This study experimentally investigates the thermal-hydraulic performance of turbulent water flow in a circular pipe, emphasizing the effects of innovative helical strip inserts. These inserts, designed with strategically placed cut passages, generate swirling flow to enhance heat transfer. The experiments covered a Reynolds number (Re) range of 6000 to 35000, relevant to industrial heat exchanger applications. Three different helical strip configurations, distinguished by helix angles of 35°, 50°, and 65°, were examined to evaluate their geometric impact. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in heat transfer rates due to turbulence and swirling motion. The local heat transfer coefficient was highest just downstream of the insert before gradually decreasing along the pipe, indicating a localized enhancement effect. Heat transfer augmentation strongly correlated with the Reynolds number, with higher values generally leading to greater absolute heat transfer. However, within the tested range, the influence of helix angle and the number of helical channels on heat transfer was relatively minor. Importantly, the study found that these helical strip inserts could enhance heat transfer rates by up to 20% compared to a plain pipe, provided the pumping power remained unchanged. This improvement was most pronounced at lower Reynolds numbers, while at higher Re values, the enhancement efficiency decreased, indicating diminishing returns at greater flow velocities. These findings highlight the potential of helical strip inserts in improving heat transfer under turbulent flow conditions, offering a viable strategy for optimizing thermal performance in engineering applications. Major Findings: The study confirms that helical strip inserts with strategically placed cut sections significantly enhance convective heat transfer by inducing swirl flow, leading to up to a 250% increase in local heat transfer compared to axial flow. The highest heat transfer rates were observed at the maximum momentum ratio, highlighting the crucial role of swirl intensity, although the effectiveness gradually diminishes downstream as the swirling effect weakens. Additionally, the research demonstrates that helical strip inserts can achieve a netenergy gain of up to 20%, making them a promising solution for improving thermal performance in turbulent flow applications while maintaining energy efficiency.

In the present study experimental analysis of the helical, spiral and conical coil with cone angle 90O for single-phase fluid flow is reported. Three different coil configurations are analysed under steady-state conditions. These three different coils (helical, spiral and conical coils) are formed with the same average coil diameter, tube diameter and tube length. For the analysis, an experimental setup with suitable instrumentation is developed. For each coil, sufficient numbers of test runs are conducted and readings are recorded with constant inlet temperature of cold and hot fluids as well as constant flow rate in every test run, to ensure the steady state. From the recorded results of the experimentation, heat transfer coefficients are calculated and the calculations are extended to calculate the Nusselt number (Nu) and effectiveness. The comparison of the results is presented from the analysis. Furthermore, the analysis is extended to predict the outlet temperature of hot and cold fluid, which shows good agreement with the experimental values. Major Findings: The helical coil exhibited the highest Nusselt number (Nu), while the spiral coil had the lowest Nu. The conical coil demonstrated intermediate Nu values. The effectiveness (ε) of the coiled tube heat exchanger is inversely proportional to the parameter Z. Consequently, the effectiveness of the system can be readily predicted using graphical patterns.

This study systematically investigates the thermal performance of nine Integrated Circuits (ICs) arranged in symmetric and asymmetric configurations on a substrate board. The analysis considers two scenarios: with and without the incorporation of Phase Change Material (PCM). The ICs were subjected to varying heat flux levels to assess their thermal behavior under different operating conditions. Results indicate that the temperature of the ICs is significantly influenced by factors such as IC size, positional arrangement, and the magnitude of the applied heat flux. The study also examines the role of the non-dimensional geometric distance parameter (λ), which varies with both IC size and location on the substrate. At a specific λ value of 0.19, notable temperature reductions were observed. Without PCM, temperature reductions of 18.79% and 26.48% were recorded at airflow velocities of 3 m/s and 5 m/s, respectively. The integration of PCM led to further enhancements, achieving reductions of 23.58% at 3 m/s and 32.47% at 5 m/s. These findings underscore the effectiveness of PCM in improving thermal management by efficiently absorbing and dissipating heat. Further statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation between the non-dimensional temperature parameter (θ) and λ, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.97 and a Root Mean Square (RMS) error of 0.012%. Higher λ values consistently correlated with lower peak IC temperatures, suggesting that increasing the spatial separation between heat-generating components enhances heat dissipation and overall thermal performance. These findings have critical implications for thermal design engineering. By strategically optimizing IC placement on substrates, engineers can improve the reliability and lifespan of electronic systems. Additionally, the integration of PCM offers a practical solution for managing heat in compact electronic assemblies, providing a foundational framework for advanced cooling strategies in modern electronic devices. Major Findings: Temperature Dependence: The temperature of an IC is significantly influenced by its size, location on the board, and the amount of heat it generates. The non-dimensional geometric distance parameter (λ) also plays a crucial role in determining temperature distribution. Impact of PCM: The integration of PCM resulted in a substantial temperature reduction, ranging from 18.79% to 32.47%, compared to configurations without PCM, especially for higher λ values (0.19). Improved Chip Lifespan: By lowering IC temperatures through PCM-based cooling, the lifespan of the chips can be significantly extended, as they operate within optimal temperature ranges.

In this research, numerical modelling is used to explore the heat transfer through natural convection capabilities of nine aluminum integrated circuit chips that are installed on substrate board. The goal is to figure out where on the substrate board these IC chips would be best placed if they were arranged differently. The dimensionless parameter (λ) plays a very essential role, and by applying a hybrid technique consisting of ANN and GA. ANSYS Icepack calculates IC chip temperature distributions in 3D steady state numerical simulations. It has been shown that the form, dimensions, and IC chips' substrate board positioning affects their operating temperature. In comparison to the strategies that have been used in the past, hybrid optimization is the strategy that has shown to be the most reliable in properly predicting how the IC chips would be arranged on the substrate board. It has been observed that higher values of one of these parameters lead to a reduction in the maximum temperature surplus. A correlation has been established to illustrate this relationship as it increases. The most favorable simulation outcomes are utilized to drive a genetic algorithm (GA), which identifies the optimal configuration ensuring that the temperatures of the heat sources remain well below their specified maximum operating conditions, as outlined in the data sheets. The maximum temperature variation between the lowest and highest extreme configurations ranges between 4 - 8%. The smallest size IC chip, U2 with high heat dissipation rate attains the maximum temperature in the configuration, however, the temperature variation for the low powered IC chips U3, U4 and U7 are very small. Found good agreement of both the data with an error band of 10%, and thus confirms the accuracy of the network.

This study highlights the crucial role of flat plate collectors in solar dryer applications for drying agricultural produce. The aim is to develop a solar collector from discarded aluminium beverage cans, following the IS 1933, 2003 standard. The performance is evaluated at three different mass flow rates to dry 12 kg of green chillies. The cylindrical curved surfaces of the tubes are coated with a mixture of activated charcoal and blackboard paint to meet insulation standards. The total efficiency of the collector is determined by measuring the incoming and outgoing air temperatures at various mass flow rates. Additionally, the weight and moisture content removed from the 12 kg green chillies is monitored every 30 minutes throughout the day. The results show that efficiency decreases with increasing mass flow rates, with the solar collector achieving its highest efficiency of 67.89% at a mass flow rate of 0.005 kg/s, effectively removing 88% of the moisture content from the green chillies. This underscores the importance of optimising mass flow rates to maximize the efficiency of solar dryers using recycled materials. The use of activated charcoal and blackboard paint coatings on the aluminium cans enhances heat absorption and retention, contributing to the overall efficiency of the solar dryer. Future research could explore the application of this technology to other types of agricultural produce and further refine the coating materials to improve thermal performance.

This study investigates the heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in a heat exchanger utilizing copper wavy (corrugated) twisted tape inserts. By inducing turbulent flow within the inner tube of the heat exchanger, these inserts generated increased turbulence, thereby enhancing heat transfer and causing a rise in pressure drop. The copper twisted tapes, with various twist ratios (TR=10.7, 8.5, 7.1), measured 1 meter in length and 14 mm in width. The heat exchanger's outer tube was made of mild steel, with an outer diameter of 0.0198 m and an inner diameter of 0.0142 m, while the inner tube was constructed of copper, with an outer diameter of 0.038 m and an inner diameter of 0.032 m. The overall length of the pipe-in-pipe heat exchanger was 1.4 m. Bulk mean temperatures were recorded at different positions for various water flow rates, and new correlations for the Nusselt number and friction factor were derived from the results for the twisted tape inserts. The Reynolds number ranged from 5000 to 17000. Comparative analyses revealed that the wavy twisted tape with a twist ratio of 7.1 provided the highest heat transfer rate, showing a 172% increase in the Nusselt number and a 32.11% increase in the friction factor relative to a smooth tube.

This comprehensive review critically examines recent research concerning the application of nanofluids in heat exchangers. The utilization of nanofluids, which are colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid, has garnered significant attention in enhancing heat transfer performance. Various studies have explored the potential benefits and challenges associated with incorporating nanofluids into heat exchanger systems. Through a systematic analysis of recent literature, this review assesses the effectiveness of nanofluids in improving heat transfer efficiency and overall performance of heat exchangers. Key parameters such as nanoparticle concentration, size, and type are thoroughly evaluated to understand their influence on heat transfer characteristics. Additionally, factors such as stability, flow behavior, and thermal conductivity enhancement are scrutinized to provide a comprehensive understanding of nanofluid behavior in heat exchangers. The review also addresses potential limitations and areas requiring further investigation to optimize the utilization of nanofluids in heat exchanger applications. By synthesizing recent findings, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of heat exchanger technology and nanofluid applications. Ultimately, the insights provided in this review offer valuable guidance for researchers and engineers seeking to enhance heat transfer processes through the implementation of nanofluid-based heat exchangers. Nanofluids offer advantages like enhanced thermal conductivity and tailored properties, promising optimized heat exchanger designs, leading to energy efficiency and reduced costs. However, challenges remain, such as nanoparticle dispersion and cost-effectiveness, necessitating further research for refinement. Interdisciplinary collaboration is crucial for advancing nanofluid applications, fostering innovation to meet demands for sustainable heat transfer solutions.

In the present study the experiments were conducted on steady-state that incorporated nine symmetric and asymmetric separate discrete integrated circuits (ICs), strategically positioned at different locations on a substrate board, both with and without phase-change material (PCM). These ICs were subjected to varying levels of heat flux. It has been noted that the temperature is highly influenced by variables such as the size and positions of integrated circuits (ICs), the heat flux applied to the ICs. Furthermore, the non-dimensional geometric distance parameter, λ, is notably affected by both the size and positioning of the ICs. It's observed that at a higher value of λ (0.19), the temperature decreases by 18.79% at a velocity of 3 m/s and by 26.48% at a velocity of 5 m/s without PCM. With PCM, the temperature drop is 23.58% at 3 m/s and 32.47% at 5 m/s. The correlation shows a regression of 0.97 and an RMS error of 0.012%. A proposed correlation establishes a connection between θ (non-dimensional temperature) and λ, suggesting that the maximum non-dimensional temperature (θ) decreases with an increase in λ. This implies that the maximum temperature of the integrated circuits (ICs) is reduced at higher λ values. These findings provide valuable insights for thermal design engineers, aiding them in optimizing the placement of integrated circuits (ICs) to improve the reliability and lifespan of the ICs.

A 6-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-c]quinoline (QTP), with thiophene and quinoline based moieties as binding sites, has been synthesized and characterized with spectroscopic methods, and DFT. The synthesized probe QTP showed highly sensitive and highly specific fluorescent 'turn-on' effect (lambda em = 280 nm) for the 1:1 binding with Fe3+ ions to form probe QTP.Fe3+ complex in semi-aqueous medium (acetonitrile:water (50:50; v/ v)) and live cells. The 1:1 binding stoichiometry of probe QTP and Fe3+ ions were proposed by DFT calculations and confirmed by the NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrum of probe QTP.Fe3+ complex. Importantly, with the LOD 6.37 mu M for the detection of Fe3+ ions, receptor QTP did not show any interference from potentially competing ions, indicates its biocompatibility. The micromolar limit of detection (6.37 mu M), cell permeability, and low cytotoxicity allows the probe QTP to be an outstanding tool for the live-cell imaging and detection of ferric ions in live cells.

The chemosensing ability of a low-cost commercially available thiadiazole-based receptor (TAZ-1) was explored. In an aqueous solution, the receptor TAZ-1 showed exceptional selectivity and sensitivity towards Cu2+ and Hg2+ over twenty-two metal cations (Ag+, Al3+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cs+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Hg2+, K+, Li+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Na+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Sr2+, Zn2+ and Zr3+). TAZ-1 also has a preferential recognition ability for CN‾ over fifteen anions (AcO‾, Br‾, Cl‾, ClO4‾, CN‾, CO32‾, F‾, H2PO4‾, HCO3‾, HSO4‾, I‾, NO2‾, NO3‾, SO32‾ and SO42‾). For Cu2+, Hg2+ and CN‾ ions, the limit of detection (LOD) based on 3×δblank/k was 0.58 μM, 0.15 μM and 0.25 μM respectively

This research presents a comprehensive numerical and experimental investigation into the influence of overlapping angles from 30° to 100° with a 5° increment on the mechanical strength and deformation behaviour of curved plates joined using the arc welding process. This study employs Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to simulate the welding process and assess the stress distribution and deformation across the welded joint. The simulations complemented by experimental trials; wherein curved plates joined at varying overlapping angles using arc welding. Mechanical tests, including tensile and bending tests, conducted to evaluate the joint strength and deformation characteristics. The results reveal a significant impact of the overlapping angle on the welded joint's performance. Specifically, an optimal overlapping angle identified, which maximizes joint strength while minimizing deformation. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the welding process for curved plates and offer practical guidelines for optimizing welded joint design in engineering applications.

This study explores the impact of wavy corrugated twisted tape inserts on enhancing heat transfer and reducing pressure drop in a double pipe heat exchanger. Cu inserts with twist ratios of 3.2, 4.2, and 5.2 were used to create turbulence in the inner tube. Varying water flow rates and measuring bulk mean temperatures at different points revealed significant improvements in heat transfer over smooth tubes. The insert with a 3.2 twist ratio achieved the highest Nusselt number increase (185%) and a 36.33% rise in the friction factor. These results highlight the effectiveness of wavy corrugated twisted tape inserts for optimizing heat transfer, with a 3.2 twist ratio identified as the most effective. Across Reynolds numbers from 4000 to 18000, Nusselt number increases were 77.75% for a 5.2 twist ratio, 167% for a 4.2 twist ratio, and 185% for a 3.2 twist ratio. Friction factors rose by approximately 10.42% for a 5.2 twist ratio, 32.54% for a 4.2 twist ratio, and 36.33% for a 3.2 twist ratio, demonstrating the relationship between twist ratio, heat transfer enhancement.

The automotive industry is increasingly focused on reducing vehicle weight, leading to the widespread adoption of composite materials with high strength-to-weight ratios in both aviation and automotive sectors. These materials are gradually replacing traditional options like steel. Leaf springs, one of the oldest and most common suspension components, continue to be widely used in vehicles. This study aims to replace conventional multi-leaf steel springs with mono-composite leaf springs while preserving the same load-carrying capacity and stiffness. Composite materials, such as glass fiber and epoxy resin, provide advantages including higher elastic strain energy storage, superior strength-to-weight ratios, and enhanced corrosion resistance compared to steel. Consequently, the weight of leaf springs can be reduced without sacrificing performance. The steel and mono-composite leaf springs were modeled using Catia software, and their performance was evaluated using ANSYS 15.0 software.

An attempt was made for understanding the sorption behaviour of different actinide ions Pu4+, PuO22+, Am3+, Np4+, and NpO22+ on carbonate treated exhausted coffee powder (CTCP). Very efficient sorption of Pu4+ over other actinide ions from aqueous acidic medium was observed. Almost 4 h were required for achieving equilibrium. Experimental results for Pu+4 were fitted into different sorption isotherm model: Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, D.R, isotherm and Temkin isotherm. Based on the linear regression, it was found that, Freundlich isotherm was predominantly operative. Pseudo 2nd order kinetics was found to be effective for the sorption of Pu+4. More than 80 % of loaded Pu4+ was found to desorb by 0.25 M oxalic acid solution. CTCP exhibited relatively good radiation stability. Sorption of Pu+4 on CTCP was exothermic, and spontaneous in nature. The sorption process was simple, cost effective and environmentally benign, as it did not involve any sophisticated, multi-step, sorbent synthesis.

By using UV-Visible and fluorescence measurements, a new chemosensor N-(pyrimidin-2-yl) thiophene-2-carboxamide (PTC) was introduced for the discriminating and responsive detection of Fe3+ in aqueous methanolic medium. Since the PTC-Fe3+ complexation occurred in 1:1 binding stoichiometry, the receptor PTC preferentially revealed a charge transfer band between 310 to 475 nm in the UV-Vis technique, with the absorption peak at 351 nm. Furthermore, the fluorescence technique, which dampened PTC's fluorescence emission band at 325 nm, showed similar selectivity. The Stern-Volmer graphic shows that fluorescence quenching occurs in a static manner. The series of examined metal ions (Na+, K+, Li+, Cs+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Sr2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Co2+, Hg2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Ag+ and Al3+) failed to perturb the UV-Vis and fluorescence of PTC. With PTC, the concentration of Fe3+ can be detected down to 2.03 and 1.24 µM by UV-Vis and fluorescence methods, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS An easy-to-synthesize pyrimidine-based receptor PTC was developed for the detection of Fe3+ PTC showed Fe3+selective turn-off fluorescence and a new charge transfer absorption band at 351 nm LOD of PTC is 2.03 and 1.24 µM, respectively by UV-Vis and fluorescence methods Fluorescence quenching is static in nature GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Metal cations have two sides; they are useful for living organisms and toxic for the ecosystem. There is a high risk of contamination has been increased because of the continuous discharge of non-degradable and crude industrial waste in sewage. This crude and non-degradable waste exists for a long time in the environment. In recent years, advanced technology of chemosensors help to improve living standards and it increases new challenges with respect to environmental safety as uncontrolled industrialization and urbanization without proper discharge control and pollution decreases have put human life at risk. Organic chemosensors can be used to detect a variety of metal cations. Organic chemosensors convert chemical data into analytically relevant signals that may also be seen with the naked eye. Organic chemosensors are capable of detecting metal cations with excellent selectivity and sensitivity at a reasonable cost. This review covers of research publications of over recent 3 years (2017-2020).

Adina cordifolia belongs to the Rubiaceae family. Flavonoids, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, phenol, tannins, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides were found in Adina cordifolia plant extracts. Herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine throughout human history. They are widely used today indicating that herbs are a growing part of modern, high-tech medicine. The medicinal plants, besides having natural therapeutic values against various diseases and considerable works have been done on these plants to treat chronic Cough, Jaundice, Stomachaches, Cancer, Diabetes, and a variety of other ailments. Present review deals with botanical description and various pharmacological action, and medicinal uses of Adina cordifolia. Keywords: Adina cordifolia, Pharmacological Potential, Extract, Taxonomy.

The cough it is a most common problem are face by the all people. There are two types of cough one is the Dry cough and second is wet cough. The dry cough is a no mucous and secretion while in wet cough there is cough mucous or secretion. The syrup is most commonly used and popular dosage form there is used in cure the cough and cold because it having ease of patients compliance. The herbal cough syrup was formulated using crude drugs as Pudina&Tulsi or Cinnamon as a main ingredient along with Honey. Today syrup is used for treatment of May ailments and to overcome symptoms of disease. The antioxidant syrup is used to treatment the cancer because of many stress condition and other oxidative reaction in body the free radical are generated by using theses, syrup the condition is overcome. Formulation at laboratory scale was done and evaluate for number of parameters such as PH, viscosity, Density, stability testing during evaluation formulation found to be stable and ready to use in a cough treatment.It is found that Antitussive activity produced by the Herbal formulation in the minimum dose was much better than the standard drug.

A dihydroxybenzoic acid analog used as a flavoring agent is vanillic acid (4hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid). It's a form of vanillin that has been oxidized. It's also a step in the process of making vanillin from Ferulic Acid. Vanillic acid has seen a lot of press because of its many uses in the cosmetics, fruit, flavorings, cigarettes,alcohols, drinks, and polymer sectors. It's said to have effective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The pharmacological impact on oxidative stress-induced neuro-degeneration, on the other hand, have not been thoroughly examined. The pharmacological properties of vanillic Acid lead to its possible use in the treatment of various diseases. Keywords: Vanillic acid, Pharmacological Potential, wound healing, Antioxidants

Herbal drugs are the best, as they have good efficacy, safety and less side effect. Herbal drug have great importance and demand at worldwide levels for health care. India is core of herbal drug because it have large biodiversity and rich traditional knowledge of herbal medicine. As we are talking about the herbal medicine, Ocimum sanctum is commonly called as Tulsi which is also called as “Queen of herbs”. All the part of this plant have its own important in Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicine. Plant has many pharmacological actions such as anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-arthritic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-asthmatic, antipyretic, memory enhancer, anticoagulant antiulcer. This review article give the information on synonyms, chemical constituents, uses and pharmacological actions of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi).