Context Habitat suitability for pollinator species is an important indicator for pollination ecosystem service potential, i.e. for biodiversity and crop provision. Modelling habitat suitability using an expert- and process-based models such as ESTIMAP-pollination is a common and accepted approach to spatially analyse pollination service potential and to make recommendations for planning. Objectives However, the suitability as a pollinator habitat depends not only on the land use type. It is also important to consider the condition of the habitat. For this reason, ecosystem condition information was used as a parameter for ESTIMAP modelling for the first time. Ecosystem condition data was used besides the commonly (in ESTIMAP) used information from expert assessments and from land use data. Methods As parameters for ecosystem condition, the management intensity in agro ecosystems, the management of forests and the proportion of green space in urban areas were included and affected the modelled habitat suitability for wild bees. Results Not all ecosystem types of the region were equally affected by the inclusion of the ecosystem condition parameter in the model. The most affected types were agricultural areas, such as arable and horticultural biotopes, whose suitability values decreased by 25.7%. As a result, areas with low suitability account for 41% of the region and 76.6% of the agro ecosystems. In forest, shrubs and woody plants land use types, the suitability decreased respectively by 4.3 and 6%. On the other hand, urban ecosystems in the city of Hannover were characterised by relatively good habitat suitabilities, especially in the proximity of wide urban forests. In 3.4% of the agricultural land, measures to support pollinators have been established. 1.6% of these measures are located in areas with low suitability. Conclusions The results show that ecosystem condition is, in addition to land use type, an important parameter to indicate habitat suitability for pollinators. Especially for ecosystem types with varying habitat suitabilities, such as agro ecosystems, the implementation of ecosystem condition parameters is recommendable. However, the selection of suitable ecosystem condition indicators still requires further research and concise definitions.

The World Wide Fund for Nature Netherlands (WWF-NL) asked Wageningen Environmental Research (WENR) to carry out a scoping study to assess weather impacts on Bonaire and explore the potential of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) to reduce future environmental impacts from extreme weather events and improve flood resilience. Existing data was collected, literature was reviewed and on-site interviews were conducted on Bonaire with different types of stakeholders. By investigating the system and its hydrological, ecological and socio-economic components we describe a ‘pathway to impact’ of the up- and downstream processes that increase the risk of flooding. Tackling urban flooding and the impact of heavy rain requires an integral approach with hybrid solutions. NbS implementations can support the ameliorating of flood resilience on Bonaire. Upstream revegetation, the greening of kunukus (rural areas) and water retention can help to improve infiltration and slow down runoff. In addition, revitalization of rooien (waterways) and buffer zones can slow down discharge and reduce flood peaks. More room for green and water creates a safer and healthier living environment in the downstream urban area of Kralendijk.

Cities are growing rapidly. It takes a chain of activities to get food from farms to cities. This food system is largely driven by autonomous market development, seizing opportunities favourable to a stakeholder but unfavourable to society at large. Spatial planning is crucial along the chain of food system activities to improve food system outcomes, resilience, and limit negative trade-offs. To include the food system in spatial planning, it must first be mapped (i.e., spatialisation) to understand the functions. These maps inform the spatial planning process, which in turn influences spatial configuration of activities. This paper explores the role of spatialisation and spatial planning in the food system of the fast-growing Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) using three different approaches: urban footprint, mapping, and semi-structured interviews. Stakeholders are unaware of spatial aspects that are present in DMA’s food system and therefore do not consider it while developing spatial plans. The analysis in this article, based on the Urban Food Footprint analysis, food system spatialisation, and interviews shows that spatial planning informed by descriptive spatial information can play an important role in guiding the transformation to a more robust, resilient, and inclusive food system.

The climate is changing in Europe: average temperatures are increasing, and so is the frequency of extreme weather events. Climate change has a severe impact on areas suitable for growing certain crops and on food safety, for example, affecting the occurrence of the aflatoxin contamination of maize. The aim of this study was to obtain insights into the impact of climate change on possible changes in land use in Europe, particularly in areas suitable for maize cultivation, and on the probability of the mycotoxin contamination of maize in order to give directions for long-term adaptation to climate change. By combining a land use model and a mycotoxin prediction model, the suitability of land for maize cultivation and the probability of aflatoxin contamination were estimated for suitable areas in Europe, comparing the current climate with the 2050 scenario. In 2050, the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in Europe is predicted to severely increase, especially in Central and Southern Europe. More northern regions, presently unsuitable for maize cultivation, will become suitable for maize cultivation in 2050. In the baseline scenario, most regions suitable for maize cultivation have a low probability of aflatoxin contamination, whereas in 2050, about half of the regions suitable for maize cultivation have a medium to high probability of aflatoxin contamination. Regions for safely growing maize for human consumption will shift from the southern to the northern half of Europe.

The economies of small tropical islands often benefit from large-scale tourism, attracted by the guarantee of beach facilities, sun and warmth, landscape beauty, and cultural and underwater life. While these are highly valued assets, it is unclear how local communities benefit from tourism, or how they perceive their natural environment, which has been the basis for their rich cultural history. Against this background, the main aim of this article is to investigate inhabitants’ perceptions about locals’ inclusiveness in tourism and recreation on a small island called Bonaire. A total of 400 households were interviewed during the period November 2021–February 2022. Inclusiveness in tourism and the welfare it brings are judged as low, based on the findings in this study. With a share of around 40% of the population of Dutch Caribbean islanders living in poverty, the challenge of inequality is urgent. While environmental degradation contributes to inequality, inequality can also contribute to environmental degradation. To reduce inequalities, while ensuring life below water and life on land, the handling of poverty is one of the most critical bottlenecks in this society.

The circular bioeconomy is the intersection of bioeconomy and circular economy. It strives towards a more sustainable and resource efficient world with a low carbon footprint. The circular bioeconomy increases the resource efficiency of processes and the use of recycled materials. In addition, fossil carbon is substituted through renewable carbon from biomass produced with agriculture, forestry and the marine environment. As the above definition illustrates, several interlinked sectors, represented by different scientific disciplines, are involved in studying the bioeconomy. These disciplines use different vocabularies, principles and concepts, which must be aligned to enable a coherent and consistent assessment of future scenarios and potential policies. To this end, around fifteen individuals representing the disciplines engaged in a process of collaborative modelling during workshops and bilateral meetings. This report describes i) the co-production of the conceptual model of the circular bioeconomy and ii) the transfer of the conceptual model into a modelling framework of existing models, and; iii) the application of one of the computer models within the context of the circular bio-economy, i.e. iClue, in relation to the linked models of the modelling framework

Agriculture on Bonaire does not support the demand for food on the island, and therefore the people are dependent on expensive food importation. Recently, any Bonairean people abandon their kunukus to take jobs in the urban area in tourism or off-island in the oil industry. Traditionally, a kunuku was used as an agricultural plot for food production for the household. A kunuku would usually have a cactus fence used to contain grazing goats or chickens, or to produce household amounts of sorghum maize, and keep animals out. In order to help restore nature to Bonaire and include it in the daily lives of people, restoration and use of cactus fences on kunukus are being considered as nature inclusive measure. In order to get a better understanding of the current use of kunukus and presence of cactus fences on the island, satellite information and field observations were collected about the state of kunukus and the use of cactus fences. Results show that kunukus are rapidly being abandoned. The predictive accuracy from satellite imagery of active kunukus was high (92.5%). Furthermore, only 4% of the active kunukus have a well-maintained cactus fence. Implications of these findings are discussed with focus on nature inclusiveness and the use of the kunuku as a means to restore a cultural pride, self-sufficiency, local economic diversification and a healthier food culture on Bonaire.

Onion is the most commonly used spice in Bangladesh, and the most market sensitive agricultural- commodity, well-known for its huge price volatility. In recent years, the country has faced a steep increase in the price of onions, which made the commodity unaffordable for poor- and low middle-income people. Wageningen Research (WUR) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) conducted an onion value chain mapping study to identify and understand the flow of the product from producer to the consumer in Dhaka, the role of the value chain actors, their relationships, the leverage points, and the constraints.

Bangladesh is a south Asian country with lush greenery and many natural waterways. Bangladesh consists mostly out of fertile flat lands. Due to urbanisation, agricultural expansion and intensification as result of population and economic growth the use of the natural land system is changing rapidly. Understanding current land cover and how the land is being used is elementary for land management and land use planning. In this study we developed a spatial land use classification database of Bangladesh based on existing land cover classifications, census data of agricultural yields, cropping areas, and supplemented with local knowledge.

Bonaire is facing major challenges including (mass) tourism, population growth, urban expansion, climate change, biodiversity loss and the unilateral dependency on tourism. In thirty years, Bonaire will inevitably look different. Here, two different possible futures are presented, to form a basis for dialogue amongst stakeholders and to stimulate a positive change and sustainability on Bonaire. One of these scenarios follows current trends (business-as-usual), and the other bends those trends into a nature-inclusive future after a vision developed by a trans-disciplinary team of researchers, local experts and stakeholders. For both scenarios drivers and impacts are visualized and documented on climate, tourist numbers, population,infrastructure, resources, land use, erosion and nature. Visualizing scenarios is one important piece in creating awareness about the future as it allows to shed light of the difficult to grasp long-term effects, and explicitly showcases current trends. It gives opportunities to imagine a future that looks different from the prognosis, and to inspire to work towards a sustainable and desirable future.