La réalité virtuelle est une technologie qui permet de s'immerger dans un environnement numérique en 3D et d'interagir avec lui en se déplaçant ou en manipulant des objets. À la différence de la simple restitution virtuelle qui fournit des images fixes ou des films pré-calculés, elle est peu utilisée dans les études concernant le patrimoine disparu ou fortement ruiné. Cette communication montre que la réalité virtuelle peut alimenter la discussion sur des questions difficiles de topographie en permettant d'observer les hypothèses de restitution à l'échelle humaine. Deux cas d'étude sont ici présentés : l'aspect du flanc sud-est du Capitole, vu du Forum républicain, et la localisation du temple au divin Trajan. Dans le premier cas, la réalité virtuelle montre que le temple de Jupiter, Junon et Minerve était invisible du Forum romain, mais que celui-ci était peut-être dominé par un temple à Vénus Victrix. Dans le second cas, la réalité virtuelle tend à conforter l'hypothèse d'un temple centré sur l'axe longitudinal du forum de Trajan, face à la colonne.

Organic farming (OF) is seen as a relevant solution to tackle non-point water pollutions. In this paper, we analyse the initiative carried out by the city of Paris to lead to a place-based development of OF in one of its water catchment area (vallée de la Vanne, Yonne). Paris’ water authorities have set up a local organic action plan. We present the project’s main stages. We show that different policy tools and levels of action have been implemented in order to connect the drinking water issue with others such as economic development and food policies (via green public procurements). A scheme to support OF through payments for environmental services has also been established.

Le 3 Fevrier 2021, dans le cadre du seminaire de l'ERLIS Les Nocturnes du Plan de Rome, a ete donnee a l'Universite de Caen et uniquement en ligne, la conference intitulee : Sur les traces de l’assassinat de Jules Cesar. Resume de la conference : Le 15 mars 44 avant J.-C., en fin de matinee, Jules Cesar se rend a la seance du senat qui, ce jour-la, se reunit au Champ de Mars, dans la curie de Pompee (au bord du Largo Argentina moderne). A peine entre dans le bâtiment, il tombe sous les coups des conjures, au pied de la statue de Pompee. Exceptionnellement, cette Nocturne quitte la periode du IVe siecle apres J.-C. qui est le cadre temporel habituel de la maquette virtuelle de la Rome antique, pour faire visiter la curie de Pompee et le quartier qui l'entoure, tels que Cesar les a vus avant de mourir. La visite virtuelle conduit ensuite au temple du divin Jules qui sera eleve plus tard sur le forum, a l'endroit ou fut incinere son corps.

La conservation de la biodiversité est un problème public dont les contours se dessinent par la confrontation d’acteurs au sein d’arènes publiques parmi lesquelles les médias jouent un rôle important. Porter attention aux différentes modalités de médiatisation des relations entre la biodiversité et l’agriculture permet d’apporter un regard nouveau sur les transformations des relations homme-nature. À travers l’étude de sept journaux nationaux et d’un journal régional français (Le Progrès) entre 1999 et 2017, nous confirmons qu’agriculture et biodiversité forment un problème public majeur. Le nombre important d’articles régionaux depuis 2003 montre que la globalisation du problème de la biodiversité s’accompagne également d’un traitement local. Contrastant avec la presse nationale, plus encline à évoquer la crise de la biodiversité, la presse régionale trace les contours d’une image positive de l’agriculture. La dimension spatiale de la relation biodiversité-agriculture est devenue incontournable. Cependant, l’exposition médiatique forte des territoires urbains et naturels rend difficile la mise en lumière des espaces agricoles qui deviennent pourtant aujourd’hui le lieu de nouvelles mesures de conservation.

Current agri-environmental policies are facing challenges to protect the environment, including in delivering water quality improvements. These difficulties are mainly due to payment restrictions and field or farm scale limitations in existing policy schemes. Innovative approaches have emerged in the last decades to overcome these constraints, such as market-based, landscape-scale and food-chain approaches. In order to understand the potential of these approaches to deal with water quality issues, we have analysed the design features of 62 innovative agri-environmental schemes. We grouped them into nine types of instruments that could provide benefits on water quality and we identified three main drivers for change that are: rewarding environmental outcomes, encouraging collaboration between rural stakeholders and certifying agri-environmental practices within the agri-food chain. The diversity of the schemes reviewed emphasizes the importance of the local context, which strongly conditions the effectiveness of instruments. Furthermore, mixing several schemes seems promising to encompass multiple governance levels involving both public and private actors.

AbstractAgricultural landscapes are sites of difficult trade‐offs between conservation and production objectives. The media play a part in shaping public opinion and policies and vice‐versa. In line with the constructionist approach to public problems, we analyzed the role of media in the problem‐framing of interrelations between biodiversity and agriculture. We investigated the medium‐term evolution in French national newspaper coverage of these interrelations using a content and time analysis over a 19‐year period (1999–2017). We applied a statistical method using IRaMuTeQ (interface of R) on seven daily newspapers (Le Monde, Libération, La Croix, Les Échos, Le Figaro, L'Humanité, and La Tribune; N = 2,547). Our results reveal the growing importance of agriculture in the public problem of biodiversity loss. The increase of agriculture/biodiversity coverage is driven by environmental issues and specific political events. However, the number of articles focused on biodiversity/agriculture dynamics remains low. Around 2007, the articles shifted from an international species‐centered view to a national and local human‐centered view. These evolutions in media‐coverage create a space for ecologists, social scientists, and agronomists to combine their approaches and to develop and communicate on new actions in favor of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.

Le 7 octobre 2020, dans le cadre du seminaire de l'ERLIS Les Nocturnes du Plan de Rome, a ete donnee a l'Universite de Caen et uniquement en ligne, la conference intitulee : Les marches de Trajan. Resume de la conference : Les marches de Trajan : un ensemble complexe aux fonctions multiples. L’ensemble etonnamment bien conserve appele « Les marches de Trajan » est d’abord un immense dispositif d’etaiement de la colline du Quirinal, realise apres l’entaille effectuee pour degager de l'espace au futur forum de Trajan. La zone, debarrassee des constructions modernes dans les annees 30, n’a fait l’objet d’etudes scientifiques approfondies qu’a partir des annees 80 et une publication recente vient de les synthetiser. La Nocturne presente une restitution appuyee sur ces travaux. Nous evoquons les hypotheses d’utilisation des espaces, en lien avec les activites du forum de Trajan lui-meme : activites judiciaires, administratives, bancaires, commerciales (au sens de contrats commerciaux et de vente de certains produits de luxe). La restitution virtuelle montre aussi que l’ensemble, si visible aujourd’hui, etait en fait completement occulte par le mur peripherique du forum de Trajan.

The use of virtual reality in spatial cognition evaluation has been growing rapidly, mainly because of its potential applications in the training and diagnosis of cognitive impairment and its ability to blend experimental control and ecological validity. However, there are still many gray areas on virtual reality, notably on the sense of presence and its complex relationship to task performance. Performance in VR is often suggested to be influenced by other human factors including, amongst others, cybersickness, gender, video game experience, and field dependence. Would an individual experiencing more presence systematically show better performance? This study aimed to be part of a framework of virtual reality as this question is fundamental for rigorous assessment and diagnostics, and particularly in the spatial cognition field. Forty-eight healthy young subjects were recruited to take part in a virtual spatial cognition evaluation. Spatial cognition performance, along with their level of presence, cybersickness, video game experience, gender and field dependence, were measured. Matrix correlations were used, along with linear regressions and mediation analysis. Results show that presence promoted performance on the spatial cognition evaluation, while cybersickness symptoms hindered it, notably among women. The presence—performance relationship was not mediated by other human factors. Video game experience significantly predicted both sense of presence and cybersickness, the latter two being negatively correlated. Even if women experienced more negative symptoms than men, gender appears less informative than cybersickness and video game experience. Field dependence was not associated with any other variable. Results are discussed by confronting two theories of cognition (representational vs. ecological), highlighting that virtual reality is not a simple transposition of reality but truly a new paradigm with its own biases favoring some individuals more than others, and that some human factors have to be controlled for rigorous uses of virtual environments, particularly for spatial cognition evaluation.

Introduced in 2007 in France, the Green and Blue infrastructure policy, the "Trame verte et bleue" (TVB), aims to conserve biodiversity by preserving, managing and restoring the ecological network. This paper examines the implementation of TVB based on a review of scientific and technical literature relating to four main topics: the concepts of landscape ecology on which TVB is based, the coherence between TVB different scales of implementation, TVB governance and relationship with other environmental policies. The implementation of landscape ecology concepts in this policy has revisited these concepts and has highlighted the need for new tools and knowledge. The translation of the TVB is variable at different scales. Several difficulties are raised in the implementation of the TVB: (1) lack of operationality of a zonal approach to characterize corridors which are reticular and even shifting, (2) articulation of scales struggles to guarantee regional coherence, (3) modes of governance that barely involve non-technical stakeholders and civil society, and (4) incomplete data to identify continuities. The implementation of the TVB is taking place in an increasingly multifunctional perspective combining ecological, landscape and development issues. It is also increasingly being put into perspective with other environmental policies such as the mitigation hierarchy.

Since the 1990s, despite the existence of measures to protect the quality of water, in Europe as well as in France, water pollution persists. Agriculture is one of the activities that affect its quality. Thus, despite the existence of policies encouraging the reduction of the use of pesticides and fertilizers, contaminations remain. The gap between the both ancient and weighty legal system and the fact that pressures still impact the water resource incites us to take a closer look: protecting water quality must be included in broader sustainability issues. To this end, we integrate agricultural activity in the overall framework of Food Systems, in particular the processes of resilience put in place in answer to environmental disturbances. Such an approach allows us in the first place to question the temporalities of the processes involved - ecological, political, changes in individual and collective practices - which contribute to the environmental dynamics of Food Systems. More broadly, our results enable us to reconsider the environmental sustainability of these systems.

Prospective memory (PM) refers to our ability to perform actions at the appropriate moment, either when a predetermined event occurs (event-based, EB) or after a predetermined amount of time (time-based, TB). Sleep favors the consolidation of both EB and TB intentions, but whether this benefit is preserved during ageing is still subject to debate. PM was assessed in 28 young and 27 older healthy volunteers using a virtual environment. Participants had to learn and execute intentions after intervals filled with either daytime wakefulness or nighttime sleep. Intentions consisted of four TB, four EB with a strong link between the cue triggering retrieval and the action to be performed (EB-link) and four with no link (EB-nolink). PM was not affected by age, whatever the type of intention and the nature of the retention interval. While sleep reinforced all types of intentions in young participants, this benefit was only observed for TB and EB-link intentions in older adults. Sleep also reinforced the intrinsic PM components in both groups. Thus, when assessed using complex realistic situations, PM is not impaired in ageing. Results are discussed in the light of memory schema theory and the possible impact of cognitive reserve on sleep and memory.

Le 4 fevrier 2015, dans le cadre du seminaire de l'ERLIS Les Nocturnes du Plan de Rome, a ete donnee a l'Universite de Caen la conference intitulee : Le Colisee. Resume de la conference : Le Colisee, dans sa nouvelle version de restitution, s'integre desormais dans un contexte urbain coherent. Il est entoure d'une statue appelee Colosse de Neron par la tradition, de la fontaine appelee Meta Sudans, de l'arc de Constantin et du Ludus Magnus, la celebre caserne de gladiateurs. Cette nocturne a ete suivie de la projection du film Gladiator de Ridley Scott. L'organisation de cette soiree speciale ne nous a pas permis de prendre les questions du public, nous nous excusons de leur absence.