Received for publication 19 Dec. 2005. Accepted for publication 25 Jan. 2006. This research was partially funded by the Washington Red Raspberry Commission and the Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission. Washington State University, College of Agricultural, Human and Natural Resource Sciences, Pullman. Project No. 0640. The assistance of the following persons in testing ‘Cascade Dawn’ is gratefully acknowledged: Chad Finn, USDA–ARS Northwest Center for Small Fruit Research, Corvallis, Ore.; Bernadine Strik, Oregon State University, Corvallis; Steve Klauer and Martin Nicholson, Washington State University Vancouver Research and Extension Unit; Gary Moulton, Washington State University Mt. Vernon Research and Extension Unit. Scientist; e-mail moorepp@wsu.edu. ‘Cascade Dawn’ Red Raspberry Patrick P. Moore Washington State University Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371

Tillamook' is a high-yielding, large-fruited, midseason cultivar with very high fruit quality that is suited to the fresh and processed markets.'Tillamook' is named after the Native American tribe who lived along the Pacifi c Coast on Tillamook Bay and current site of the city of Tillamook, Ore. 'Pinnacle' is a high-yielding, large-fruited, early midseason cultivar with very high fruit quality that is most suited

Red raspberry fruit characteristics were measured and the significance of genotype (G), environment (E) and genotype x environment (GxE) effects determined. Fruit characteristics were measured on red-ripe fruit of six Pacific Northwest (PNW) red raspberry cultivars harvested from three locations in the PNW in 1997 and five cultivars in 1998. There were significant G or E effects for all variables except chroma of fruit in 1997 and the L* value of fruit in 1998. There were no significant GxE effects in 1997 and only for number of aborted drupelets, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and hue angle in 1998. Five cultivars were sampled in both years in two locations. This data subset was analyzed and G, E, year (Y), GxE, GxY and GxExY effects partitioned. There were significant G effects for 10 of the 13 variables, E effects for 6 variables, Y effects for 7 variables, GxE effects only for pH, GxY effects for 4 variables, and GxExY effects for 6 variables. There were significant GxY or GxExY effects for 8 of the 13 variables. This implies that for most of these traits, testing in several environments may be less important than testing over several years.

The North American raspberry and blackberry breeding programmes conducted by the USDA-ARS in Oregon (USDA), the University of Maryland (UMD), Washington State University (WSU), North Carolina State University (NCSU) and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) have attempted to use at least 58 Rubus species in the Anoplobatus (2 species), Chamaemorus (1), Cylactis (1), Dalibardastrum (1), Idaeobatus (25), Inter-subgeneric hybrid (1), Malachobatus (10), Orobatus (3), and Rubus (14) subgenera in their breeding programmes over the past two decades. The species include: Rubus arcticus L., R. arcticus nothosubsp. stellarcticus G. Larsson, R. argutus Link, R. assamensis Focke, R. axillaris Lej., R. bogotensis Kunth., R. caesius L., R. canadensis L., R. caucasicus Focke, R. chamaemorus L., R. cockburnianus Hemsl., R. corchorifolius L. f., R. coreanus Miq., R. crataegifolius Bunge, R. cuneifolius Pursh., R. cyri Juz., R. deliciosus Torr, R. ellipticus Sm., R. eustephanos Focke ex Diels, R. flagellaris Willd., R. flosculosus Focke, R. formosensis Kuntze, R. georgicus Focke, R. glabratus Kunth, R. glaucus Benth., R. hayata-koidzumii Naruh, R. hirsutus Thunb., R. hoffmeisterianus Kunth & C.D. Bouche, R. hunanensis Hand.-Mazz., R. idaeus L., R. idaeus subsp. strigosus, R. innominatus S. Moore, R. insularis F. Aresch, R. irenaeus Focke, R. lambertianus Ser., R. lasiostylus Focke, R. leucodermis Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray, R. multibracteatus H. Lev. & Vaniot, R. niveus Thunb., R. nubigenus Kunth (syn. R. macrocarpus Benth.), R. occidentalis L., R. parviflorus Nutt., R. parvifolius L., R. phoenicolasius Maxim., R. pileatus Focke, R. pinfaensis H. Lev. & Vaniot, R. pungens Cambess., R. roseus Poir., R. rosifolius Sm., R. sachalinensis H. Lev., R. setchuenensis Bur. & Franch., R. spectabilis Pursh, R. strigosus Michx., R. sumatranus Miq., R. swinhoeii Hance, R. tephrodes Hance, R. trifidus Thunb., R. trivialis Michx., R. tsangorum Hand.-Mazz., R. ursinus Cham. & Schltdl., and R. urticifolius Poir. The experiences of these five programmes with these species have been compiled and are available at: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cor/rubus/rubus.uses.html .

Additional index words. Fragaria ×ananassa, fruit breeding but not for fruit weight and percent fruit rot (P ≥ 0.05). When each harvest season was analyzed separately (Table 1) ‘Schwartze’ had high yields of late fruit with small amounts of preharvest fruit rot in each year. In 1999, ‘Schwartze’, ‘Independence’, ‘Whonnock’, and ‘Totem’ had the smallest average fruit weight among the nine cultivars. In 2000, ‘Schwartze’ also had the smallest value for average fruit weight, but there were no significant differences among cultivars. In 1999, ‘Schwartze’ had the latest midpoint of harvest and ‘Schwartze’, ‘Firecracker’ and ‘Independence’ had the latest midpoints of harvest in 2000. ‘Schwartze’ was also tested in replicated plantings by the USDA–ARS at Oregon State Univ. North Willamette Research and Extension Center at Aurora, Ore. and by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada at Abbotsford, B.C. In the Oregon test, yield of ‘Schwartze’ was greater than ‘Totem’ and similar to ‘Puget Reliance’. Fruit weight in the second harvest season was small with lower yields (data not shown). In British Columbia, ‘Schwartze’ produced small fruit and moderate yields.

We identified and quantified volatile aroma compounds from red raspberry fruit to determine the influence of genotype (G), environment (E) and genotype x environment (GxE) in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the US and Canada. Raspberry ketone and 28 volatile compounds were extracted from red-ripe fruit of PNW cultivars harvested from 3 locations in 1997 and 1998. There were significant G or E effects for 26 of 34 variables in 1997 and 23 variables in 1998. Seven variables had significant GxE effects in both years, while 13 variables had nonsignificant GxE effects in both years. Five cultivars were sampled in both years in two locations. There were significant GxE effects for 11 of 34 variables, but significant GxY and GxExY effects for 22 variables.

breeding programs along with native R. idaeus var.strigosus (Michaux) Maxim.material from Mt. Mitchell, N.C.'Lewis' and 'Coho' (Finn et al., 2001) are the first cultivars released with the native R. idaeus var strigosus from North Carolina in their derivation.The cultivar has been tested

Plots of 19 clones of strawberry ( Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) were planted in 1996. Fruit of 16 clones were harvested in 1997 and fruit of 11 of the same clones plus three additional clones in 1998. Individual plots were harvested on three or four dates in 1997 and from three to seven dates in 1998. Fruit firmness was determined with a penetrometer at harvest, and additional samples were processed and frozen for subsequent determination of percentage of drained weight. Clones differed in firmness in both years and in drained weight in 1998, but not in 1997. Drained weight varied considerably from harvest-to-harvest. Correlations between firmness and drained weight were significant ( P ≤ 0.01) in both years, but firmness was not a good predictor of drained weight. The correlation between drained weight of fruits in 1997 and those of fruits from the same plots in 1998 was nonsignificant, but that between firmness in 1997 and firmness in 1998 was significant at P ≤ 0.05.

Fruit weight, drupelet number, drupelet weight and seed weight were measured for five fruit per plot for raspberries in plantings established at Puyallup, Wash. Primary fruit were harvested in the first and second harvest seasons for raspberries in three plantings established in 1990, 1991 and 1992. For pooled data from the 124 plots sampled in this study, mean fruit weight fruit and drupelet weight increased from the first to the second season, while there was no increase in drupelet number. The planting established in 1992 did not follow the same pattern as the pooled data. In the 1992 planting the drupelet number increased, but drupelet weight did not increase from the first to the second harvest season. This may be the result of weather conditions at the time of fruit initiation or fruit development.

Clones of red raspberry Rubus idaeus L., and other Rubus species were tested in the greenhouse for resistance to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The red raspberry advanced selection, WSU 968, R parvifolius 'Cherry', and Dormanred (1/4 R. idaeus, 3/4 R parvifolius) were the most resistant clones. Red raspberry 'Willamette', 'Meeker', and appeared healthy. WSU 968 and Cherry transmitted the resistance to their progeny when crossed with red raspberry clones.

More than 170 clones of Fragari × ananassa Duch., F. chiloensis (L.) Duch., and F. virginiana Duch. were tested for resistance to the twospotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae Koch). Twenty-seven clones had >75% fewer mites than did F. ×ananassa `Totem', a susceptible clone. About two-thirds of the clones also were tested for resistance to the strawberry aphid [ Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell)]. Survival and reproduction was significantly lower on two clones each of F. × ananassa and F. virginiana than on `Totem'.

Additional index words.Fragaria ×ananassa, fruit breeding 'Totem' and averaged <1 day before 'Totem'.Three of the plantings were harvested for a second fruiting season.'Puget Reliance' had higher second-fruiting season yield, higher 2-year yield, and heavier fruit than 'Sumas' or 'Totem' (Table 2).In 1992 at Puyallup and Mt.Vernon, virusinfected plants and virus-negative plants of 'Puget Reliance' were planted.At both locations, there were no differences between the virus-infected plants and the virus-negative plants for yield or fruit weight (data not shown), indicating tolerance of virus.Virus-free 'Puget Reliance' was not available for the 1989 and 1991 plantings at Puyallup.In those plantings, virus-infected 'Puget Reliance' plants had 58% and 53% higher first-year yields than virusfree planting stock of 'Totem' and 'Sumas', respectively.'Puget Reliance' was tested by the USDA-ARS at Oregon State Univ.North Willamette Research and Extension Center, Aurora, and by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada at Abbotsford, B.C.In 1994, 'Puget Reliance' produced 40% more fruit than 'Totem' in replicated trials at Aurora (data not shown).'Puget Reliance' was rated as one of the best for fruit quality at Abbotsford (Hugh Daubeny, personal communication).However, it was susceptible to postharvest fruit rot.Frozen fruit samples of 'Puget Reliance' and other cultivars from the 1992 season at Puyallup were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids concentration (Table 3), and total anthocyanins determined as pelargonidin-3-glucoside, molar absorbancy 31,600 (Wrolstad et al., 1970).The pH of 'Puget Reliance' and 'Redcrest' was similar.'Redcrest' produces tart fruit with excellent color and texture as a frozen sliced product (Stahler et al., 1995).A pH below 3.51 is

Eleven clones of Fragaria spp. were tested for resistance to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, at Dover, Fla.; Watsonville, Calif.; and Vancouver, Wash. Ten clones, which had been selected previously as being mite-resistant, had generally the same relative resistance when compared to susceptible `Totem' at all three of the widely separated locations. It appears that Fragaria clones selected for resistance to spider mites at one location likely will be resistant elsewhere, in spite of environmental differences.

Corvallis, Ore., as a cultivar for high-quality processing strawberry production.The Pacific Northwest strawberry industry produces primarily for processing, and there is a need to improve the quality of the product if the region is to remain competitive.'Redcrest' has the color and texture to provide excellent sliced or individually quick-

Additional index words.Fragaria ×ananassa, fruit breeding, disease resistance good-flavored fruit that can be used for processing or local fresh market and home gardening.'Redgem' is especially suited for individually quick-frozen (IQF) processing, i.e., entire fruits are frozen.'Bountiful' fruit is brightly colored and possesses good processing qualities.It is suitable for machine harvesting with potentially high yields of late-season, ripe fruit from single harvests. Origin'Redgem', tested as ORUS 4459, was selected in 1972 from the cross 'Benton' x ORUS 3596 (Fig. 1).'Bountiful' originated from the cross 'Linn' x 'Totem' (Fig. 2) and was selected in 1972 and tested as ORUS 4688.Yield data were obtained from replicated 1-and 2-year-old plots at Aurora, Ore., in 1987-88, and incompletely replicated plots at Puyallup, Wash., in 1985-87.Disease testing occurred in the USDA red stele testing program at Corvallis and in field trials at Aurora and Corvallis.Chemical property and sensory evaluations were performed by the Food Science and Technology Dept. at OSU.

Pedigrees of 137 red raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.) varieties released throughout the world since 1960 were used to calculate: 1) the genetic contribution of founding clones to these varieties; 2) genetic relatedness among them; and 3) their inbreeding coefficients. Fifty founding clones contributed to the pedigrees of these varieties with a mean genetic contribution ranging from <0.1% to 21%. Varieties were clustered according to the genetic contribution into groups strongly related to geographical origin. Varieties developed in the former USSR and derived from `Novost Kuzmina' formed a distinct cluster. The remaining varieties were clustered in groups based mainly on whether they were of North American or European origin. Varieties were clustered also on the basis of Wright's coefficient of relationship-a measure of genetic relatedness. Cluster groups were related to their geographical origin and the varieties within the groups could be traced to similar intermediate parents. Inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0.0 to 0.625 and were related, in part, to the numbers of generations of controlled hybridization from common ancestors. The British group, with the largest number of generations of breeding, had a low mean inbreeding coefficient, indicating that inbreeding can be minimized with attention to the mating system. Strategies are suggested for maintaining and increasing the genetic diversity in the world's red raspberry breeding populations.

The relationships among raspberry (Rubus spp.) clones were investigated using southern hybridization. Total DNA from 22 clones were digested with Bam III and Eco RI and hybridized with two sequences from a Pst I tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) chloroplast library. A total of 40 different restriction fragments were distinguished for the four enzyme probe combinations. These fragments distinguished seven groups of clones with members of each group having identical fragment patterns. Clones with R. idaeus L. maternal ancestry were distinct from those with R. occident&s L. or R. parvifolius L. ancestry. Differences were detected between R. idaeus vulgatus Arrhen. and R. idaeus strigosus (Michx.). No commercial cultivars had chloroplast DNA patterns that were the same as an accession of the R. idaeus strigosus subspecies.