We draw on an emerging psychological view of rivalry as a relational perception and apply it to intergroup conflict. We examine whether perceived intergroup rivalry predicts support for conflict escalation above and beyond enemy-related perceptions and threat, and whether rivalry is more closely linked to conflict-related identity relevance, defined as the extent to which conflict with an adversary is seen as part of collective identity. Using a quota-based sample of Jewish Israelis approximating national representativeness, we assessed perceptions of Iran as a rival and as an enemy, support for conflict escalation, conflict-related identity relevance, and multidimensional threat. Perceived rivalry uniquely predicted support for conflict escalation. Perceived rivalry was also more closely associated with conflict-related identity relevance than enemy-related perceptions were, suggesting that rivals may be viewed as more deeply embedded in collective identity. These findings suggest that perceived intergroup rivalry captures a psychologically embedded form of adversarial perception that may help explain why some intergroup conflicts are especially difficult to defuse.

Narratives are important facilitators of resource mobilization. Specifically, entrepreneurs and ventures utilize narratives to persuade stakeholders to part with resources and support innovative activities and entrepreneurial action. We investigate the narrative discourse of university-industry contract research proposals to understand how language determines the speed of contract research acceptance or rejection (i.e., speed to decision) and the mobilization of nonfinancial capital resources. Ventures that can increase decision-making speed can gain access to valuable resources quicker, which supports their orchestration. Utilizing Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software, we explore the narrative content of 3,422 contract research proposals. Findings show a positive association of entrepreneurialoriented language and specific cognitive-oriented language with decision-making speed, which in turn shows a positive association with contract research proposal acceptance. Our findings have important implications for theory, practice, and policy.

This research examines the interactions between open innovation (OI) strategies and competitive behavior in global automotive assemblers and suppliers. We show that these firms behave differently when engaging external networks to limit downside risks when dealing with competitors (and rivals). Specifically, we find that firms cross external firm boundaries for incremental, but not radical technology projects using nominal external links. Our results are aligned with emerging innovation trends in the auto industry where the locus of innovation has evolved upstream in the digital age, from final assemblers to suppliers. This study provides support for a theory to explain inter-firm competitive dynamics within OI contexts. In particular, it provides an explanation for boundary selection criteria when engaged in OI projects. We conclude with implications for theory and practice and provide guidance for potential future research.

The commercialization of scientific discoveries within the university‐industry nexus is multifaceted and complex, characterized by dynamic interactions between multiple agents, organizations, and institutions. These interactions support a university‐centered entrepreneurial ecosystem (UCEE). Our study investigates agent‐institution dynamics within the UCEE to explore how individual agents seek to commercialize their scientific discoveries. Specifically, relying on 47 narrative interviews, we explore how UCEE agents across three UCEEs in the United States, United Kingdom, and Russia respond and adapt to institutional commercialization mandates during commercialization of their stem cell‐based regenerative medicine discoveries. Our findings emphasize the bi‐directional relationship between individual agents and institutions within a UCEE, facilitating a much‐needed multi‐level perspective on academic entrepreneurship research. We extend recent frameworks that propose how the formative stages of the entrepreneurial process – opportunity evolution – influences ecosystem emergence. Specifically, by investigating the latter stages of the entrepreneurial process – how (science‐based) opportunities are commercialized within UCEEs – we reveal distinct behavioral responses to science commercialization mandates, which underscore how UCEEs evolve. Furthermore, by explicating the importance of UCEE agent behavior during science commercialization, our study shines an important spotlight onto the microfoundations of science commercialization and UCEEs. Our research imparts important policy implications for institutions tasked with commercializing scientific discoveries and policy makers challenged with developing high growth, sustainable UCEEs.

The emergence of the "entrepreneurial university model" (EUM), which supports university-based commercialization and entrepreneurship, is almost universally praised. In this study, we take a contrarian view, arguing that the existing EUM does not adequately account for the true costs borne by participating stakeholders. We advance three alternative pathways that take a systems view to address the limitations of the current EUM. Considering alternative pathways is critical because the EUM as currently constructed is not sustainable. These pathways provide possible ways forward with more desirable out-comes for the myriad of university stakeholders, not just the elite universities and their star scientists. Specifically, each proposed pathway considers the inputs, processes, and outcomes for each pertinent stakeholder group. Our research imparts important policy implications for institutions tasked with commercializing scientific discoveries and policy-makers challenged with developing high growth, sustainable models.

Narratives are an important facilitator of entrepreneurial resourcefulness. Specifically, entrepreneurial narratives are a conduit to persuade individuals to part with resources to support entrepreneurial action. We investigate the narrative discourse of university-industry contract research proposals. University-industry contract research depends on the individual academic’s decision to contract with the venture. Of particular importance, is the speed at which the academic decides to contract with the venture, which we define as speed to decision. Ventures that can increase the speed to decision are able to gain access to valuable resources quicker, which supports their orchestration. Utilizing Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software, we explore the narrative content of 3,420 industry-initiated contract research proposals submitted to Scottish Universities to understand how the narratives of contract research proposals determines the speed of contract research acceptance or rejection (i.e., the speed to decision). Our findings reveal that contract research proposals associated with entrepreneurial-orientated language (EOL) and specific cognitive-orientated language (COL) determines decision-making speed which, in turn, determines contract research proposal outcome/acceptance. Additionally, the interaction effects of EOL and COL within contract research proposals influences decision-making speed. Our research imparts important contributions to entrepreneurship theory, as well as having practice and policy implications.

Research on the sharing economy (SE) frequently addresses consumer-facing logistics firms, but the broader supply chain remains under researched. In this study, we examine the effects of the SE on supply chain management (SCM) through a qualitative, internet-based exploratory study, employing an inductive categorisation process. By integrating theory from strategic management and organisational theory, this study proposes a framework of how incumbent firms can identify opportunities while neutralising possible threats of disruption emerging from the SE. Specifically, the framework predicts that by participating in the SE, incumbent firms gain efficiency in their transactions and the opportunity to refresh their relationship portfolios. Furthermore, participating in the SE allows these firms to develop ambidextrous capabilities. Thus, this study advances the SCM literature by providing a systematic analysis of the SE in the context of SCM, and by doing so, has laid a foundation for future research on this important topic.

This symposium highlights the diversity of research examining the intersection of sustainable and social entrepreneurship. It examines the forces of convergence and divergence within these two distinct research streams. In particular, the authors consider areas where there are opportunities to advance the field by building upon the depth and breadth of research to resolve three pressing needs in the literature: contextuality, scalability, and stakeholder management. By addressing these challenges, these papers provide specific paths forward to advance the field. The papers in the symposium broaden our understanding of factors that have come to shape the practice of sustainable entrepreneurship and opportunities for new venture creation to generate social impact. The State of the Art in Environmental and Social Entrepreneurship Research Presenter: Peter T. Gianiodis; Duquesne U. Presenter: Maritza Espina; St Ambrose U. Corporate Sustainability, Stakeholder Orientation, and Collaboration between Competitors: What Lies Presenter: Lilach Trabelsi; U. of Innsbruck Value Creation through Environmental Entrepreneurship Presenter: Geoffrey R. Archer; Royal Roads U. Presenter: Felix Arndt; U. of Guelph Presenter: Fiona Robinson; - Societal Attitudes Toward Corporate Responsibility and Social Entrepreneurship Presenter: Sumita Sarma; California State U., Bakersfield Presenter: Sharon Simmons; Jackson State U. The Language of Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Gender-Coding Study Presenter: Rosanna Garcia; Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Entrepreneurship researchers have studied resilience across various contexts, including at the micro (that is, owner/business) and macro (that is, cluster/ecosystem/region) levels, by drawing from a myriad of academic disciplines. This Special Issue (SI) provides an opportunity to link resilience at the micro- and macro-level since collective small business owner resilience is foundational to macro-level resilience within clusters, ecosystems and regions. This point has become evident as businesses worldwide face similar challenges and economic adversities due to the lockdowns during the global COVID-19 pandemic. The collection of papers on small business resilience in this SI indicates the psychological, organizational, and economic responses undertaken by small businesses to overcome challenges faced, where they promoted their human, social, and financial capital while finding other responses less helpful. We hope the research and questions uncovered as a result of this SI provide continued food for thought and grounds for future research in small business resilience.

The root of urban poverty and inequality often results from limited economic opportunity. Yet, often this perception of lack of opportunity is centered on the early stages of new venture formation, with only limited attention to venture growth and expansion. In this study, we explore the intersection of social venturing and community economic redevelopment to address this gap in the literature. We examine how venturing under conditions of limited economic opportunities occurs not just at the formation stages but also throughout the venturing life cycle. Specifically, we examine how ventures formed in distressed, urban neighborhoods face unique challenges when scaling up their operations. These challenges relate to securing and leveraging four types of capital: financial, physical, human, and social. We employ a case study methodology to examine these scaling challenges and the strategies the organization employed to overcome location disadvantages.

Entrepreneurial universities have gained increasing prominence across the globe and are now engines for regional economic development. While a few, elite universities are successful at developing and exploiting entrepreneurial capital, most universities have achieved only modest results, even after changing organizational structures, incentive systems and strategic priorities. Given this dichotomy, it is time for universities to examine how entrepreneurial education can play a greater role in shaping the entrepreneurial university model to exploit its benefits. We argue that the two institutionalized metrics—number of new firms formed and the amount of licensing revenue—used to evaluate performance of entrepreneurial universities are not easily applicable to science and technology entrepreneurship education. We integrate logic from stakeholder theory to provide a framework for explaining the relationship between entrepreneurship education and the formal and informal processes of technology commercialization within the entrepreneurial university. In addition, we advance a set of questions and performance metrics to evaluate entrepreneurial education initiatives inside of the entrepreneurial university. Thus, our paper includes educational assessment metrics reflecting the needs of a wider variety of stakeholders, including administrators, students, and technology commercialization offices. We conclude with a discussion on the implications for this framework including future research directions.

How has venturing within the circular economy – related to R&D, innovation, commercialization, etc. – emerged in response to incentive-based public policies? This study adds to the existing literature by examining the alignment between top-down public policies to promote circular economy innovations and the interests of a range of stakeholders, including new ventures. The extent to which policies align with stakeholder interests is a key factor in determining the effectiveness of those incentives; this analysis is therefore highly relevant to understanding and improving the effectiveness of incentive-based policy approaches. Using a keyword-in-context methodology, we analyse 4072 project applications submitted by start-up businesses to SkatteFUNN, a Norwegian tax deduction scheme aimed at supporting research and development initiatives, between 2004 to 2015. A text similarity and network analysis indicate that the concept of CE is much more complex than the few general principles highlighted in the literature. The way these technological opportunities are described in the applications sheds light on the diversity of exploiting CE technologies. This finding addresses an existing gap in application of these methods to analyse CE innovation opportunities, as different sectors innovate in myriad ways according to their CE principles.

The fact that sustainability, environmental and social issues are intertwined with the concepts of business and organizations (including NGOs) is no longer new and conceptual and empirical progress is certainly being made (George et al., 2016). However, environmental setbacks, chronic poverty, lingering inequality, corruption and social discontent continue to persist, so the need for research e.g., to advance our understanding of the Earth and its limited resources, justice for society and security for humankind is increasing as well. We now appreciate, better than ever, that ethical choices are critical in many organizational contexts; they influence how startups, family firms, for profit and nonprofit enterprises, and multinational corporations operate, and thus how they impact and get impacted by the environment and society. This Paper Symposium features 5 well-developed research papers on this topic. The symposium explains that impact, sustainable, social and environmental entrepreneurship triangulate and give meaning to many ecological considerations, social value issue, and economic opportunities. The goal of the symposium is to advance research about the meaning and intersection of impact, sustainable, social and environmental entrepreneurship. Lost Battles, Trojan Horses, Open Gates, and Wars Won Presenter: Yolanda A Sarason; Colorado State U. Presenter: Thomas J Dean; Colorado State U. An Effectual Model for Solving Collective Action Problems Presenter: Anusha Ramesh; U. of Virginia Darden School of Business Presenter: Saras Sarasvathy; U. of Virginia Civic Wealth Creation: A New View of Stakeholder Engagement and Societal Impact Presenter: Sophie Catherine Bacq; Indiana U. - Kelley School of Business Presenter: G. T. Lumpkin; U. of Oklahoma Adapting to Grand Environmental Challenges Through Collective Entrepreneurship Presenter: Jonathan P Doh; Villanova U. Presenter: Pete Tashman; UMass Lowell Presenter: Mirko Benischke; Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus U. Constructing Green Building: Industry Transition Towards Environmentally Beneficial Practices Presenter: Jessica Jones; U. of Colorado, Boulder Presenter: Michael Lenox; U. of Virginia Presenter: Michael Conger; Miami U. Presenter: Siddharth Vedula; Babson College