A new Salmonella type, S. lomalinda, was described. The culture was represented by the antigenic formula IX, XII: a-e, n,x This formula was erroneously attributed to S. durban, which in reality possesses antigens IX, XII: a-e,n,z15 The two types presented biochemical as well as antigenic differences.

The designation, Newington, is proposed for those cultures of S. anatum having the antigenic formula III XV: eh : 1, 4, 6. A new type, New Brunswick, is described which is represented by the formula III XV: lv : 1, 7 +. Attention is called to the inadequacy of the symbols currently employed in the representation of the non-specific antigens to express correctly the non-specific phases of the Nyborg and New Brunswick types.

A. Salmonella florida. The only culture of S. florida thus far recognized was isolated by Mrs. Mildred Galton from the feces of a patient affected with a febrile disease which was accompanied by diarrhea. It was sent to the writers for serological examination. The organism possessed the cultural and biochemical characteristics of the Salmonella. Acid and gas were produced from glucose, xylose, rhamnose, maltose, trehalose, and sorbitol. Lactose, sucrose, inositol, adonitol, and salicin were not fermented. Dextro-tartrate, citrate, and mucate were attacked but levo-tartrate and meso-tartrate were unaffected. The bacillus produced large amounts of H2S but did not form indol nor liquefy gelatin. Alcohol-treated suspensions of the organism were agglutinated to the titer of S. onderste-poort O serum [(I), VI, XIV, XXV] and to a lesser degree by S. carrau O serum (VI, XIV, XXIV). When tested with absorbed serums the organism was found to possess antigen XXV and a portion of antigen I. No agglutination occurred in XXIV serum. In absorption tests the bacillus removed practically all agglutinins from S. onderstepoort O serum, leaving only traces of agglutinins for the homologous strain. The O antigens of S. florida may be expressed as (I), VI, XIV, XXV. Examination of the H antigens revealed that the bacillus was diphasic. Phase 1 was agglutinated strongly by S. typhi serum and by all other serums containing agglutinins for antigen d. In absorption tests it wras found that 5. florida did not completely remove agglutinins from S. typhi, S. Oregon or S. muenchen serum, although it caused a reduction of 90 to 95% of their respective titers. The complexity of antigen d was emphasized by Kauffmann,1 by Hormaeche and Pelufiot2 and by Edwards and Bruner.3 This lack of identity in the related antigens designated by the symbol d accounts for the inability of S. florida to affect a complete removal of agglutinins from various d serums.

Summary Two new Salmonella types, both of whose specific phases contain antigen 1 are described. S. amherstiana, which was isolated from poults, was represented by the antigenic formula (VIII):1, (v) … — 1, 6…. S. javiana was isolated from a child affected with gastro-enteritis and from normal human carriers and was represented by the antigenic formula [I], IX, XII…:1, z28… — 1, 5…. Attention was called to the complexity of the phases containing antigen 1.

Journal Article A Group of Coliform Bacilli Serologically Related to the Genus Sallvionella Get access C. A. Peluffo, C. A. Peluffo From the Department of Animal Pathology Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P. R. Edwards, P. R. Edwards From the Department of Animal Pathology Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. W. Bruner D. W. Bruner From the Department of Animal Pathology Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 70, Issue 2, March 1942, Pages 185–192, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/70.2.185 Published: 01 March 1942 Article history Received: 17 September 1941 Published: 01 March 1942

Two new Salmonella types with undescribed flagellar antigens were reported. Salmonella tennessee was represented by the antigenic formula, VI, VII:z29. The antigens of Salmonella simsbury were characterized as I, III, XIX :z27. Each type is represented by a single strain isolated from the feces of normal human carriers.

Phases induced by growth in immune serum have been demonstrated in a number of enteric bacilli. Kauffmann (1936) found a second phase in Eberthella typhosa after the organism was cultivated in agglutinating serum derived from the Muenchen type. While Kauffmann found this variant to be irreversible, Edwards and Bruner (1939) reverted similar forms to the original phase by cultivation in serum derived from the variants. Induced phases were described by Kauffmann and Tesdal (1937) in the Schleissheim type and by Gard (1938) in Salmonella abortus-canis. Both the latter types are monophasic under ordinary conditions of culture. Gnosspelius (1939) induced variants with altered flagellar antigens in the naturally diphasic types Stanley and Hvittingfoss. These forms also were irreversible even when cultivated in homologous immune serums. It is significant that all the phases described above were "artificial" phases; that is, they possessed no antigenic relationships to the naturally occurring antigens of the genus Salmonella. The cultivation of Salmonella strains in immune serum does not always lead to the isolation of artificial phases, as witness the results obtained in the study of the "totally and permanently non-specific" Salmonella types. Thus, through cultivation in immune serum, Scott (1926) isolated a specific phase from a nonspecific culture of the Thompson type and Gard isolated specific

Journal Article TWO NEW SALMONELLA TYPES CLOSELY RELATED TO SALMONELLA MUENCHEN Get access P. R. EDWARDS, P. R. EDWARDS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. W. BRUNER D. W. BRUNER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 34-SectionB, Issue 3, November 1941, Pages 121–124, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118741 Published: 01 November 1941 Article history Received: 07 January 1941 Published: 01 November 1941

Journal Article The Beta Phases of the Genus Salmonella with Special Reference to Two Undescribed Salmonella Types Get access P. R. Edwards, P. R. Edwards From the Department of Animal Pathology, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. W. Bruner D. W. Bruner From the Department of Animal Pathology, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 69, Issue 3, November 1941, Pages 220–223, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/69.3.220 Published: 01 November 1941 Article history Received: 14 October 1940 Published: 01 November 1941

Summary A new Salmomlla type, Salmonella lexington, is described. It was isolated from the mesenteric lymph glands of apparently normal hogs. The organism is represented by the anti-genic formula III X XXVI:z10:1,5…

affected with gastro-enteritis. Cernozubov, Filipovic and Stavel2 reported 12 cases in which Salmonella typhi and Salmonella enteritidis were present in the same individual. In three of these cases the bacilli were obtained simultaneously from blood cultures. These writers further record two instances in which Salmonella paratyphi B and S. typhi were isolated from patients and one instance in which S. senftenberg, S. derby and Salmonella cholerae-suis var. kunzendorf were found in persons infected with S. typhi. In addition they described the simultaneous isolation from blood cultures of S. paratyphi B and S. enteritidis and of S. paratyphi A and Salmonella typhi-murium. Schiff and Strauss3 reported the isolation of S. typhi-murium and S. amersfoort from a blood culture of a patient affected with a typhoid-like fever. Hormaeche4 found two Salmonella species in each of 9 cases of diarrhea in infants. The types encountered in these cases were not listed. In animals also the simultaneous isolation of 2 or more Salmonella species has been recorded. Tesdal5 recognized

Journal Article FURTHER STUDIES ON BIOCHEMICAL AND SEROLOGICAL VARIETES OF SALMONELLA TYPHI-MURIUM Get access P.R. EDWARDS, P.R. EDWARDS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D.W. BRUNER D.W. BRUNER 2From the Department of Animal Pathology Kentucky Agricultural Experiment StationLexington, Kentocky Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 29-SectionB, Issue 1, January 1939, Pages 24–31, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118473 Published: 01 January 1939 Article history Received: 25 July 1938 Published: 01 January 1939

The discovery by Andrewes (1922) that certain Salmonella species could be divided into specific and nonspecific phases by selection of colonies offered an entirely new approach to the differentiation of types within the paratyphoid group. This work was followed by the observation of Kauffmann and Mitsui (1930) that some types which did not display nonspecific components could be separated into two phases which exhibited different antigenic properties. This phenomenon was shown to be comparable to the specific-nonspecific variation of Andrewes and was called alpha-beta phase variation. While it has been demonstrated that many Salmonella types are diphasic, a number are still considered to be monophasic species which are not subject to phase variation. The value of antiserums in inducing phase variation has been recognized for several years. Scott (1926) was able to isolate the specific phase from nonspecific cultures of the Thompson type by transferring them in broth which contained serum derived from the nonspecific phase. Using the same method Kauffmann (1936) was able to demonstrate a second phase in the typhoid bacillus, which had hitherto been considered monophasic. Wass6n (1935) originated a method for the separation of phases which was based on the immobilizing effect of agglutinating serums. The details of this method were described by Bruner and Edwards

The discovery of phase variation by Andrewes (1922) has had a profound effect on the differentiation of Salmonella types. This phenomenon and the demonstration of heat-stable and heatlabile receptors by Weil and Felix (1920) form the basis for the modern classification of the paratyphoid group. Through the work of a number of investigators it has gradually been accepted that the motile Salmonella strains are divisible into four groups. These are as follows: A. Diphasic strains possessing the specific and non-specific phases of Andrewes (1922). B. Diphasic cultures which display a variation confined to two specific antigens. This is the alpha-beta phase variation of Kauffmann and Mitsui (1930). C. Monophasic cultures which exist only in the specific phase. D. Monophasic cultures which exist only in the non-specific phase. These are usually considered as the non-specific counterparts of diphasic cultures. It is with the fourth group, the forms generally regarded as being totally and permanently non-specific, that the present paper deals. This group is composed of five varieties: Binns, Kunzendorf, Voldagsen, Berlin and Puerto Rico. It is proposed to demonstrate that these organisms are not totally non-specific but are actually diphasic and possess specific components.