A mobile agent is a small piece of program that migrates automatically among different platform and executes their assign task. Mobile agent migrate in malicious and unsecure networks so three will be chances of compromising mobile agent as well as mobile agent platform. So, at the hour mobile agent executing life cycle there will be chances of stealing confidential information about platform and mobile agents. The uses of mobile agent is growing exponentially in various fields such as distributing computing, cloud computing, Internet of things and security of health care data. Ensuring the security and integrity of patient medical records in healthcare systems is critical especially in mobile agent based environments where information is transmitted across malicious distributed networks. This presents a lightweight authentication framework for mobile agents based on the Stern Brocot tree using its unique mediant property for secure key creation and verification of sensitive patient information. By dynamically deriving authentication tokens from the tree structure the proposed framework ensures low computational cost, reduced communication overhead and enhanced scalability compared to traditional methods. Performance analysis as compare with Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), Hash-based Authentication, Shamir’s Secret Sharing, Euler-based Authentication and CRT-based Authentication shows that our approach achieves up to 40 percent lower communication overhead and 25 percent faster authentication time making it highly suitable for resource constrained environments such as IoT-based mobile agent platforms. Graphical analysis highlights the efficiency, scalability and security advantages of the proposed method positioning it as a robust alternative for mobile agent authentication.

Mobile agents are powerful advanced technology for distributing computing with intelligent and autonomous execution of assigned tasks. During the execution, mobile agent utilizes a specific life cycle in malicious environment. Collaboration of mobile agents for securing medical data like patient data, patient medical report etc. play important role. In the digital world, smart health care system is required. For secure transfer of patient information from one hospital to another hospital a framework is proposed based on variable threshold Chinese remainder theorem with present and pride lightweight cipher. Chinese remainder theorem is used for secret sharing of key among hospitals. The VT-CRT technique dynamically modifies the threshold in response to system variables, improving adaptability and security while minimizing computing cost. Present and pride are used for encryption and decryption of electronic medical records. This is the collaborative approach of mobile agents for creation and recreation of secret keys among hospitals for authentication. The effectiveness of the healthcare system is determined by the ability to share medical information safely and effectively. The lightweight PRIDE and PRESENT encryption methods provide efficient and low-latency encryption that is ideal for limited resources medical devices. The framework is compared to popular cryptographic systems like AES, DES, and Blowfish in terms of time complexity, communication cost, flexibility, and memory usage. Investigational findings show that the proposed framework enhances security while maintaining optimal speed, making it a reliable solution for safe patient’s information sharing in medical applications.

The study aimed to separate X and Y buffalo sperm using R848, a TLR7/8 agonist. Semen from three Murrah buffalo bulls were collected and divided into aliquots for swim-up in modified human tubal fluid (mHTF) medium with varying concentrations of R848 (0, 0.03, 0.3, and 3 μM). After the treatments and swim-up, the uppermost and lowermost layers of semen were assessed using computer-assisted sperm analyser (CASA) and flow cytometry. TLR7/8 receptors were found present in approximately 50 % of sperm as determined by immunofluorescence assay. Sperm velocities (VCL, VAP, VSL) decreased with increasing R848 concentrations, whereas mitochondrial health (mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide production) remained unaffected. Based on sperm velocity, sperm treated with 0.3 μM R848 was selected for in vitro fertilization. The cleavage and blastocyst production rates were normal across the groups, ranging from 69 % to 76 % and 21 %-26 %, respectively, indicating the treatment does not affect cleavage and blastocyst production rates. In this study, the efficiency of separating X and Y sperm was determined using embryo sexing. The blastocysts produced from the uppermost and lowermost layers of semen through IVF resulted in 75 % male and 75 % female, respectively. Thus, the study develops a simple new method for efficiently separating X and Y sperm in buffalo, enabling the selective production of male or female progeny.

Despite having strong pedigree records, passing breeding soundness evaluations, and receiving appropriate management and nutrition, some breeding bulls consistently underperform in similar environmental conditions where other bulls thrive. These underperforming bulls are economically unsuitable for semen stations that produce semen doses. Our study aims to predict the performance of breeding bulls based on hair cortisol and testosterone concentrations. We also measured these hormones in buffalo calves. Furthermore, we assessed seminal plasma cortisol and testosterone concentrations in poor-quality and good-quality ejaculates. To evaluate bull performance, we categorized the bulls into two groups based on ejaculate discard rates: consistent (n = 9) and inconsistent semen quality bulls (n = 6). The breeding bulls' hair cortisol and testosterone levels were evaluated at two-month intervals for one year. We analyzed the semen from both groups for motility and kinematic parameters using a computer-assisted semen analyzer and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and superoxide production through flow cytometry. The bulls that exhibited consistent semen quality had higher (P < 0.05) hair testosterone concentrations than those with inconsistent quality; however, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in hair cortisol levels between the two groups. Additionally, the ejaculates from bulls with inconsistent semen quality met minimum standards, showing no differences (P > 0.05) in sperm motility. However, mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide production were compromised at the subcellular level. Acrosome integrity was also lower (P < 0.05) in bulls with inconsistent semen quality than those with consistent quality. In poor-quality ejaculates, regardless of the bull group, cortisol and testosterone concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) than in good-quality ejaculates intended for cryopreservation. Additionally, hair testosterone concentration increased with age in male calves, while hair cortisol levels were higher during July-August and lower from March to April. In conclusion, bulls that exhibited consistent semen quality appear stress-tolerant, while those with inconsistent quality are more stress-susceptible. Our findings suggest that hair testosterone is a better indicator of stress in breeding bulls than hair cortisol.

For cattle bulls, only ejaculates with a sperm concentration of 500 million/mL or higher are selected for sperm cryopreservation. There is no established ejaculate’s minimum sperm concentration threshold for buffalo semen cryopreservation. Therefore, the first objective of the study was to determine the percentage of ejaculates of buffalo bulls having concentrations lower than 500 million/mL, the percentage of ejaculates suitable for cryopreservation across different concentrations of donated ejaculates, and to estimate the impact of ejaculate concentrations on the production of semen doses. The second objective was to evaluate the post-thaw sperm quality of ejaculates that initially met the criteria for cryopreservation. After analyzing 5,347 ejaculates from 31 buffalo bulls, it was found that 9.96% of the buffalo semen ejaculates had a sperm concentration of less than 500 million/mL. Of these, 48% qualified the minimum criteria, mainly based on sperm motility. The maximum semen doses (8.79%) were produced by the ejaculates with a sperm concentration between 1,101 and 1,201 million/mL. For the second objective of the study, the ejaculates were categorized into four groups: <300, 300–400, >400- < 500, and ≥ 500 million sperm/mL, diluted to a final concentration of 80 million sperm/mL and cryopreserved. The frozen–thawed sperm of different groups were evaluated by a computer-assisted sperm analyser (CASA) and a flow cytometer. Remarkably, it was found that sperm motility, integrity of plasma and acrosome membrane, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) when the ejaculates of category <300 were cryopreserved, despite being qualified in subjective motility analysis compared to the other categories. Except for the category <300, in all the other three categories, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the percentage of spermatozoa in MMP. The highest and lowest percentages of spermatozoa with high mitochondrial superoxide were found in categories <300 and ≥500, respectively. In conclusion, buffalo semen ejaculates with a concentration greater than 300 million sperm/mL should be considered for cryopreservation.

The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria from antibiotic interactions with biological targets during microbial infection treatments has become a global health issue. Thus, in search of development of reliable and effective antimicrobial treatments, a family of three transition metal complexes was synthesized from a Schiff base ligand by condensing 2-amino-4-chlorophenol and o-vanillin, and characterized using various analytical techniques, including FTIR, UV-vis, mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, thermal analysis and elemental analysis. Computational studies were conducted to investigate the molecular properties of the synthesized compounds, including optimized molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, frontier molecular orbitals, molecular electrostatic potential and natural bond orbitals. Metal complexes were screened for their antimicrobial properties against various microorganisms, including Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), as well as fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations, zone of inhibition assays and studying growth curves. The results suggest that all newly synthesized complexes have potent antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nickel(II) complex showed the most promising activity against Escherichia coli (19.7 mm; MIC 0.0075 mu g/mL), while both the cobalt(II) complex and nickel(II) complex demonstrated greater potency against Bacillus subtilis (21 mm; MIC = 0.1875 mu g/mL).

Relative copy number of mitochondria was estimated for the potential association with the expression of mitochondrial coded stress related genes in bubaline spermatozoa. Semen samples were collected from buffalo bulls under two extreme temperature-humidity index conditions: hot summer and winter. Based on the semen quality, the bulls were categorized: exhibiting poor semen quality during hot summer as "seasonally affected," while those maintaining good semen quality throughout the year, as "seasonally not affected". The average mitochondrial copy numbers were lower during hot summer (15.42 ± 1.2368) compared to winter (17.29 ± 0.72) in both the groups. Furthermore, within the hot summer period, bulls classified as seasonally affected exhibited significantly lower mitochondrial copy numbers (12.86 ± 1.343) than their seasonally unaffected counterpart (17.97 ± 1.34). These results suggest a potential role of mitochondria in influencing semen quality, particularly in response to impaired scrotal thermoregulation during the summer season. Although the fold change in apoptotic genes (BCL2, MCL1, CASP3, and BAK) and oxidative panel genes (CAT, SOD, GPx, ATF4, and FOXO-3), did not differ significantly across the groups, differences were observed between the seasons. Further, to understand the role of copy number in apoptosis and ROS scavenging across the seasons and the groups, the generalized mixed model was employed. The results conveyed a significant negative interaction of copy number with the expression of CAT gene and significant positive interaction of copy number with the apoptotic gene panel. Our findings underscore the significant role of mitochondrial copy numbers in domestic buffalo spermatozoa in managing the challenges of thermoregulation posed by harsh tropical conditions.

First-principles calculations are carried out to investigate the effect of pressure (up to 40 GPa) on electronic, optical and elastic properties of the scintillator material calcium iodide, CaI2, by using Perdew-Burke-Ernzerh of generalized gradient approximation (PBE-GGA). The electronic band structure reveals an indirect band gap of 3.89 eV and a direct band gap of 4.35 eV for zero pressure. We have also calculated the pressure dependence of optical properties. The elastic constants and elastic moduli increase nonlinearly with pressure. Decreasing Pugh's ratio and increasing hardness with pressure indicate a cross-over from ductile to brittle nature at 5 GPa. Analyses of elastic properties show that CaI2 is mechanically stable up to the applied pressure of 40 GPa. The calculated light yield increases linearly with pressure yielding a pressure coefficient of 1327 ph/MeV per GPa due to the decreasing band gap. Light yield increases as much as 62% at 40 GPa.

Perfectly (040) oriented Thallium iodide films grown by vacuum thermal evaporation were found to have strain and band gap uncorrelated with their film thicknesses. Band structure of orthorhombic TlI was calculated using Density functional Theory (DFT) with appropriate functional. Elastic constants were calculated for determining the residual stress from strain. Band gaps of films linearly correlate with their residual stress. Experimental stress free direct band gap 2.92 eV determined from band gap -residual stress correlation matches quite closely with calculated 2.88 eV. Pressure coefficient of band gap -1 eV/GPa was determined from the residual stress dependence of band gap.

•Structural and optical properties of orthorhombic TlI films are investigated using DFT calculations and experiment.•Films show a perfect (040) oriented growth with strain without exception for any growth condition.•Hill’s value of Young’s modulus (16.72 GPa) and Poisson ratio (0.329) were calculated for strain to stress conversion.•Direct Band gap of films linearly correlate with their residual stress with pressure coefficient of band gap −1eV/GPa.•Stress free band gap of 2.92 eV from experiment tallies very well with calculated 2.88 eV from band structure.

Cancer is a multifaceted disease that closes the curtains of life of infected individuals globally. By 2030, it is predicted that there will be a rise in new cancer cases and cancer deaths of up to 26 million and 17 million per year, respectively. Growing demand for chemotherapy over the past few years and a constrained supply of different anti-cancer drugs have ultimately driven up the price of various anticancerous drugs available in the clinical market. In order to address the widespread concerns about increasing cancer cases and the current costs of chemotherapy, researchers have explored extreme fungal diversity, which has significant source for the sustainable alternative production of anti-cancerous agents with higher yields, lower production costs, and less time consumption. In addition to extremophilic bacteria, which have been most extensively studied, extremophilic fungi are also ubiquitous but have received less attention in the past as a source of novel bioactive compounds. Along with the diversity of extremophilic fungi, endophytic fungi also hold out a new, hope for the eventual finding of cancer treatments. The major components of novel fungi exhibiting anti-cancerous effects are alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, saponin, peptides, steroids, phenols, quinones, and flavonoids. Therefore, the focus of the current review is on the reported anti-cancerous compounds produced by novel extremophilic and endophytic fungi, which offers a promising prospect for their bench-scale commercial production. The prospects and constraints for further clinical development along with the cost analysis of available commercial drugs in comparison to those derived from fungi also discussed.

Water plays a vital role as a natural resource since life is unsustainable without it. If water is polluted or contaminated, it results in several health issues among people. Millions of people are infected with waterborne diseases globally, and India is no exception. In the present review, we have analyzed the outbreaks of waterborne diseases that occurred in several Indian states between 2014 and 2020, identified the key infections, and provided insights into the performance of sanitation improvement programs. We noted that acute diarrheal disease (ADD), typhoid, cholera, hepatitis, and shigellosis are common waterborne diseases in India. These diseases have caused about 11,728 deaths between 2014 and 2018 out of which 10,738 deaths occurred only after 2017. The outbreaks of these diseases have been rising because of a lack of adequate sanitation, poor hygiene, and the absence of proper disposal systems. Despite various efforts by the government such as awareness campaigns, guidance on diet for infected individuals, and sanitation improvement programs, the situation is still grim. Disease hotspots and risk factors must be identified, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services must be improved, and ongoing policies must be effectively implemented to improve the situation. The efforts must be customized to the local environment. In addition, the possible effects of climate change must be projected, and strategies must be accordingly optimized.

Background IPVS is considered a last resort or a salvage procedure in the event of recurrent PV thrombosis despite multiple attempts at redo PV anastomosis. We employed the opened umbilical vein approach to place the stent in the PV and deliver anticoagulation through a catheter. Materials and Methods From Jan 2017 to Feb 2022, 150 patients underwent pediatric transplantation at department of liver transplant and hepatobiliary surgery unit, Indraprastha Apollo hospitals, New Delhi. Age, weight, PELD Score, diagnosis, portal vein diameter on preoperative CT, Portal flow after stenting, decrease in spleen size after stenting in follow-up CT were collected from a prospectively maintained data base and reviewed. Results Eight patients underwent IPVS following LDLT (mean age-10.6 +/- 2.2 months, mean weight 8.1 +/- 1.6, mean PELD score 32.7 +/- 7.3). The mean PV diameter on preoperative CT scan was 3.6 mm (range 2.7-5.6 mm). The mean portal flow following stenting was 718.75 cc/min. Percentage reduction in size of the spleen was 26.35% beyond 2nd post-operative week. No patient had recurrent PV thrombosis following IPVS and all maintained an adequate portal flow throughout the immediate postoperative period. Two patients had in-hospital mortality secondary to septic complications. Conclusion Umbilical vein approach is technically feasible, easy to manipulate the stent and catheter placement after stenting helps to deliver anticoagulants locally.

In the energy sector, bioenergy has been utilized as a replacement for non-renewable resources. Due to the depletion of resources, mankind may face adversities in the future. To overcome these challenges, sustainable and reliable bioenergy-based alternatives are to be used. Bioenergy sources are bio-based alternatives that have become acceptable in society for their renewability, sustainability, and environmentally friendly characteristics, but they still lag in the energy market due to their less cost-effective output of upstream and downstream processing in comparison with age-old fossil fuels. This review provides a detailed overview of their techno-economic and life cycle assessment, their positioning and competition in the energy market, and the strategies that might assist them in overcoming the market challenges. Microalgal bioenergy products have been lifting their market positioning at a slower rate that is almost unnoticeable, but their assistance in becoming a better solution against adversities of energy resource depletion in the future makes them quite promising. The new research alternatives for microalgal biomass conversion in biorefinery products for bioenergy production, which are based on combating pollution and reuse of waste products, along with the strategic application for combating the energy market competition, have also been highlighted.

The physical, electronic and optical properties of Barium halides have been investigated by both experimental and theoretical approaches. The First Principle electronic structure and optical properties were calculated by DFT formalism using Full Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Wave plus local orbitals (FP-LAPW + lo) implementing different appropriate exchange-correlation functionals in WIEN2k code at various applied volumetric pressure up to 50 GPa. All the properties of these halides were analyzed and compared using their cation-anion radii ratio and ionicity. Except BaF2, the other three halides show ionic to covalent transformation at 50 GPa applied pressure. Both experimental and theoretical results compare reasonably well. The scintillation efficiency of these three halides was found to be directly proportional to their ionicity or band gap.

Water contamination with faecal matter is usually the main cause of microbial waterborne diseases. Such diseases are an alarming situation for small cities in developing countries like India. In this research, to check the microbiological status of drinking water in Solan, Himachal Pradesh (India), water samples were collected from baories/stepwells (n = 14), handpumps (n = 9), and the municipal water distribution system (MWDS) (n = 2) in alternative months of the year (covering three main seasons). In 6 months, 150 samples were collected, and they were all examined for the presence of total coliforms and other bacterial pathogens. The associations between the isolates’ ecological and seasonal prevalence were also examined. The coliforms were detected by the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, whose range was noticed from the 2–540/100-ml MPN index. The colony forming unit (CFU) count for different samples at the base log 10 value ranged from 3.03 to 6.19. Different genera isolated and identified were Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteric subsp. enterica, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, 74