Purpose:Low-temperature plasma (LTP) has been used as an option for dentin surface treatment prior to adhesion due to its antibacterial effect without causing substantial changes to the dentin surface. However, few studies have reported the influence of argon combined with oxygen on the degree of conversion of resin cements or the adhesive luting procedure. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of LTP pretreatment of dentin on the degree of conversion of resin cements, as well as the effect on bond strength to dentin of different adhesion luting protocols. Methods and Materials:The dentin surfaces of 72 sound human molars were exposed. Specimens were divided into three groups according to LTP pretreatment (argon-based LTP, argon/oxygen-based LTP, and no LTP application). These groups were then divided into three subgroups (n = 8) and resin composite blocks (Te-Econom Plus, Ivoclar Vivident) were cemented to the dentin according to one of three adhesive luting protocols (Single Bond 2 [Solventum] + RelyX ARC [Solventum], Single Bond Universal [Solventum] + RelyX Ultimate [Solventum], and RelyX U200 [Solventum]). Microtensile bond strengths were measured before and after thermocycling (10,000 cycles between 55°C and 5°C). Degree of conversion was measured using a Raman spectrometer (Senterra, Bruker Optik GmbH). All data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results:RelyX ARC exhibited higher dentin bond strength than RelyX U200 regardless of LTP treatment. RelyX Ultimate showed intermediate bond strength and higher degree of conversion than the other materials. The application of argon-based LTP resulted in bond strength and degree of conversion similar to those of the control group for all cements used. The addition of oxygen to argon to generate LTP resulted in lower bond strength, especially when RelyX U200 was used. Conclusion:The application of Argon plasma did not cause any damage to the adhesive interface. However, neither Argon alone nor the addition of oxygen to argon to generate LTP was beneficial for the properties evaluated.

To compare conventional hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) whitening therapy (CT) applied for 45 minutes with a test therapy (TT) containing H2O2 whitening gel and catalyst bioproducts applied for 15 minutes. Thirty patients and their hemiarches were randomly divided into two groups: CT: application of 35% H2O2 three times for 15 minutes; test therapy (TT): based on the prior application of a polycaprolactone scaffold and the addition of 10 mg of peroxidase to the 35% whitening gel (3 drops of thickener, 9 drops of peroxide and 10 mg of peroxidase) for an exposure time of 15 minutes. The two treatments were carried out in three whitening sessions, 7 days apart. The chromatic change (ΔE00) and the bleaching index (ΔWID) were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Spontaneous sensitivity was assessed through a questionnaire, and thermal sensitivity was provoked through thermal stimuli after the three sessions and 14 days later. Esthetic self-perception was also measured using the Orofacial Esthetics Scale before and after each session. After the first session, CT exceeded TT in ΔE00 and ΔWID, whereas they were equal at the other time points. Greater intensity and occurrence of spontaneous sensitivity occurred in the first and second sessions with CT. The CT group experienced thermal sensitivity at higher temperatures than the TT group at all times analyzed. Esthetic self-perception was higher (66.6%) in the TT group. The test therapy can achieve the same whitening effect with less total exposure time and less tooth sensitivity than the conventional technique.

Objectives: This in vitro study aimed to assess the impact of incorporating calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) and sodium fluoride (NaF) in addition to 35% hydrogen peroxide concerning the enamel mechanical and morphological properties. Methods: Specimens of bovine enamel were chosen based on their initial surface hardness (SHi) and subsequently divided into five gel groups (n=12): 1) 35% Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) Gel; 2) HP + 0.1% NaF Gel (HP/NaF); 3) HP + 0.25% CaGP Gel (HP/CaGP); 4) HP + 0.1% NaF + 0.25% CaGP Gel (HP/NaF/CaGP) and 5) HP Blue 35% Gel (HP Blue). The bleaching gels were applied thrice, for 40 min, at intervals of 7 days each. After 21 days, the final surface hardness (SHf), integrated hardness (IH), Polydispersity Index (PdI) and Zeta Potential (Zp), surface roughness (Ra, after and before), and surface/structural analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were determined. The data were submitted to ANOVA (one-way and two-way) followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (alpha=0.05). Results: The addition of NaF to HP reduced demineralization by 11.5% in relation to HP (p<0.05). The NaF/CaGP association reduction is 22.8 and 20% higher in comparison to HP/NaF/CaGP and HP Blue, respectively. The IH when the PH/NaF/CaGP bleaching gel was applied, was 14% higher compared to HP and HP Blue groups. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the association of NaF and CaGP with the 35% hydrogen peroxide gel (HP/NaF/CaGP) significantly changed tooth enamel demineralization in terms of surface, depth, roughness, and enamel morphology.

PURPOSE Few studies have evaluated the influence of antioxidant agents on the optical and mechanical properties of ceramic laminate veneers after dental bleaching. Thus, this in vitro study aimed to evaluate the influence of antioxidant agents on the color stability and mechanical properties, such as nanohardness (HIT), elastic modulus (Eit*), and degree of conversion (DC) of the bonding interface components after dental bleaching in ceramic laminate veneer luting. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 143 bovine teeth were distributed into experimental groups, according to the procedure method (unbleached or bleached with Whiteness HP Maxx 35%), antioxidant type (control, 10% ascorbic acid, or 10% α-tocopherol), and luting period (24 hours or 14 days) (n=13). The Tetric N-Bond Universal adhesive system and Variolink Esthetic LC resin cement were used as luting agents to lute IPS e.max ceramic restorations (0.6 mm in thickness) to enamel. A UV-visible spectrophotometer was used to assess color stability before and after UV-B artificial accelerated aging for 252, 504, and 756 hours (n=8). The HIT and Eit* of the adhesive and resin cement were measured using a nanohardness tester under a load of 1000 μN, and the DC was measured using a micro-Raman spectrometer (n=5). The color stability and mechanical properties were measured and evaluated by twoway and one-way ANOVA, respectively, and Tukey test (α=0.05). RESULTS Distinct aging periods exerted significant changes on the color stability of the restorations luted in enamel associated with ascorbic acid, bleached and unbleached, and the bleached enamel under no antioxidant agent action, for the experimental groups evaluated after 14 days (p<0.05). The use of the α-tocopherol antioxidant solution after the bleaching process for 24 hours did not alter the optical and mechanical properties of the adhesive interface of the laminate restorations compared to those of the control group (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The use of a 10% α-tocopherol antioxidant solution produced promising results, suggesting that it could be mediately used after tooth bleaching to lute ceramic laminate veneers.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the bleaching gel application site on chromatic changes and postoperative sensitivity in teeth. Thirty patients were selected and allocated to three groups (n=10 per group), according to the location of the gel: GI, cervical application; GII, incisal application; and GIII, total facial. The amount and time of application of the 35% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) gel were standardized. Color changes were analyzed by ΔE and Wid (bleaching index), using the values obtained in the readings conducted on a digital spectrophotometer in the cervical (CRs) and incisal regions (IRs) of the teeth. Spontaneous sensitivity was assessed using the questionnaire, and the stimulated sensitivity caused by the thermosensory analysis (TSA). The analysis occurred in five stages: baseline, after the first, second, and third whitening sessions (S), and 14 days after the end of the whitening, using the linear regression statistical model with mixed effects and post-test by orthogonal contrasts (p<0.05). Although the IR was momentarily favored, at the end of the treatment, the restriction of the application site provided results similar to those obtained when the gel was applied over the entire facial surface. Regarding sensitivity, only the GI showed spontaneous sensitivity. In the TSA, GIII had less influence on the threshold of the thermal sensation. It was concluded that the chromatic alteration does not depend on the gel application site. Spontaneous sensitivity is greater when the gel is concentrated in the cervical region (CR), and the teeth remain sensitized by thermal stimuli even after 14 days.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different dye substances on the effectiveness of bleaching and hydrogen peroxide diffusion (HO). From 300 central bovine incisors, 160 enamel/dentin disks with similar E* values were selected. The specimens were distributed according to the pigment treatment. Aiming to standardize the chromatic change provided by the different pigments, the specimens from each group remained immersed in the pigment solutions for different times (32 specimens per group): DW - distilled water (Control group); BT - black tea; CO - coffee; SD - cola-based soft drink; and RW - red wine. After pigmentation and chromatic change value analysis, only 10 specimens from each group (n=10) were selected, so the chromatic alteration of all groups was similar (ΔE=8.36±0.5). The samples were subjected to bleaching treatment and diffused peroxide was quantified in a visible ultraviolet light spectrophotometer. Two more bleaching sessions were conducted to evaluate ΔE and the Whiteness Index for Dentistry (ΔWID). Concurrently, solutions were prepared with dye agents, and the same ΔE value was obtained in the teeth (ΔE=8.49±0.5). The solutions received a standardized amount of H2O2, being analyzed by a visible ultraviolet light spectrophotometer. Data analysis comprised variance and Tukey's tests (α=0.05). Higher H2O2 diffusion was observed in pigmented groups when compared with DW (p<0.05). The CO and RW groups had the highest ΔE values (p>0.05), meaning greater difficulty in responding to treatment. In relation to ΔWID, RW bleached less than the other groups after the third bleaching session (p<0.05), resembling only the SD group (p=0.467). However, 21 days after ending the bleaching treatment, only RW and CO had the lowest values (p=0.481). Analysis of the solutions revealed that only RW was altered by the peroxide (p<0.05). In conclusion, teeth pigmented with coffee and, mainly, red wine were more resistant to bleaching treatment, although all pigmentations favored increases in transenamel and transdentinal H2O2 penetration.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of hydrofluoric acid application time and concentration on bond strength and surface morphology of three indirect restorative materials. Samples measuring 4x4x0.8 mm were obtained from three materials (lithium monosilicate reinforced by zirconia - Celtra Duo, nanoceramic resin - Lava Ultimate and hybrid ceramic - Vita Enamic). These materials were conditioned with hydrofluoric acid at concentrations of 5% or 10% for 20, 40, 60 or 90 seconds. In addition, a control group was adopted, in which no conditioning was performed, totaling 9 groups for each material. The analysis of bond strength was performed using the microshear test (n=6). For this purpose, cylinders of Variolink Esthetic LC resin cement were made on the conditioned samples, using a silicone matrix. The test was performed in a mechanical testing equipment, in which the samples were fixed and with the aid of an orthodontic wire, tension was applied to the cylinders. Bond strength data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). The surface microstructure of each material was observed through images obtained by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n=2). Celtra Duo presented better bond strength values when subjected to etching with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 40, 60 and 90 seconds. For Lava Ultimate, better results were obtained with application of 10% acid concentration for 20 and 40 s, while Vita Enamic showed better results after application of 5% hydrofluoric acid for 40 and 90 seconds and at 10% for 20 and 40 s. Through the images obtained by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) it was possible to observe the appearance of irregularities on the surface of each material evaluated after conditioning. The evaluated restorative materials showed different behaviors after conditioning protocols with hydrofluoric acid, therefore, the professional must adopt the best hydrofluoric acid concentration and time protocol for each specific material in order to obtain a satisfactory and effective adhesive procedures.

Final antral follicle development and future ovulation are mediated by gonadotropin-induced changes with spatio-temporally regulated expression of genes. Here, we aimed to quantify the relative mRNA abundance of bta-miR-222 and its predicted target, LHCGR, in granulosa cells (GCs) from follicles, after follicle deviation, as well as from GCs cultured in vitro with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and/or insulin. Thus, to study the impact of follicle deviation, Nelore heifers (n = 10; Bos taurus indicus) were hormonally synchronized and slaughtered 3 days after ovulation. Then, GCs from the dominant follicle (DF) and its respective subordinate follicle (SF) were recovered for RT-qPCR. For in vitro analysis, small follicles (2-5 mm) were dissected from bovine ovaries collected from a local abattoir. The GCs were isolated and cultured in serum-free medium, or treated with insulin (1 ng/mL or 10 ng/mL) alone or in combination with human recombinant FSH (1 ng/mL), for 6 days. Our findings showed that the relative mRNA abundance of LHCGR in GCs was higher in the DF compared to the SF (p = 0.01). Inversely, bta-miR-222 expression was lower in the DF compared to the SF (p = 0.01). Furthermore, GCs cultured with FSH and insulin together resulted in a higher abundance of LHCGR and a lower abundance of bta-miR-222 (p ≤ 0.05) when compared to GCs cultured with insulin alone. In conclusion, we found that the LHCGR upregulation in GCs from the DF is inversely related to bta-miR-222 expression. We also suggest the involvement of FSH in bta-miR-222 suppression in healthy bovine GCs.

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown satisfactory antibacterial effects. However, little information regarding the cytotoxicity potential of PDT using curcumin as a photosensitizer (PS) on fibroblasts are found. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of root canal irrigating solutions and photodynamic therapy with curcumin PS on the L-929 cell line. Methods: Healthy mouse skin fibroblast cells were distributed into the following 7 experimental groups: G1 - culture medium DMEM (control group); G2 - 0.9% sodium chloride; G3 - 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); G4 - 5% NaOCl; G5 - PDT with curcumin PS at 500 mg/L + blue LED; G6 - PDT with curcumin PS at 750 mg/L + blue LED; and G7 PDT with curcumin PS at 1000 mg/L + blue LED. All experimental groups which underwent PDT action were submitted to blue LED for 4 min, with a wavelength of 480 nm and energy fluency of 75 J/cm(2). The cultures were maintained under standard cell culture conditions (37C, 100% humidity, 5% CO2). Cell viability analysis was performed using the colorimetric method to evaluate the periods of 6, 24, and 48 h. Data were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn test to compare groups and Friedman test to compare periods (alpha = 0.05). Results: When comparing the periods, no significant differences were observed for any of the experimental groups analyzed (p > 0.05), except for the NaOCl2.5 group that exhibited higher cell viability at 6 h compared to the period of 48 h (p = 0.0489). In the comparisons of the experimental groups, there were no statistically significant differences between the control group compared to all disinfection protocols, regardless of the period evaluated (p > 0.05), except for the PDT + C1000 group that showed lower cell viability (P < 0.05). Conclusions: PDT with curcumin at 1000 mg/L was cytotoxic on L-929 fibroblast cell culture. However, laser activated curcumin at a concentration of 500 mg/L presented no influence on L-929 fibroblast cell viability in in vitro conditions.

Breath analysis is an expanding scientific field with great potential for creating personalized and non-invasive health screening and diagnostics techniques. However, the wide range of contradictory results in breath analysis is explained by the lack of an optimal standard procedure for selective breath sampling. Recently we developed novel instrumentation for selective breath sampling, enabling the precise collection of a pre-determined portion of exhaled air using AI (Machine Learning) algorithm. This work presents pilot study results for validation of developed technology by differentiation of alveolar and oesophagal air obtained from the healthy population (n = 31). The samples were analyzed in-situ by Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC-IMS) apparatus, and obtained spectra were processed with proper multivariate classification tools. The results show a promising performance of proposed AI-based technology for breath sampling adapted to users' age, genre, and physiological conditions.

IntroductionIn Brazil there is high number of children with Intellectual Disability (ID) who begin basic education but did not receive a diagnosis. The basic education teachers can be important agents in identifying signs of ID in the student so that they can be referred to health services.ObjectivesTo develop and implement a decision-making model for basic education teachers to identify students with predictive signs of ID.MethodsThe sample was composed by 51 teachers from 20 public schools and their 1758 students eligible for the study enrolled in a educational network in São Paulo state, Brazil. A standardized model was developed for the evaluation process using an open-source software named BONITA. For the screening of students with ID signs the teachers answered a checklist based on the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5 and the students were evaluated with neuropsychological test WASI (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) and neuropsychiatric assessment. A Classification Based on Association Rules (CBA) generated the predictive models of sensitivity for confirming ID from the items in the checklists.Results35 children had suspected ID. The CBA showed an accuracy of 82%, identifying only 1 false-negative case and 3 false-positive cases for ID. According to the teachers, the most accurate signs were deficits in abstract thinking skills, deficits in communication and conversation and difficulties in emotional regulation in social interactions.ConclusionsThe decision-making model by elementary school teachers to identify students with ID showed high levels of sensitivity and can help the waiting for diagnosis.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

RESUMO Avaliou-se a produção de calor corporal de vacas F1 HxZ manejadas em diferentes microclimas. Foram avaliadas 48 vacas, divididas em três grupos, manejadas em pastos e microclimas diferentes. Cada grupo foi subdividido em três grupos de suplementação fornecida durante a ordenha. Os registros termográficos dos flancos direito e esquerdo ocorreram com os animais a pasto. As temperaturas do olho e retal foram mensuradas após a ordenha. O ITGU caracterizou sinal de perigo para o microclima 1 no período da tarde (81,7) e para o microclima 2 nos turnos da manhã e da tarde (81,6 e 83,8, respectivamente). No microclima 2, houve diferença da temperatura do flanco direito para animais do grupo 2 em relação aos animais do grupo 3. A temperatura do flanco esquerdo foi superior para os animais do grupo 1. O microclima 1 foi caracterizado de conforto térmico, e o 2 de desconforto nos períodos da manhã e da tarde. A suplementação não influenciou na produção de calor dos animais. As médias da temperatura retal e do olho não diferiram entre os grupos, e a correlação apresentou valores baixos e moderados para os microclimas 1 e 2, respectivamente. A oferta de diferentes fontes de suplementação não interfere na produção de calor corporal de vacas F1 HxZ, mesmo quando fornecido em ambiente climático em que o ITGU é próximo a 84.

Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading skeletal cause of years lived in disability. Education/self-management, diet if overweight and exercise are considered core treatment in several guidelines including OARSI's 2014 and 2019. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness in reducing body fat and secondarily reducing knee pain, improving function and increasing exercise hours of a six months (20 interventions) educational/multiprofessional care program to a two-day educational program. Methods: Prospective randomized clinical trial with 116 patients with grades II and III K&L knee OA (KOA) and multiple OA were randomized to one of two groups: control (usual care with medical appointments at inclusion, six, 12 and 24 months) and two periods of 5 hours of lectures, two month apart, about OA with a multiprofessional group) and a group with an extended intervention program (same as the control group and seven sessions of collective physical therapy, seven sessions of group physical fitness, two group sessions of discussion about diet with the nutritionist and two about engaging the program with the psychotherapist) along the first six months of the program. Six months after inclusion, patients of the extended interventation group (EIG) were oriented to continue diet and to exercise at local gyms or at home. All patients were evaluated at inclusion, six, 12 and 24 months. VAS, WOMAC, Lequesne, and measures of BMI, percentage of lean and body fat, Body weight, fat weight, lean weight, Hip-waist ratio (HWR), timed up and go (TUG), 30 second chair stand test (30CST), Timed up and down stairs (TUDS), 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and adherence to physical activity (IPAQ) were taken at baseline, six, twelve and 24 months. Results: Tables 1, 2 and 3 summarize the results. Groups were similar at baseline (p>0.05) except for WOMAC stiffness, that in all moments was, in average, 0.68 less in the study group (p=0.019) despite both groups improving progressively throughout the study period (p<0.05). Control group had a higher number of dropouts at one year (15 in total (25%), 13 in the first six months, without dropouts in the second year), whereas seven (12%) abandoned the EIG (six in the first six months and one before one year). At six months evaluation, all parameters were better in the study group (p<0.05) with the exception of HWR, TUG and lean weight. HWR and TUG did not vary during the study. Only the EIG improved pain (VAS) from baseline to all moments (p<0,002), but both groups improved pain by WOMAC pain with similar results at 2 years. Lequesne, TUDS, 6MWT, IPAQ results improved in all moments for both groups without a significant difference between groups. WOMAC function and total and the 30CST improved faster in the EIG with more than 15 points difference in WOMAC at 6 months (At two years, groups presented similar results with loss of the EIG results and continued gain of the CG). Only the EIG reduced body weight (p<0.001), BMI (p=0.002), fat weight (p<0.05) in all moments. Both groups reduced and had similar percentage of body fat at two years follow-up (with gain in body fat percentage of the EIG in the second year and continued loss of the CG during the study period). Conclusions: In patients with multiple OA (and knee OA), both methods improve pain and function. The extended intervention program improves more rapidly pain, adherence to the program and physical activity level, and function when compared to a two-day class only group. Loss of body weight, fat weight and BMI was only achieved by the extended program with partial loss of results probably due to ceasing group interventions after 6 months.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effects of long-term (4 years) changes in the regular practice of physical exercise of patients with multiple and knee osteoarthritis (KOA) submitted to a multiprofessional educational program, could cause in the quality of life, functional capacity, and daily physical activity level. Methods: Two hundred and twenty-six patients with multiple and KOA were randomly assigned to either an educational (EDU, n=115) or control group (CON; n = 111). Patients from the control group were followed by medical consultation every 6 months. Patients from the EDU group, participated in two days of lectures and workshops about OA with a multiprofessional team composed of orthopedic surgeons, nutritionist, physical therapists, physical educators, occupational therapist, social workers and psychologists. To perform a complementary analysis and based on the physical activity levels, only the EDU was stratified into four subgroups, sedentary-sedentary (SED-SED), sedentary-active (SED-ACT), active-sedentary (ACT-SED) and active-active (ACT-ACT). All patients were asked to respond to the WOMAC™ and IPAQ and Functional capacity that included the sit and reach test (SRT), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), Timed up and down stairs test (TUDST), timed up and go test (TUGT), and the five times sit to stand test (FTSST) at baseline, 24 and 48 months follow-up. Results: Of the 226 volunteers initially selected, 153 completed the study and were included in the final analysis, being 83 in the EDU and 70 in the CON (Figure 1). There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between volunteers who completed the follow-up and those who did not. BMI did not change, but post hoc analysis showed that those who were active lost BMI (3.5%, p<0.001, ES 0.21). All functional tests SRT, TUDST, FTSST, WOMAC function and total improved in both groups over time. TUGT improved at 24 (p<0.001) and 48 months (p<0.001) more significantly in the EDU, Table 1. WOMAC pain had clinically relevant and significant improvement in the EDU group (P<0.001). WOMAC stiffness was always better in the EDU group. Both groups improved in stiffness. Table 2 shows the physical activity level at inclusion, 24 and 48 months follow-up. At baseline control group was more active and at follow-up there is a greater number of sedentary and irregularly active B patients in the control group than in the EDU group (p<0.001). The results of the functional tests (SRT, TUDST, 6MWT, TUG, FTSST) and BMI in the EDU group showed improvements in those that remained active and those that became active throughout the 4 years of follow-up (p<0.05). The same trend is seen where all WOMAC subscales and total are better in the group that remained active or that became active in respect to those that remained or became sedentary (P<0.05) Conclusions: The results suggest that high levels of daily living physical activity may have an important role on prevention/management of KOA, could be an effective tool in even over a long period.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

Body heat production of F1 HxZ cows managed in different microclimates was evaluated. We evaluated 48 cows, divided into two groups, managed in different pastures and microclimates. Each group was subdivided into three groups of supplementation provided during milking. The thermographic records of the right and left flanks occurred with the animals on the grass. Eye and rectal temperatures were measured after milking. The BGT had a danger signal for microclimate 1 in the afternoon (81.7) and microclimate 2 in the morning and afternoon shifts (81.6 and 83.8, respectively). In microclimate 2, there was difference in the temperature of the right flank for animals in group 2 in relation to the animals in group 3. The temperature of the left flank was higher for the animals in the group 1. Microclimate 1 was characterized by thermal comfort and 2 was discomfort in the morning and afternoon. Supplementation did not influence the heat production of the animals. Rectal and eye mean averages did not differ between groups and the correlation presented low and moderate values for microclimate 1 and 2, respectively. The supply of different sources of supplementation does not interfere with the production and body heat of F1 HxZ cows even when supplied in a climatic environment in which the BGT is close to 84.

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used as an adjunct to endodontic treatment to enhance microbial reduction in the root canal system. However, studies evaluating the impact of PDT on the bond strength of the canal sealer to intraradicular dentin are scarce. Thus, this in vitro study aimed to evaluate the influence of photodynamic therapy with methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer (PS) on the bond strength and morphology of the interface between mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) based endodontic sealer and different thirds of intraradicular dentin. Methods: Fifty-five bovine incisors were used to simulate experimental endodontic treatments. Biomechanical instrumentation was performed in all root canals and teeth were divided into 5 groups (n = 11): deionized water (control), methylene blue 50 mg/L (MB50WL), methylene blue 100 mg/L (MB100WL), methylene blue 50 mg/ L + red laser (MB50L), and methylene blue 100 mg/L + red laser (MB100L). The push-out bond strength of canal sealer to intraradicular dentin was measured using a universal testing machine (n = 8). Representative scanning electron microscopy images were obtained to qualify the fracture patterns. Images of the adhesive interface morphology were obtained using confocal laser scanning microscopy (n = 3). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare data on bond strength between groups, and the Friedman test between thirds (alpha = 0.05). Results: When comparing root thirds for the MB group with the higher concentration activated by red laser, higher bond strength values was found for the apical third than for the middle third (P = 0.0302). MB in different concentrations, activated by red laser or not, had no influence on the bond strength of distinct thirds of the intraradicular dentin (P > 0.05). As for the adhesive interface morphology, the MB100L group showed a lower qualitatively sealer penetration into the intraradicular dentin. Conclusions: PDT with MB PS at 50 mg/L had no negative impact on the bond strength of MTA Fillapex canal sealer to intraradicular dentin, being a suitable antisepsis protocol for endodontic treatments.

To evaluate the microhardness, roughness, profilometry and cross-sectional hardness of single increment materials submitted to different challenges. Thirty-six disks of each material, Filtek Supreme XTE (FT), Filtek One Bulk Fill (BK), Ketac Molar Easy Mix (KT) and Equia Forte + Coat (EQ) were immersed in saliva, pH cycling and Coke for 15 days. Half of each surface was used as its own control. Superficial microhardness, roughness, perfilometry analysis were performed. All samples were sectioned, embedded in acrylic resins, polished and cross-sectional hardness were made. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). The KT presented superficial microhardness superior than EQ. However, in depth, EQ showed superior values. FT, KT suffered the effects of challenges on microhardness values. The highest roughness and wear values were found for KT. RC do not suffer wear. All materials suffered the effects of Coke and pH challenges in depths 10 µm and 60 µm. The single increment restorative material that suffered less action on its surface was the bulk-fill resin. The coat present in the hybrid ionomer was able to resist to the immersion actions. In addition, Coke was the most aggressive challenge.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the color change of composite resin restorations in Class I cavity preparation with different depths, submitted to challenge of thermocycling in coffee, after the use of green tea extract (EGCG) as treatment on the dentin surface. Forty-eight human molars were divided into 6 groups according to dentin treatment and depth of restoration (n = 8): Group C3- Control/3 mm; Group C4- Control/4 mm; Group C5- Control/5 mm; Group EGCG3- EGCG/3 mm; Group EGCG4- EGCG/4 mm; and Group EGCG5- EGCG/5 mm. The teeth of the control groups were restored by the bulk fill technique (Filtek Bulk Fill), conditioning the dentin surface only with universal bonding system (Single Bond Universal). The teeth of the EGCG groups were also restored by the bulk filling technique, but conditioning the dentin surface with 0.5% EGCG for 30 s prior to the application of the adhesive system. Initial and final color readings were performed according to the CIE L*a*b* scale in UV-2450 spectroscope, before and after challenge of thermal cycling in coffee. The color change (ΔE) was then calculated based on the formula ΔE = [(ΔL*)2+(Δa*)2+(Δb*)2]½. The ΔE data were submitted to statistical tests of normality, two-way ANOVA and Tukey test to compare the means (p < 0.05). There was no statistically difference for both study factors analyzed (EGCG application and restoration depth), as well as the interaction between both, after aging in coffee (p > 0.05). It was concluded that the previous application of EGCG did not cause a significant color change at the dentin-resin interface.