An enlightened leader, he was an amenable boss who provided his staff with friendship and support. Despite having an ebullient character, he was a private man at heart.

Veterinary RecordVolume 186, Issue 17 p. 569-569 Letters and notices It is irrational to exclude vets from Covid-19 control Peter Roeder, Corresponding Author Peter Roeder former executive secretary of the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme [email protected] Taurus Animal Health, Headley Down, Hampshire, GU35 8SYemail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Peter Roeder, Corresponding Author Peter Roeder former executive secretary of the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme [email protected] Taurus Animal Health, Headley Down, Hampshire, GU35 8SYemail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 June 2020 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.m2020Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume186, Issue17May 2020Pages 569-569 RelatedInformation

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly infectious disease of sheep and goats that is caused by PPR virus, a member of the genus Morbillivirus that includes the viruses that cause rinderpest (RP) in cattle. RP was the first animal disease to be globally eradicated in 2011 and is only the second disease, after smallpox, to have ever been eradicated. PPR is one of the principal constraints to small ruminant production in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The epidemiology of PPR and RP as well as the technologies available for their diagnosis and control are similar. The conditions that favored the eradication of RP are also largely present for PPR. In this work, we outline the evolving strategy for eradication in light of current opportunities and challenges, as well as the lessons from other eradication programs in animal and human health. The global PPR situation and technology for its control are summarized. A strategy based on the lessons from previous eradication efforts that integrate epidemiology, social science, and economics as tools to target and motivate vaccination is summarized. Major aspects of the cost and benefit-cost analysis of the indicated program are presented. The overall undiscounted cost of eradication was estimated as $3.1 billion, and the benefit-cost ratio for the most likely scenario was estimated at 33.8. We close with a discussion of the possible next steps.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important cause of mortality and production loss among sheep and goats in the developing world. Despite control efforts in a number of countries, it has continued to spread across Africa and Asia, placing an increasing burden on the livelihoods of livestock keepers and on veterinary resources in affected countries. Given the similarities between PPR and rinderpest, and the lessons learned from the successful global eradication of rinderpest, the eradication of PPR seems appealing, both eliminating an important disease and improving the livelihoods of the poor in developing countries. We conducted a benefit-cost analysis to examine the economic returns from a proposed programme for the global eradication of PPR. Based on our knowledge and experience, we developed the eradication strategy and estimated its costs. The benefits of the programme were determined from (i) the averted mortality costs, based on an analysis of the literature, (ii) the downstream impact of reduced mortality using a social accounting matrix, and (iii) the avoided control costs based on current levels of vaccination. The results of the benefit-cost analysis suggest strong economic returns from PPR eradication. Based on a 15-year programme with total discounted costs of US$2.26 billion, we estimate discounted benefits of US$76.5 billion, yielding a net benefit of US$74.2 billion. This suggests a benefit cost ratio of 33.8, and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 199%. As PPR mortality rates are highly variable in different populations, we conducted a sensitivity analysis based on lower and higher mortality scenarios. All the scenarios examined indicate that investment in PPR eradication would be highly beneficial economically. Furthermore, removing one of the major constraints to small ruminant production would be of considerable benefit to many of the most vulnerable communities in Africa and Asia.

Rinderpest was a devastating disease of livestock responsible for continent-wide famine and poverty. Centuries of veterinary advances culminated in 2011 with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health declaring global eradication of rinderpest; only the second disease to be eradicated and the greatest veterinary achievement of our time. Conventional control measures, principally mass vaccination combined with zoosanitary procedures, led to substantial declines in the incidence of rinderpest. However, during the past decades, innovative strategies were deployed for the last mile to overcome diagnostic and surveillance challenges, unanticipated variations in virus pathogenicity, circulation of disease in wildlife populations and to service remote and nomadic communities in often-unstable states. This review provides an overview of these challenges, describes how they were overcome and identifies key factors for this success.

Rinderpest is only the second infectious disease to have been globally eradicated. In the final stages of eradication, the virus was entrenched in pastoral areas of the Greater Horn of Africa, a region with weak governance, poor security, and little infrastructure that presented profound challenges to conventional control methods. Although the eradication process was a development activity rather than scientific research, its success owed much to several seminal research efforts in vaccine development and epidemiology and showed what scientific decision-making and management could accomplish with limited resources. The keys to success were the development of a thermostable vaccine and the application of participatory epidemiological techniques that allowed veterinary personnel to interact at a grassroots level with cattle herders to more effectively target control measures.

Veterinary RecordVolume 171, Issue 16 p. 407-407 Letter Grain prices and food wastage Peter Roeder, Corresponding Author Peter Roeder [email protected] Taurus Animal Health, Hollyhedge Cottage, Headley Down, Hampshire, GU35 8SYe-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Peter Roeder, Corresponding Author Peter Roeder [email protected] Taurus Animal Health, Hollyhedge Cottage, Headley Down, Hampshire, GU35 8SYe-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 20 October 2012 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.e6980Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume171, Issue16October 2012Pages 407-407 RelatedInformation

Veterinary RecordVolume 168, Issue 4 p. 96-97 Research A world without rinderpest Peter Roeder OBE, BVetMed, MSc, PhD, HonFRCVS, Corresponding Author Peter Roeder OBE, BVetMed, MSc, PhD, HonFRCVS peter.roeder@taurusah.com Taurus Animal Health, Hollyhedge Cottage, Spats Lane, Headley Down, Hampshire, GU35 8SYSearch for more papers by this author Peter Roeder OBE, BVetMed, MSc, PhD, HonFRCVS, Corresponding Author Peter Roeder OBE, BVetMed, MSc, PhD, HonFRCVS peter.roeder@taurusah.com Taurus Animal Health, Hollyhedge Cottage, Spats Lane, Headley Down, Hampshire, GU35 8SYSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 January 2011 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.d546Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume168, Issue4January 2011Pages 96-97 RelatedInformation

June 2011 saw the culmination of a centuries-long struggle to rid the world of rinderpest, arguably the most remarkable achievement of the veterinary profession in its 250-year history. Giving the plenary Wooldridge Memorial Lecture at this year's BVA Congress, Peter Roeder, who was secretary of the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme from 2000 to 2007, explained how the disease was eradicated and highlighted some of the challenges facing the British veterinary profession in 2011 and into the future. In this, the first part of his lecture, he describes some of the important events that led to the eradication of rinderpest, discussing the seminal role of British veterinarians in this process. The second part of his lecture, to be published in next week's Veterinary Record, looks at ways in which the British veterinary profession might assist in meeting the demands of an exponentially growing global human population for food.

In the first part of the plenary Wooldridge Memorial Lecture at this year's BVA Congress, Peter Roeder described events leading to the worldwide eradication of rinderpest, and the part that British veterinarians played in this process (VR, December 17, 2011, vol 169, pp 650-652). In this, the second part of his lecture, he highlights some of the challenges facing the veterinary profession in 2011, focusing on ways in which it might contribute to the control of transboundary diseases and help to reduce wastage of food.

This paper describes the demise of rinderpest, focussing on the 20th Century and especially the period of the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme, before proceeding to describe the process of accreditation of rinderpest freedom which is now virtually complete.

Veterinary RecordVolume 169, Issue 1 p. 10-11 Research Rinderpest eradicated; what next? John Anderson, John Anderson formerly Head of the FAO World Reference Laboratory for Rinderpest Heath Lodge, Lucas Green Road, West End, Woking, Surrey, GU24 9LD UKSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Baron, Michael Baron Head of Paramyxovirus and Bunyavirus Group Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF UKSearch for more papers by this authorAngus Cameron, Angus Cameron Director AusVet Animal Health Services, PO Box 1278, 1a/109 Herries Street, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350 AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorRichard Kock, Richard Kock formerly adviser to the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign, Professor of Wildlife Health and Emerging Diseases Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health GroupSearch for more papers by this authorBryony Jones, Bryony Jones formerly Rinderpest Eradication Project Manager for Southern Sudan Vétérinaires sans Frontières Belgium, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health GroupSearch for more papers by this authorDirk Pfeiffer, Dirk Pfeiffer Professor of Epidemiology and Head of the Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UKSearch for more papers by this authorJeffrey Mariner, Jeffrey Mariner formerly advisor for special action areas to the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign International Livestock Research Institute, 30709 Naivasha Road, Nairobi, KenyaSearch for more papers by this authorDeclan McKeever, Declan McKeever Professor of Immunoparasitology and Head of the Pathology and Infectious Diseases Department Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UKSearch for more papers by this authorChris Oura, Chris Oura Head of the FAO, OIE and UK National Reference Laboratory for Rinderpest and PPRV Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF UKSearch for more papers by this authorPeter Roeder, Corresponding Author Peter Roeder formerly secretary of the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme peter.roeder@taurusah.com FAO, Taurus Animal Health, Hollyhedge Cottage, Spats Lane, Headley Down, Hampshire, GU35 8SY UKSearch for more papers by this authorPaul Rossiter, Paul Rossiter formerly adviser to the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign St Michaels House, Poughill, Crediton, Devon, EX17 4LA UKSearch for more papers by this authorWilliam Taylor, William Taylor Chair, formerly adviser to the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign and the National Programme for Rinderpest Eradication Joint FAO/OIE Committee on Global Rinderpest Eradication, 16 Mill Road, Angmering, Littlehampton, West Sussex, BN16 4HT UKSearch for more papers by this author John Anderson, John Anderson formerly Head of the FAO World Reference Laboratory for Rinderpest Heath Lodge, Lucas Green Road, West End, Woking, Surrey, GU24 9LD UKSearch for more papers by this authorMichael Baron, Michael Baron Head of Paramyxovirus and Bunyavirus Group Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF UKSearch for more papers by this authorAngus Cameron, Angus Cameron Director AusVet Animal Health Services, PO Box 1278, 1a/109 Herries Street, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350 AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorRichard Kock, Richard Kock formerly adviser to the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign, Professor of Wildlife Health and Emerging Diseases Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health GroupSearch for more papers by this authorBryony Jones, Bryony Jones formerly Rinderpest Eradication Project Manager for Southern Sudan Vétérinaires sans Frontières Belgium, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health GroupSearch for more papers by this authorDirk Pfeiffer, Dirk Pfeiffer Professor of Epidemiology and Head of the Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UKSearch for more papers by this authorJeffrey Mariner, Jeffrey Mariner formerly advisor for special action areas to the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign International Livestock Research Institute, 30709 Naivasha Road, Nairobi, KenyaSearch for more papers by this authorDeclan McKeever, Declan McKeever Professor of Immunoparasitology and Head of the Pathology and Infectious Diseases Department Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA UKSearch for more papers by this authorChris Oura, Chris Oura Head of the FAO, OIE and UK National Reference Laboratory for Rinderpest and PPRV Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF UKSearch for more papers by this authorPeter Roeder, Corresponding Author Peter Roeder formerly secretary of the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme peter.roeder@taurusah.com FAO, Taurus Animal Health, Hollyhedge Cottage, Spats Lane, Headley Down, Hampshire, GU35 8SY UKSearch for more papers by this authorPaul Rossiter, Paul Rossiter formerly adviser to the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign St Michaels House, Poughill, Crediton, Devon, EX17 4LA UKSearch for more papers by this authorWilliam Taylor, William Taylor Chair, formerly adviser to the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign and the National Programme for Rinderpest Eradication Joint FAO/OIE Committee on Global Rinderpest Eradication, 16 Mill Road, Angmering, Littlehampton, West Sussex, BN16 4HT UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 July 2011 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.d4011Citations: 4Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume169, Issue1July 2011Pages 10-11 RelatedInformation

We investigated the molecular epidemiology of foot- and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia 1, which caused outbreaks of disease in Asia during 2003-2007. Since 2004, the region affected by outbreaks of this serotype has increased from disease-endemic countries in southern Asia (Afghanistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan) northward to encompass Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, several regions of the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, Eastern Russia, and North Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of complete virus capsid protein 1 (VP1) gene sequences demonstrated that the FMDV isolates responsible for these outbreaks belonged to 6 groups within the Asia 1 serotype. Some contemporary strains were genetically closely related to isolates collected historically from the region as far back as 25 years ago. Our analyses also indicated that some viruses have spread large distances between countries in Asia within a short time.

Introduction: Recently there has been an apparent increase of outbreaks due to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) Asia 1. Spread has occurred into regions where this serotype has never or rarely been recorded People’s Republic of China (including Hong Kong), Russian Federation and Mongolia. To determine the relationships between FMD virus isolates from the various outbreaks, a phylogenetic study using complete VP1 gene sequences was undertaken. Materials and Methods: RNA extracted from either clinical samples or cell culture grown virus was subjected to RT-PCR using foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-specific primers targeting regions either side of the VP1 gene. The complete sequence of the VP1 gene was directly determined using standard automated sequencing techniques. Results: The VP1 region of more than 140 FMD Asia 1 viruses were amplified by RT-PCR and directly sequenced. Phylogenetic trees were generated by the Neighbor-joining method using the MEGA 3.1 software package. Recent virus isolates fell into six genetic groups. Discussion: FMDV serotype Asia 1 was recently responsible for multiple disease outbreaks throughout much of eastern Asia. Normally this serotype occurs in Southern and Southeast Asia and has been regularly reported in Afghanistan, India, Iran, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan and Thailand. However, at the end of 2004 through to 2006, in addition to some of these countries, outbreaks of Asia 1 were reported in several provinces or autonomous regions of the People’s Republic of China, Mongolia, Myanmar, several regions of eastern Russia, Tajikistan and Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis of complete VP1 gene sequences from FMDV isolates responsible for these outbreaks showed that they were caused by viruses that belonged to six different lineages within the Asia 1 serotype. It appears from this study that some of these viruses have spread rapidly over large distances and are genetically very closely related to isolates collected 25 years ago in India.

In recent years there have been serious epidemics of animal diseases other than rinderpest, in both industrialized and developing countries. Examples include, foot-and-mouth, classical swine fever, and highly pathogenic avian influenza. There is an increasing awareness that, with globalization, the most effective way to deal with such diseases is to develop an international initiative for controlling such diseases at their source, where they are endemic. In general, this means paying particular attention to controlling the disease in developing countries. Accordingly, food and agriculture organization and office international des epizooties have embarked on a joint initiative for the Global framework for the progressive control of rinderpest. The lesson from the early twentieth century, just as in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, was that effective rinderpest control was not attainable merely through the application of technical methods (stamping-out, serum-virus or attenuated virus vaccination). It depended as much on the rigorous and concentrated application and implementation of all technical and zoo-sanitary measures to the entire target cattle population. Rinderpest control is clearly a public good, which demands the cooperation of the entire community in the target areas or countries.

Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) is a viral disease in animals that creates severe epidemics that reduce productivity and can profoundly affect the livelihoods of those rural communities that depend almost entirely on livestock agriculture. The potential impact to Europe was clearly illustrated by outbreaks that occurred in the UK in 2001, and subsequently in other member states in north-western Europe, resulting in the loss of millions of animals at a direct cost of more than (sic)12 billion. The epidemic also demonstrated that the political and economic impact of the disease spreads beyond the agriculture and food industries to other sectors of society.The European Commission's Directorate General on Development (DG DEV) asked EFSA to assess the risks to Europe of the re-introduction of FMD in the European Union (EU), to identify the likely pathways by which this could occur, and assess whether potential intervention measures in infected non-EU countries would reduce this likelihood.This study addressed the following questions:Is the EU likely to suffer new FMD outbreaks in the future?Most of the factors and circumstances which affected the introduction and spread of the disease in Europe from 1991 to 2001 have not changed. There are no indications that the risks could be expected to decrease. Therefore, many of the historical observations on introduction and subsequent spread of the FMD virus (FMDV) remain relevant for the future. These include geographical proximity with infected areas and commerce as well as ethnical, sociological, and cultural factors. As Europe experiences greater immigration and increased trade in commodities, particularly when transported chilled or frozen, it is likely that such factors will become rather more important.What are the main routes and the main geographical areas through which FMD is likely to be introduced in the EU?Imports of live animals originating from the Middle East represent a threat to the EU primarily, but not exclusively, to south-eastern Europe. Illegal importation of infected meat and meat products and possibly legal importation of other animal products such as casings (derived from intestines) from South-East Asia & China and South Asia are a threat that is more evenly spread throughout the EU.Should FMD be controlled at source, i.e. in the endemic areas for the benefit of the EU?It is by reducing the global weight of infection that the EU and other FMD-free areas of the world can achieve a sustainable reduction in their own risk.Following past FMDV introductions into Europe via imports from South America (meat) and south-eastern Europe (live animals), a strategy for risk reduction has been implemented for imports from these areas. These have included a strategy for reduction in the prevalence of FMD in these areas.However, these areas remain at risk to (re-)infection. A sustainable FMD risk reduction strategy for the protection of Europe will need to address not only the targeted and progressive control of FMD in the high risk primary endemic epidemiological clusters of South-East Asia & China (Indo-China) and South Asia, which currently represent the biggest threat to Europe, but also in eastern Africa and the Sahel.Can FMD be controlled in endemic areas?FMD control has been demonstrated to be technically feasible, if certain conditions are met. The measures recommended to be include taking a regional approach to disease control, setting up a global surveillance partnership, and putting together a strategy to promote safe trading. An essential condition for success is that the positive impact of the proposed measures accrues not only to the EU but also to local stakeholders at all levels.In what timeframe could FMD be controlled in endemic areas?Global progressive control of FMD is a protracted process which is anticipated to require 20-30 years. Therefore, FMD control in endemic areas supplements rather than replaces the current EU strategy.In conclusion, this assessment has established that Europe remains vulnerable to the introduction of FMD from endemic disease areas outside its borders. In the context of increasing globalisation with increasing imports of animals and animal products into the EU, not to mention the expansion of the borders of the EU itself, the risk from both legal and illegal activities is likely to increase. However successful the current EU strategy has been at keeping out the disease and however vital it is to maintain current measures and to expand them - as needed, the strategy component relating to the EUs involvement in third countries merits evaluation under current conditions.