BACKGROUND:Improving n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) dietary intake could modify the characteristics of breast milk. The "Bleu-Blanc-Cœurr" (BBC) food products display increased α-linolenic acid (ALA) content compared with standard food items. OBJECTIVES:This study aims to evaluate whether improving ALA dietary intake by animal and vegetal BBC products during pregnancy and lactation increases ALA content of breast milk on day (d) 21 postpartum (PP) (primary aim), modifies the fatty acids (FAs), human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), hormone and immune composition of breast milk, as well as the intestinal microbiota of neonates (secondary aims). METHODS:In a single-center, interventional, randomized, open-label trial, adult females, ≤28 wk of amenorrhea, substituted (BBC group) or not [control group (CTRL)] their usual food with BBC animal and vegetal products containing ALA from month 7 of pregnancy until d45-PP. Food intake, breast milk FAs, lipidome, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-6, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin (Ig) A and G, HMOs, and the fecal microbiota composition of neonates were analyzed. RESULTS:Of the 66 included and randomly assigned females, 58 were analyzed. In breast milk, ALA and n-3 PUFA levels were, respectively, 75% and 52% higher at d21-PP, and 38% and 22% higher at d45-PP, in the BBC (n = 28) than in the CTRL (n = 30) groups. At d21-PP, the breast milk lipidome, insulin, IL-6, IgG (P < 0.05), and HMO levels (P < 0.01) differed. The alpha-diversity of the fecal microbiota of neonates at d21-PP was greater (P < 0.05) in the BBC than in the CTRL groups. CONCLUSIONS:Improvement in alpha-linolenic acid dietary intake modifies nutritional and non-nutritional characteristics of breast milk, as well as the fecal microbiota of neonates. Whether this could lead to potential health benefits deserves further investigation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03805997.

Obesity, now considered as a real worldwide epidemic affecting more than 650 million people, is complex and mainly associated with excessive energy intake and changes in eating habits favoring the consumption of diets rich in saturated fat and sugar. This multifactorial pathology is linked to chronic low grade systemic inflammation. Indeed, a high fat diet (HFD) leads to intestinal microbiota dysbiosis increasing gut permeability (partly attributed to a downregulation of genes encoding tight junction proteins) leading to an increase in bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) levels so-called metabolic endotoxemia. Studies have shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in the prevention of obesity and insulin resistance partly through synthesis of lipid mediators. While studies suggest that n-3 PUFAs are able to modulate the gut microbiota, others show no effect of n-3 treatments on intestinal homeostasis. In the present work, we showed that when fed a hypercaloric and obsogenic diet, compared with wild-type (WT) mice, fat-1 mice (with constitutive production of n-3 PUFAs) resist to dietary obesity and associated metabolic disorders, maintain an effective gut barrier function and exhibit greater phylogenic diversity. Moreover, fecal microbiota transplantation from fat-1 to WT mice reversed body weight gain, normalized glucose tolerance and intestinal permeability in association with prevention of alteration of the colon mucus layer. We can conclude that the n-3 PUFA-mediated alterations of gut microbiota contribute to the prevention of metabolic syndrome in fat-1 mice and may represent a promising strategy to prevent metabolic disease and preserve a lean phenotype.

In around 10% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) symptoms are complicated with a severe lung damage called Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which is often lethal. ARDS is mainly associated with an uncontrolled overproduction of immune cells and cytokines, called "cytokine storm syndrome"; it appears 7-15 days following the onset of symptoms, leading to systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure. Because they are well-known metabolic precursors of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LC-PUFAs) could help improve the resolution of the inflammatory balance, limiting therefore the level and duration of the critical inflammatory period. Omega-3 LC-PUFAs may also interact at different stages of the viral infection, notably on the virus entry and replication. In the absence of demonstrated treatment and while waiting for vaccine possibility, the use of omega-3 LC-PUFAs deserve therefore to be considered, based on previous clinical studies suggesting that omega-3 supplementation could improve clinical outcomes of critically ill patients at the acute phase of ARDS. In this context, it is crucial to remind that the omega-3 PUFA dietary intake levels in Western countries remains largely below the current recommendations, considering both the omega-3 precursor α-linolenic acid (ALA) and long chain derivatives such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). An optimized omega-3 PUFAs status could be helpful to prevent infectious diseases, including Covid-19.

Fatty acids intake of French adult population does not comply with the French Population Reference Intakes (PRI). The aim the study is to quantify the impact of a modification of animal feeding system on the fatty acids intake of French population. A 15-day diet representative of average consumption for the French adult male population was developed with animal products derived either from conventional production system (STD) either from a specific production system (Bleu-Blanc-Cœur® [BBC]) that acts on the fatty acids profile of animal products. The impact of a such change in feeding system on fatty acids content has been quantified. BBC diet contributes to reducing the gap between the fatty acid content of a STD diet and the PRI with highest impact on C12:0–14:0–16:0 fatty acids (−4.6 g/d, i.e. 63.3%), C18:3n-3 (+0.8 g/d, i.e. 48.2%), C20:5n-3 (+35 mg/d, i.e. 42.7%), C22:6n-3 (+49 mg/d, i.e. 35%) and the C18:2n-6/C18:3n-3 ratio (−4.9 points, i.e. 43.5%). The research also shows that animal products complement one another. Consuming a variety of animal source foods derived from a specific feeding practices could help reduce the gap between actual consumption and recommended dietary intake of fatty acids.

L'alimentation des vaches joue un rôle prédominant sur la composition en Acides Gras (AG) du lait produit. De nombreux travaux ont comparé les profils en AG de lait issus de vaches ayant consommées différentes rations, soit avec une dominante « Maïs », soit avec une dominante « Herbe », soit avec des compléments lipidiques (1). En Agriculture Biologique, l'autonomie des exploitations est une composante majeure des systèmes et conditionne l'alimentation des troupeaux. Nous avons analysés les laits provenant de troupeaux conduits en Agriculture Biologique afin de caractériser leur profil en AG et de comparer les résultats obtenus aux recommandations de l'association Bleu-Blanc-Cœur, démarche reconnue d'intérêt nutritionnel. Trente profils en AG déterminés par Chromatographie en Phase Gazeuse ont été réalisés sur les laits « de citerne » collectés auprès de 132 élevages Biologiques sur 3 périodes différentes. Les laits de citerne sont collectés lors du ramassage du lait par le laitier et représentent le lait mélangé de 13 exploitations en moyenne. Ces tournées de ramassage ont été sélectionnées pour représenter la variabilité des laits produits et regroupent donc des fermes situées dans différentes régions de France : Aquitaine, Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Côtes d'Armor, Midi-Pyrénées, Nord Pas de Calais, Pays de Loire, Poitou-Charentes, Rhône Alpes, ainsi que différentes saisons de production de lait (hiver, printemps, été). Les producteurs intégrés dans cette étude adhérent au groupement « BIOLAIT » et n'ont pas changé leur pratique alimentaire habituelle durant la période de collecte. (tableau ci-dessous). En moyenne, le profil lipidique des laits Biologiques analysés va dans le sens des recommandations des Apports Nutritionnels Conseillés, sauf pour le C16 :0. En effet, les résultats obtenus en ALA, CLA, LA/ALA, C16 :0/ALA et AGMI/C16 :0 sont respectivement de 0,94 %, 1,13 %, 1,3, 32,33 et 0,96 et satisfont entièrement les recommandations cibles du cahier des charges de production de lait Bleu-Blanc-Cœur. Les résultats obtenus sur les autres AG ou ratios d'intérêt nutritionnel à savoir, C16 :0 et C16 :0/ AGS sont respectivement de 29,58 % et 0,44 et sont proches des recommandations (Tableau). Les laits Biologiques représentatifs des pratiques alimentaires des producteurs du groupement BIOLAIT possèdent des caractéristiques nutritionnelles et en particulier un profil lipidique, en moyenne, conformes au cahier des charges Bleu-Blanc-Cœur. Les laits Biologiques analysés sont donc de plus haute valeur nutritionnelle que les laits conventionnels en moyenne annuelle.Tableau - Communication P016.Empty CellC16 :0ALACLALA/ALAC16 :0/AGSC16 :0/ALAAGMI/C16 :0Obligation de Résultats du cahier des charges BBC Cible (Tolérance)< 28 (< 31,5)> 0,7 (> 0,6)> 0,8 (> 0,6)< 2,9 (< 3,9)< 0,42 (< 0,45)< 45 (< 60)> 0,95 (> 0,75)Lait Biologique Moyenne (± écart-type)29,58 (± 3,14)0,94 (± 0,14)1,13 (± 0,47)1,3 (± 0,29)0,44 (± 0,03)32,33 (± 6,95)0,96 (± 0,17) Tableau - Communication P016.

The mechanism of chiral bisphosphine iron-catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling reactions has been studied via the synthesis of novel radical-clock α-halo-esters and quantum mechanical calculations. These results provide insights into the role of the substrate (halogen and substituents) in competing in-cage and out-of-cage arylation pathways and provide a basis for the future rational design of novel tandem cyclization-arylation reactions using bisphosphine-iron as catalysts.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether higher lucerne (Medicago sativa; alfalfa) silage inclusion rate and longer lucerne chop length improves rumen function through increased provision of physically effective fiber, when included in a maize and lucerne silage-based total mixed ration. Diets were formulated to contain a 50:50 forage:concentrate ratio [dry matter (DM) basis] and be isonitrogenous and contain equal levels of neutral detergent fiber (320 g/kg). The forage portion of the offered diets was composed of maize and lucerne silage DM in proportions (wt/wt) of either 25:75 (high lucerne; HL) or 75:25 (low lucerne; LL). Second-cut lucerne was harvested and conserved as silage at either a long (L) or a short (S) chop length (geometric mean particle lengths of 9.0 and 14.3 mm, respectively). These variables were combined in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to give 4 treatments (HLL, HLS, LLL, LLS), which were fed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design study to 4 rumen-cannulated, multiparous, Holstein dairy cows in mid lactation. Effects on DM intake, chewing behavior, rumen volatile fatty acid concentration, rumen pH, rumen and fecal particle size, milk production, and milk fatty acid profile were measured. Longer chop length increased rumination times per kilogram of DM intake (+2.8 min/kg) relative to the S chop length, with HLL diets resulting in the most rumination chews. Rumen concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, acetate, and n-valerate were higher for the HLS diet than the other 3 diets, whereas rumen propionate concentration was lowest for the HLL diet. Physically effective fiber (particles >4 mm) percentage in the rumen mat was increased when L chop length was fed regardless of lucerne inclusion rate. No effect of treatment was observed for milk yield, although milk protein concentration was increased by L for the LL diet (+1.6 g/kg) and decreased by L for the HLL diet (−1.4 g/kg). Milk fat concentrations of total cis-18:1 (+3.7 g/100 g of fatty acids) and 18:3 n-3 (+0.2 g/100 g of fatty acids) were greater with HL. In conclusion, longer lucerne silage chop length increased time spent ruminating per kilogram of DM intake, but had no effect on rumen pH in the present study. Increasing dietary lucerne inclusion rate had no effects on rumination activity or rumen pH, but decreased the ratio of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in milk fat.

The invention relates to a method for evaluating "the effectiveness of a feed ration" a dairy ruminant, this "efficiency" being defined as the ratio between "Excretion", i.e. all components of milk interest, expressed by weight and produced by day and "Ingestion", i.e. all the organic and inorganic components of the diet, by weight ingested per day, characterized in that it comprises the implementation of the following: a / a sample of milk, conduct its analysis and define for this sample, at least one of the following indicators: b1 / indicator EL "dairy efficiency"; b2 / the "protein efficiency indicator EP"; b3 / the "IRU rumination indicator"; b4 / the "IS ration health indicator"; c / calculate the "Effectiveness of the diet ERA" according to the following relationship: ERA = (w * x * EL + EP + y * + z * IS IRU) + t

L’utilisation du lin en nutrition est faible malgré ses nombreux atouts (richesse en oméga-3, en antioxydant, en fibres). L’utilisation du lin dans l’alimentation est en progression et peut se faire soit sous forme de graines de lin thermo-extrudées directement introduites dans l’alimentation humaine, soit via l’ingestion de produits animaux issus de la filière lin. Ces produits ont montré de nombreux effets bénéfiques sur la santé humaine comme par exemple une baisse du cholestérol et des triglycérides, une amélioration du profil en acides gras du sang chez des volontaires sains, ou une limitation de la reprise de poids postrégime chez des individus obèses. En outre, la réintroduction du lin dans les rations animales impacte de façon positive sur l’environnement, puisque cette culture nécessite moins d’intrants (pesticides…) que les cultures conventionnelles et induit une baisse du méthane émis par les vaches laitières lorsque celles-ci sont nourries avec de la graine de lin extrudée.