), which closely match those of the Middle-Upper Ordovician kerogen (-6.7%o to 5.6%o) and are distinctly lower than the Cambrian-sourced oils (15.8%o to 23.2%o). Individual n-alkanes delta 13C compositions further support a different genetic origin compared to the typical Cambrian-derived oils. These findings confirm the existence of a previously unrecognized Ordovician-sourced petroleum system in the basin. The distribution of such oils is likely controlled by migration from the Ordovician source kitchens in the Awati Depression or intra-platform depressions. This study underscores the superiority of sulfur isotopes over conventional biomarkers in resolving complex oil-source correlations in multi-source basins like Tarim.

The Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) is marked by a striking peak of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) followed by an abrupt 50 % decline in invertebrate species. Understanding the ultimate driving mechanism behind this biotic turnover and its correlation with those proximate climatic-oceanic changes that directly result in elevated biotic mortality have garnered considerable attention. One hypothesis posits that oceanic redox evolution actively influenced biodiversification, and progressive expansion of marine anoxia caused the termination of this biotic event. In this study, we present sedimentological and geochemical profiles for three outcrops of different lithofacies across the Middle-Upper Ordovician transition, ranging from carbonate platform to deep-water slopebasinal facies of the Tarim and South China cratons. Mercury isotopes reveal that recurrent and spatially dynamic photic-zone euxinia (PZE) occurred in the slope-basinal facies while being absent in platform facies. Mass balance model results suggest that 23 % of local atmospheric Hg was sequestered in marine sediments due to elevated dissolved H2S in surface waters. This finding suggests that destabilized oceanic redox conditions developed during climatic cooling, particularly shoaling and upwelling of deep-marine euxinic waters into the photic zone, coupled with global carbon-cycle disturbances, resulted in biodiversity decline following the peak of the GOBE. (c) 2024 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Aryl isoprenoids (AIs), a series of aromatic carotenoid derivatives, have served as significant biomarkers for paleoecology reconstructions. However, the effect of biodegradation on AIs remains unclear to date. Here, a confirmed family of progressively biodegraded oils from the Miaoxi Depression, Bohai Bay Basin was analyzed to investigate the fate of these compounds during severe biodegradation under natural conditions. Two pseudohomologous series with carbon numbers ranging from 13 to 31 and 40 were identified as 2,3,6- and 2,3,4-AIs in the reference oil. The concentrations of total AIs showed a gradual decline with increasing biodegradation but AIs survive in the most severely biodegraded oil (with a PM rank of 8 and an M-MN2 of 983) in this study. The differential proximity of adjacent methyl groups on the benzene ring may result in 2,3,4-AIs being more resistant to biodegradation compared to 2,3,6-AIs. No preferential biodegradation of individual AIs is proceeded systematically by carbon number, which may result from competition of two biodegradation pathways and favor of specific microbial communities. Moreover, the AIs-bearing proxies, including aryl isoprenoid ratio (AIR) and concentrations of total AIs, 2,3,6-AIs and 2,3,4-AIs, exhibit a significant decrease with increasing microbial alteration. Therefore, these proxies must be employed with caution to reconstruct photic-zone euxinia (PZE) for crude oils with potential microbial degradation.

Despite over 40 years of exploration focusing on the deep to ultra-deep Ordovician carbonates as major hydrocarbon targets in the Tarim Basin, the identification of their source rocks remains elusive. Based on biomarkers, carbon and sulfur isotopes of hydrocarbons, the primary source for the Ordovician petroleum system has been attributed mainly to the lower Cambrian shales, although some oils were likely contributed from the Lower Ordovician source rocks. However, the current understanding of the evolution of the Ordovician petroleum system remains rudimentary, largely due to the complex interplay of multi-source (i.e., the widespread Precambrian shales) hydrocarbon inputs, diagenetic alterations, and tectonic processes over geological time. This study systematically investigates the molecular geochemistry of reservoir bitumen within the Ordovician carbonates from Tabei uplift, coupled with bitumen from the Sinian units at the western edge of the Tarim Basin. Our results indicate that the ion chromatography-mass spectrometry spectra and the saturated to aromatic hydrocarbons ratio of Ordovician reservoir bitumen closely resemble those of Sinian bitumen, as well as the published data of Sinian shales. This coupling linkage is revealed by cross-plots and ternary phase diagrams of various biomarker parameters, which can effectively distinguish the Sinian sources from other sources, i.e., the Lower Cambrian and Ordovician, for the Ordovician reservoir bitumen. Specifically, thePn-C21-/Pn-C22 & thorn; , Pr/Ph, G/C31H22S, C23/C21TT ratios are effective indexes to differentiate these source rocks. By compiling the published organic geochemistry data of oils, it appears to infer that approximately 8.1% of the present-day oils produced from the Ordovician carbonates likely contain some proportion of Siniansourced oils. The recognition of Sinian sourced oils contributing to the paleo-and present-day Ordovician petroleum system offers valuable insights for the exploration of deep-ultra deep carbonates in the Tarim Basin, emphasizing the need to consider Precambrian shales as a significant hydrocarbon source. (c) 2024 The Authors. Publishing services provided by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communication Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/).

The Member 4 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation(Es4) in the Bohai Bay Basin is interspersed with a set of high-quality source rocks typified as intercalation of red and black mudstones. A large amount of petroleum(crude oil) originates from these source rocks. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)event occurred during the deposition of Es4 in the Bohai Bay Basin, and the organic matter enrichment model under this event is worth further investigation due to its relationship with and influence on petroleum accumulations. Well LK25-A, as the first oil exploration well drilled into the Es4 in Miaoxi area, serves as a valuable case to study organic matter accumulation. In this study, we integrate total organic carbon(TOC),Rock-Eval pyrolysis, microscopic observation, vitrinite reflectance(VRo), elemental analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) to evaluate the hydrocarbon generation potential, organic matter types, thermal maturity, and sedimentary environment of the Es4 in Miaoxi area. The analysis of maceral and rock pyrolysis data reveals that Type I and Type II organic matter make up the majority of Paleogene mudstones in this region. The TOC and rock pyrolysis data show that mudstones in this area have high organic matter abundance and oil-generation potential. The measured vitrinite reflectance distribution of mudstone samples, which ranges from 0.3% to 0.74%, demonstrates that the Paleogene strata are at the immature to mature stage, and the samples from this area contain a sizable amount of bituminite and mineralbituminous groundmass. The analysis of biomarkers in the mudstone samples indicates that most of the mudstones in this area are in lacustrine and brackish-hypersaline lacustrine environment under a reducing condition, and some of the red mudstones in the Es4 are formed under a suboxic condition. Based on the size and morphology of the pyrite framboid, the redox conditions of the water mass during deposition or diagenesis are further analyzed. The ratio of the size of framboid pyrite(D) to the size of its micrograins(d) suggests that the Es4 black mudstone developed in an anoxic sulfuretted water environment. Both the inorganic and organic geochemical indexes show that the Paleogene paleoclimate has a great influence on the source rocks of Es4 in this area. The distribution of red-black strata in the area is the result of the combined action of the water redox state and the climatic variation during the PETM event. The development models of organic-rich source rocks from the Es3 and Es4 in this area have been created in light of potential connections between rapid redox variation and the PETM event during the Paleogene. These models may offer a theoretical guidance for petroleum exploration in Miaoxi area of Bohai Bay Basin and other contemporaneous continental basins around the world.

The crude oil types in the Miaoxi area of the Bohai Sea area are highly complex, and the source rocks and genetic types remain unclear. Using multivariate statistical analysis, researchers can comprehensively examine the interrelationships among multiple correlated variables, which is particularly suitable for large-scale data mining and regional oil-oil and oil-source analysis. In this study, based on the biomarker parameter index system, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), common methods in multivariate statistical analysis, were applied for oil-oil and oil-source correlation of crude oil from multiple layers in the Miaoxi area. Three types of crude oil were detected. Type Ⅰ crude oil are characterized by a low C23TT/C30H ratio with relatively low maturity. It may be derived from a freshwater lacustrine reducing environment with abundant input of terrigenous organic matter. This type of crude oil shows a strong correlation with the source rocks in the first and second members of the Shahejie Formation in the eastern sag of the Huanghekou Depression. Type Ⅱ crude oil is at a mature stage and features lower C23TT/C30H and G/C30H ratios compared to Type Ⅰ, but with slightly higher Pr/Ph, sterane/hopane, and C19TT/C23TT ratios. These features also indicate a freshwater lacustrine environment with terrestrial organic matter input. It is inferred that Type Ⅱ oil is mainly sourced from the third member of the Shahejie Formation, with contributions from source rocks in both the eastern sag of the Huanghekou Depression and the southern sag of the Miaoxi Depression. Type Ⅲ crude oil is at a mature stage, exhibiting a wide distribution range in multiple biomarker parameters, including ETR[(C28TT+C29TT)/(C28TT+C29TT+ Ts)], G/C30H, C23TT/C21TT, Pr/Ph, C23TT/C30H C24Te/C26TT, C27/C29 regular sterane, and 4-methyl sterane/ C29 regular sterane. These variations reflect heterogeneity in the depositional environment of oil source rocks and organic matter types. It can be concluded that type Ⅲ crude oil is mixed-source oil, likely derived from the third and fourth members of the Shahejie Formation. Alternating least squares analysis results indicated that Type Ⅲ crude oil is mainly derived from the source rocks in the fourth member of the Shahejie Formation, with a contribution rate of 85% to 93%, while the contribution from the third member is only 7% to 15%.

Uncertainty about the source of the oils from the Halahatang region of the Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin (NW China) presents an ongoing challenge to exploration. Previous analyses of several Halahatang oils showed isotopic (S13C < -32 %o) and aliphatic hydrocarbon distributions (e.g., V-shaped C27-C29 steranes) more typical of regional Ordovician source rocks than the Cambrian rocks that are the predominant source of petroleum of the Tarim Basin, supporting prospects for a second major regional oil source. In pursuit of a more definitive source assignment of Halahatang oils and further insight into their depositional environment and charge history, a detailed molecular appraisal of the aromatic hydrocarbon composition of 27 marine oils and complementary stable sulfur and carbon isotopic analyses were conducted. The oils were from different Halahatang wells resolved into three separate block groups, with variations to the extent molecular and isotopic data was influenced by secondary alteration (i.e., thermal maturity, biodegradation and, possibly, minor thermochemical sulfate reduction) evident among the groups. The major aromatic products of all oils were alkylated naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, dibenzothiophenes and trace levels of thiadiamondoids were detected in a few Group II and III oils. Aryl isoprenoids, typical biomarkers of an euxinic depositional environment, were also conspicuous in lower maturity Group I and II oils (Rc < 0.9 %), but absent in higher maturity oils (Rc up to 1.02 %). Molecular evidence of severe biodegradation (e.g., unresolved complex matter, 25-norterpenoids) was evident in some Group I oils, although some of these also showed coincident non-biodegradation molecular features (e.g., low MW n-alkanes) implying a mixing of biodegraded and non-biodegraded charges. The S34S values of the bulk oil and their dibenzothiophene and alkyldibenzothiophene products were generally in the range +17 to +23 %o, although some oils impacted by biodegradation showed slightly heavier S34S values (>+26 %o). The Group II oils were not significantly impacted by secondary processes and their aromatic signature (e.g., aryl isoprenoids), S34S data and whole oil S13C values were closely correlated with regional Lower Cambrian source rocks and are atypical of Upper Ordovician source rocks. These results identify the Halahatang oils as a further representation of Lower Cambrian-derived oils of the Tabei Uplift.

Delamination of sub-continental lithosphere fragments and their descent into the asthenospheric mantle should be a common process following the rupture of continental lithosphere and the initiation of an oceanic basin. However, evidence for sub-continental lithospheric mantle recycling in the source of oceanic intra-plate nonplume volcanism remains unclear. This study reports newly identified ca. 240 Ma trachytes in the Duoma ophiolite complex within the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, central Tibet, which shed new light on subcontinental lithospheric mantle recycling. These trachytes have high and variable SiO2 (59.5-67.3 wt%) along with low MgO, and Cr contents and this combined with significant depletions in Eu, Ba, Sr, and Ti, suggests extensive fractional crystallization. Furthermore, they display positive Nb-Ta anomalies, along with moderately depleted Nd (8Nd(t) from +3.3 to +4.5) and Hf isotopes (8Hf(t) from +6.1 to +8.0), along with high 207Pb/204Pb values (15.50 to 15.59), and zircon delta 18O values (5.3 +/- 0.3 parts per thousand). These data indicate that an enriched mantle endmember, possibly sub-continental lithosphere along with asthenosphere played a role in the generation of these trachytic magmas. We propose that fragments of sub-continental lithospheric mantle were trapped by upwelling asthenosphere during the initiation of oceanic spreading. This resulted in the generation of alkaline magmas in an oceanic intraplate setting. This study provides the first evidence for recycling of continental lithosphere in extinct ocean basins, and the process may be more widespread in the geological record than previously recognized.

The safety accidents of lithium-ion battery system characterized by thermal runaway restrict the popularity of distributed energy storage lithium battery pack. An efficient and safe thermal insulation structure design is critical in battery thermal management systems to prevent thermal runaway propagation. An experimental system for thermal spreading inhibition of lithium-ion battery modules was set up, in order to achieve the goal of zero spreading of thermal runaway between lithium-ion batteries in the module by using thermal insulation layer. And the effects of six different materials of thermal insulation layer on the thermal spreading process of lithium-ion battery modules were investigated. The results showed that the use of thermal insulation layers can effectively inhibit the thermal spread in the battery module. The average spreading time of each cell in the module with nanofiber insulation increased by 5.27 and 7.36 times, compared with that of the module without insulation. Compared with the use of nanofiber insulation layer, the thermal spreading between lithium batteries in the module is completely suppressed by the use of composite phase change insulation layer. The goal of zero spreading of thermal runaway within the module has been realized. The thermal spreading interval between the thermal runaway battery and the neighboring batteries in the module is increased to an infinite length, and only the thermal runaway battery shows the phenomenon of spraying valve such as fire and smoke. It is expected to have a guidance for the design of thermal insulation in lithium-ion battery modules.