This article investigates Brexit-induced consequences on supply chains and logistics - as well as potential solutions and strategies by carrying out a content analysis through a literature review, the first to our knowledge. Our findings reveal that Brexit-induced consequences for supply chains include increased customs duty rate, labour supply issues, increased costs related to expected delays, tariff and nontariff barriers, added complexity to guarantee food safety, authenticity or security, increased food prices, as well as low-skilled households carrying the major load. Our findings regarding typical supply chain strategies or solutions for abovementioned Brexit-induced consequences include supply chain redesign, relocation of operations and markets, changing sourcing countries or regions, new information and communication technologies solutions such as traceability and blockchains, vertical and horizontal collaboration, resilience, better risk-recovery strategies, as well as the switch to 'other' metrics. Another result refers to the fact that we observe only a low level of theoretical grounding in (supply chain) risk management literature among the considered articles.

The implemented research investigates the switch in consumer expectations and purchasing. The COVID-19 pandemic may have been the cause for a switch in consumer expectations and behaviour with respect to in-store versus online grocery purchases. If consumers preferred to shop almost exclusively in physical stores before pandemic-imposed restrictions, many consumers may have changed their preferences, expectations and consumer purchasing behaviour due to sanitary restrictions, social distancing, pandemic-induced fear, certainty when shopping and reduced peer interactions. The implemented research investigates the switch in consumer expectations and purchasing behaviour after the pandemic in terms of how customers decide to buy groceries in response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the extant literature, a conceptual model is proposed, and a quantitative survey of Romanian consumers analysed using Smart PLS structural equation modelling. The findings indicate that switching behaviour exerted a significant influence on consumer purchasing behaviour after the pandemic but did not determine it. From a theoretical standpoint, this study expands the understanding and application of the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). From a managerial standpoint, this study offers managers a clearer picture of consumer purchasing behaviour, and the extent of altered consumer purchasing behaviour as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Pandemic-related research issues as addressed by the authors do not have a long-standing tradition within our management discipline, and the same observation is true regarding the phased levels of our investigation, i.e., before, during and after (the COVID-19 crisis) as performed in our study. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first attempt to use a switch concept related to COVID-19 and consumer purchasing behaviour in retail. When elaborating our research model, the main challenges included the necessity to blend traditional retail and SCM literature streams. Indeed, logistics academia traditionally focuses on B2B settings, whereas our research reflects a consumer-centric approach.

By focusing on the interface between purchasing managers and internal customers, this research aims at understanding what types of influence tactics purchasing managers use to gain internal client commitment. Using a multiple case study methodology and data from 14 companies, the results show how purchasing managers work within the constraints of their organisational settings, but still manage to make their own choices and create their own spaces in which to do their jobs. The authors identified a set of influence tactics for how to deal with complexity and found soft tactics moderate daily practices and interactions between purchasing managers and internal clients. As opposed to other works, the authors explicitly adopted the perspective of purchasing managers.

Paper delivered at the 21st Logistics Research Network annual conference 2016, 7th-9th September 2016, Hull. Abstract Purpose: Logistics as a business discipline entered academic consciousness in the mid-1960s when work by marketing academics discussed the integration between marketing and logistics. However, the link with consumers in the point-of-origin to point-of-consumption typology was not explored until Granzin and Bahn’s conceptualisation and model of consumer logistics (CL) in 1989. Since then few contributions have followed and neglecting this aspect of logistics research is difficult to understand. Firstly, the consumer represents a productive resource as an important downstream supply chain member carrying out logistics activities and tasks. Secondly, logistics activities directed towards the consumer also act along a marketing axis, i.e. satisfaction and loyalty for an overall shopping experience both from transaction-specific and cumulative levels are influenced by product quality elements and service-related dimensions. This paper presents a theoretical framework for deeper research into the topic of CL. Research approach: A literature review was conducted first following philosophical or field conceptualization principles as a first step towards theory building. Data bases of major logistics and SCM journals were searched however the publication timeframe was not limited as the concept of CL is relatively new. Selection criteria and Boolean searches were conducted and keywords used within article abstracts and title fields of search. Due to a relative scarcity of contributions obtained by that approach and in-line with the principle of methodological triangulation, additional search strategies were applied using Google/ Google Scholar searches. The majority of the cited contributions were also cross-referenced and included in the analysis if appropriate. Findings and originality: The literature search yielded a mother population of 46 documents of which 24 have been considered relevant for further consideration. The document harvest was analysed using Granzin and Bahn’s original CL issues and additional features in order to explore, structure, articulate, orient, hierarchize and delimit the field of CL in the 21st century. Research impact: This paper updates Granzin and Bahn’s work to outline new and distinctive features of CL given the obvious changes in the retail landscape since their work 27 years ago, such as the Internet and omni-channel retailing. More broadly, conceptualizing CL in a holistic manner enhances SCM theory building by questioning traditional notions of time and space ranges, isolated marketing-merchandizing/logistics considerations, traditional understandings of sites /locations, and equipment (e.g. shopping cart or basket)/ infrastructure/ layout and buying stages that are in-line with external evolutions on organizational, technological and societal levels. Practical impact: Understanding and improving CL contributes to supply chain competitiveness via increased consumer satisfaction and loyalty, better order fulfilment via cost reductions and efficiency increases, and enhanced differentiation targeting consumers receptive for sustainability/ ethics/ mobility/ lifestyle/ life quality issues. A dedicated approach to CL also enhances management of repercussions and interactions with upstream/ B2B logistics, visible through retail stores being both a destination and a source for inventory, the rise of drop-ship vendor relationships and new fulfilment options and related infrastructure.

Recent academic and professional studies have started to examine priorities within the tension area standardization vs. customization regarding packaging solutions within supply chains, both from a supply and a demand perspective (Bemis Company, 2016; BillerudKorsnas, 2018; Highland, 2018; Fulconis and Philipp, 2019; Smith-Forbes Insights, 2018). The world has changed since; the current corona pandemic strongly affects the configuration and nature of supply chains: international versus domestic ones, supplier dependence versus (country) sovereignty etc. Packaging as a key element of logistics processes with both operational and strategic impacts on supply chains is at the very heart of this trend. Traditionally, the packaging choice between standardization and customization had been influenced by globalization, circular economy and omnichannel requirements (Philipp and Fulconis, 2020). However, since covid19 cards will have to be re-shuffled, as novel requirements for both supply chain members and targets (i.e. shoppers) superimpose with more traditional considerations, increasing once more complexity that packaging players were already familiar with. Novel pandemic-induced packaging requirements stem from changed customer expectations and behaviours regarding hygiene and safety (substrates that minimize the possibility of the virus's survival on the packaging surface...) as well as from substantial changes of our supply and/or packaging chains (endogenous level) and their operating contexts (exogenous level). Vis-a-vis this area of tension, supply chains have to be reassessed, and a new equilibrium for packaging solutions seems inevitable. E-commerce and related e-supply chains have known a significant sales increase during the crisis for numerous product categories (Deloitte, 2020), justifying a comparative approach with traditional channels. Our paper contributes to orient supply chain actors regarding their packaging choice in this new era of business.

Traditionally, the importance of packaging for international supply chains is most often underestimated. This is surprising for such a complex phenomenon, situated at the interface of different functions (logistics, marketing...), different decision levels (operational, tactical, strategic), and different logistics flows (physical and informational). This chapter questions the traditional design and typology of packaging used within international supply chains in the light of two main drivers: (1) its circular/closed-loop requirements and related performance notion and (2) omnichannel trends, including e-commerce, and new customer delivery services. Mobilizing the spanning concept of “logistics functions of packaging” (LFP), this chapter proposes a conceptual framework enabling to trigger adequate novel packaging solutions matching these new expectations. Recent business cases occurring within international supply chains illustrate and deepen our reflection.

Pour de nombreuses entreprises (fournisseurs de matériaux d’emballages, fabricants d’emballages, industriels, prestataires de services logistiques, E-commerçants, etc.) dont l’activité est directement ou indirectement liée au secteur du packaging, l’E-commerce apparaît comme un formidable vecteur de croissance, d’innovation et de compétitivité. Sur Internet, les achats de produits de grande consommation ne cessent d’augmenter et, depuis seulement quelques années, le nombre de colis expédiés connaît une croissance exponentielle. Face à ce phénomène inédit, qu’en est-il des niveaux traditionnels d’emballages (primaires, secondaires et tertiaires) et de leurs fonctions logistiques et marketing ? Une nouvelle conception des emballages d’expédition n’est-elle pas à inventer pour enrichir l’expérience client ? À l’aide d’un cadre théorique spécifique et d’une étude empirique exploratoire, cet article présente les premiers éléments de réponse apportés à ces questions d’actualité.

RÉSUMÉSi les fonctions logistiques et marketing du packaging sont désormais reconnues comme centrales par les industriels, les distributeurs et les consommateurs pour mettre à disposition et en valeur le produit dans les formules traditionnelles de vente (brick and mortar), qu’en est-il aujourd’hui face à l’essor de l’e-commerce ? Un même emballage d’expédition peut-il remplir à la fois des fonctions logistiques et des fonctions marketing, en particulier pour satisfaire le consonaute (consommateur internaute) ? Ces questionnements sont ici approfondis en étudiant le potentiel de transfert des concepts « intégration » vs « flexibilité », pertinents pour le brick and mortar dans les supply chains traditionnelles, aux packagings utilisés pour la livraison des consonautes dans les supply chains de l’e-commerce, appelées aussi « e-supply chains ». La présentation d’une étude que nous avons réalisée auprès de consonautes appartenant à la génération Y étaye la réflexion.

Packaging is omnipresent in modern production, distribution and consumption systems. It has multiple functions. They refer to the quality of the products it covers, their advertising/ promotion via its marketing aspects and to the logistics via handling/ storage/ transportation activities it enables. Indispensable partner of different supply chain actors (suppliers, manufacturers, logistics service providers, carriers, wholesalers, retailers, consumers), it is at the heart of packaging scorecards developments since the beginning of our millennium. However, facing the paradigm change heralding the dawning transition towards a circular economy, what about the relevance of these packaging scorecards adapted to a linear supply chain conception? Having studied the imminent relationship between packaging, logistics and circular economy, this article questions the relevance of extant main packaging scorecards and lays the foundations of a new packaging scorecard deliberately oriented towards the circular economy principles.

Pour de nombreuses entreprises dont l’activite est directement ou indirectement liee au secteur du packaging (fournisseurs de materiaux d’emballages, fabricants d’emballages, industriels, prestataires de services logistiques, e-commercants, etc.), le commerce electronique apparait comme un formidable vecteur de croissance, d’innovation et de competitivite. En effet, les achats sur Internet de produits de grande consommation ne cessent de croitre et, depuis seulement quelques annees, le nombre de colis expedies suit une evolution exponentielle. Face a ce phenomene inedit, qu’en est-il des niveaux traditionnels d’emballages (primaires, secondaires et tertiaires) et de leurs roles et fonctions respectifs (techniques, logistiques, marketing, de service et d’usage) ? Une nouvelle conception du packaging n’est-elle pas a inventer pour enrichir l’experience du consommateur internaute, en particulier en renforcant sa valeur percue du produit sur le plan visuel, sensoriel ou informatif ? A l’aide d’un cadre theorique specifique et d’une etude empirique exploratoire, cette communication presente les premiers elements de reponse apportes a ces questions d’actualite.

Le packaging est desormais reconnu comme central par les industriels, les distributeurs et les consommateurs pour mettre en valeur le produit dans les formules traditionnelles de vente (« brick and mortar »). Mais qu’en est-il aujourd’hui face a l’essor du e-commerce, notamment face a ses enjeux et contraintes logistiques et commerciales ? Un meme emballage d’expedition (colis) peut-il remplir a la fois des fonctions logistiques (manutention, stockage, transport) et des fonctions marketing, en particulier pour satisfaire le consommateur internaute (consonaute) ? Ces questionnements sont ici approfondis en etudiant le potentiel de transfert des concepts « integration » vs « flexibilite », pertinents pour le brick and mortar dans les chaines logistiques traditionnelles, aux packagings utilises pour la livraison des consonautes dans les chaines logistiques du e-commerce.

This paper reports on an in-progress study of the impact of business to consumer (B2C) logistics service quality (LSQ) on in-store shopper satisfaction and loyalty. LSQ in this study is considered to be a holistic concept and not limited to specific dimensions and trade-offs, for example on-shelf availability versus out-of-stock situations. A comparative research approach is used across the UK, France and Germany to also investigate country-specific differences of consumer shopping behaviour and channel strategies. The first stage, in-line with a deliberate integrated supply chain approach, consists of structured in-depth interviews conducted with managers at the producer/retailer interface, e.g. producer category captains and retail category managers. This qualitative stage is being followed-up by a quantitative survey stage targeting consumers as shoppers to determine how their expectations of retail LSQ and associated activities influence their satisfaction and ongoing loyalty. This study will contribute theoretically by considering a B2C setting for LSQ, which is the final aspect of point of origin to point-of-consumption, whereas most general LSQ literature and LSQ’s impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty has been dominated by business to business (B2B) designs from point-of-origin to point of sale, that is they assume consumer expectations are a given or a different domain. Further, as this study emphasises consequences of B2C LSQ on downstream or consumer satisfaction and loyalty, rather than considering the upstream origins of related problems that dominate extant research, it will contribute practically by providing managers with an understanding of the components of LSQ considered critical by consumers.

Si l’on presente souvent le supply chain management comme etant le nerf de la guerre du E-commerce, force est de constater qu’il ne peut pas y avoir de e-commerce sans emballage ! Mais de quel emballage parle-t-on ? Un meme emballage peut-il a la fois remplir des fonctions logistiques et des fonctions marketing ? L’etude que nous avons realisee aupres de consonautes de la generation Y apporte des elements de reponse interessants et propose des pistes de reflexion aux acteurs des e-supply chains.

1. Introduction : les fonctions du packaging et objectif de la recherche2. Lien « emballage-logistique » dans une perspective d’economie circulaire3. Necessite d’un nouveau packaging scorecard4. Emballage et economie circulaire : quelle perception des experts ?5. Conclusion et perspectives de recherche

– Dans les systemes de production comme de commercialisation et de consommation actuels, l'emballage est omnipresent. Ses fonctions sont multiples. Elles concernent autant la qualite des produits qu'il contient, leur mise en valeur par ses aspects marketing, que la logistique via les activites de manutention, de stockage et de transport qu'il permet. Partenaire indispensable des differents acteurs (fournisseurs, industriels, prestataires de services logistiques, transporteurs, grossistes, detaillants, consommateurs) au sein des chaines logistiques, il a donne lieu, depuis les annees 2000, a l'elaboration de packaging scorecards. Cependant, face au changement de paradigme qu'amene la transition amorcee vers une economie circulaire, qu'en est-il de la pertinence de ces tableaux de bord adaptes a une conception lineaire des chaines logistiques ? Apres avoir etudie la relation en devenir entre l'emballage, la logistique et l'economie circulaire, cet article remet en cause la pertinence des principaux packaging scorecards existants et pose les bases d'un nouveau packaging scorecard deliberement oriente vers les principes de l'economie circulaire.

This paper presents an important module of our international research programme proposing a packaging scorecard for closed-loop logistics systems in line with the emerging circular economy paradigm (Zhu, Geng & Lai, 2010). Packaging contributions to supply chain performance are commonly measured via dedicated scorecards elaborated by researchers (Olsmats and Dominic, 2003) or practitioners like Walmart in 2006. However, these tools focus on traditional supply chain performance dimensions and related metrics (“first dimension” of packaging scorecards), neglecting the environmental dimension and completely omitting the social one, in spite of external pressure increase such as the recent proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and the Council on packaging and packaging waste (2015/0276). By following the linear design of (traditional) supply chains, extant packaging scorecards also fail with regards to their “second dimension”. Indeed, the range of assessors is incomplete for extant packaging scorecards reflecting forward or linear supply chain or network concepts rather than those of loops (Fabbe-Costes, Roussat & Colin, 2011; Fabbe-Costes & Roussat, 2014), as new reverse chain actors or physical nodes are missing.

RÉSUMÉ Depuis le début des années 2000, la relation forte existant entre le packaging et les autres composants du cycle de vie du produit est reconnue. Parallèlement, dans une perspective de développement durable, un intérêt grandissant est porté à la place qu’occupe le packaging au sein des chaînes logistiques multi-acteurs, et ce, dans des secteurs d’activité très variés. Fort de ce constat, cet article adopte une posture novatrice du packaging : analyser ses fonctions logistiques par rapport à leur capacité à favoriser le passage d’une économie linéaire à une économie circulaire. À partir d’une étude sur les fondements théoriques mobilisables et de la proposition d’un modèle de recherche relatif à un packaging scorecard adapté à une vision circulaire de l’économie, les premiers résultats d’une étude empirique réalisée auprès d’experts de l’industrie du packaging sont présentés.

The strong relationship between the packaging and the other components of the product life cycle has been fully recognised since the beginning of the millennium. In the same manner, one observes a growing interest, particularly through the lens of sustainable development, in the role that packaging plays within complex supply chains, which is true for many industries. In line with these evolutions, this article adopts a fresh approach of packaging, by analysing its logistics functions vis-a-vis their capacity to promote the transformation of a linear economy into a circular one. The authors (1) carried out a study on the relevant theoretical framework and (2) proposed a research model related to a packaging scorecard that adopts a circular economy perspective, before (3) presenting first results of an empirical study targeting packaging industry experts.