Simulation speed is crucial for virtual reality simulators involving real-time interactive cutting of deformable objects, such as surgical simulators. Previous efforts to accelerate these simulations resulted in significant speed increases during noncutting periods, but only moderate ones during cutting periods. This article aims to further increase the latter. Three novel methods are proposed: first, GPU-based update of mass and stiffness matrices of composite finite elements, second, GPU-based collision processing between cutting tools and deformable objects, and third, redesigned CPU-GPU synchronization mechanisms combined with GPU acceleration for the update of the surface mesh. Simulation tests, including a complex hepatectomy simulation, are performed. Results show that our methods increase the simulation speed during cutting periods by 40.4%-56.5%.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains a lethal gastrointestinal emergency in neonates with an elusive etiology. Ninjurin-1 (NINJ1) mediates plasma membrane rupture during lytic cell death, yet its role in NEC remains undefined. This study investigated the clinical relevance of NINJ1 in NEC progression and evaluated its utility as a biomarker for disease severity. We conducted a prospective observational study quantifying serum NINJ1 levels via ELISA in 68 neonates with NEC and 42 gestational age-matched controls without infection. The NEC cohort was stratified by treatment modalities and complications into surgical vs. medical management, and perforated vs. non-perforated subgroups. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of resected specimens and bioinformatics analysis of the public GSE46619 dataset were performed to evaluate tissue-level NINJ1 expression. Diagnostic performance for surgical intervention and perforation was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Serum NINJ1 levels were significantly elevated in neonates with NEC compared to controls (p < 0.001). Stratified analysis revealed further significant increases in infants requiring surgery (n = 28) compared to those managed medically (n = 40) (p < 0.01), and in perforated (n = 26) versus non-perforated cases (n = 42) (p < 0.01). For predicting surgical intervention, NINJ1 (AUC: 0.73) outperformed PCT (AUC: 0.65) and CRP (AUC: 0.62). At a cutoff of 131.03 pg/mL, NINJ1 yielded a specificity of 85.1

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver malignancy. We investigated the role of SMAP1 in HB proliferation and its mechanism. Sixty-seven HB tissues were analyzed for SMAP1 expression via immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinical outcomes. qRT-PCR quantified SMAP1 mRNA in HB cell lines versus normal hepatocytes. SMAP1 was knocked down (siRNA/lentivirus) or overexpressed (plasmid) in HB cells; proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 and colony formation. A nude-mouse xenograft model was used to evaluate tumorigenicity. Western blotting determined C-Kit and ERK/MAPK pathway activity after SMAP1 modulation. Rescue experiments used ERK activator C16-PAF, inhibitor U0126, or C-Kit inhibitor ISCK03. SMAP1 was upregulated in HB and predicted poor prognosis. Knockdown reduced C-Kit, p-C-Kit, and p-ERK1/2, inhibited proliferation and colony formation, and suppressed xenograft growth. Overexpression produced opposite effects. U0126 reversed ERK1/2 phosphorylation and p-Rb in SMAP1-overexpressing cells, whereas C16-PAF restored ERK signaling and c-Myc/p-Rb in knockdown cells. ISCK03 blocked C-Kit/ERK activation prompted by SMAP1 overexpression. SMAP1 drives HB progression by activating C-Kit-ERK/MAPK signaling, representing a potential therapeutic target.

Background:Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is the most common cause of pediatric hydronephrosis. For surgeons, a precise preoperative evaluation is essential, especially for hydronephrosis caused by accessory renal artery (ARA) compression. Conventional imaging modalities (ultrasound, magnetic resonance urography, computed tomography urography) often fail to identify the exact cause preoperatively, making precise surgical planning difficult. It is against this background that this case series is conducted. This is a single-center retrospective observational comparative case series to evaluate the clinical value of computer-assisted surgery system (CAS) three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction in children with hydronephrosis caused by ARA compression. Objective:To analyze and discuss the value of CAS 3D reconstruction in preoperative evaluation, surgical planning, and perioperative outcomes for pediatric hydronephrosis caused by ARA compression. Methods:This is a single-center retrospective observational comparative case series. A total of 263 children who underwent surgery for UPJO-related hydronephrosis were enrolled. By a retrospective review of preoperative imaging, medical records, and surgical documents, 20 patients with intraoperatively confirmed ARA compression were identified and divided into a 3D reconstruction group (n = 13) and a control group (n = 7). Preoperative etiological diagnosis, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, and complications were compared between the two groups. Results:All patients met surgical indications. Conventional imaging did not detect ARA compression preoperatively, whereas CAS 3D reconstruction identified ARA compression in all 13 patients of the 3D group. Operative time and intraoperative blood loss showed significant between-group differences [108 (98-128) vs. 128 (124-132) min, P = 0.002; 5 (4-8) mL vs. 8 (5-15) mL, P = 0.007]. Length of hospital stay was comparable [9 (7-11) vs. 9 (7-12) days, P = 0.838]. Conclusion:In this single-center retrospective observational comparative case series, CAS 3D reconstruction visualized ARA compression preoperatively and provided comprehensive anatomical information for surgical planning, while conventional imaging failed to detect such compression. It shows a significant association with favorable perioperative metrics in pediatric patients with ARA-related hydronephrosis.

Backgroud Acute intussusception is a common pediatric acute abdomen, classified into idiopathic (unknown cause, common in infants) or secondary (caused by organic intestinal lesions) according to the cause of the disease. The preferred treatment is enema, but children who fail enema require surgical treatment. Objective This study aims to improve the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric intussusception by summarizing and analyzing the clinical characteristics of children undergoing multicenter intussusception surgery. Methods This retrospective study analyzed data from children under 14 years old who underwent surgery for intussusception after failed air enema at six Chinese hospitals (between January 2019 and January 2022). Patients were divided into idiopathic and secondary groups based on surgical findings. Data collection included basic information, clinical symptoms, laboratory results, surgical indicators, and hospitalization details. Results A total of 189 children were included, with 136 boys (71.96%) and 53 girls (28.04%). After surgery, 148 (78.3%) were classified as idiopathic intussusception and 41 (21.7%) as secondary. The idiopathic group had lower average age (20.20 ±21.67 months vs. 49.49 ±33.98 months) and weight (10.55 ±3.94 kg vs. 16.63 ±7.52 kg). The secondary group had higher bloody stool rate (63.41% vs. 36.49%, P=0.002), longer surgery and hospitalization times, and higher costs. Intestinal necrosis occurred in 16 cases (8.78% idiopathic, 7.32% idiopathic). In the secondary group, common causes were Meckel’s diverticulum (31.7%), intestinal duplication (17.1%), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (14.6%). Logistic regression showed body weight (cut-off: 10.75 kg) was an independent influencing factor. Conclusion Significant clinical differences exist between idiopathic and secondary intussusception. Secondary patients were older, heavier, with longer surgery/hospitalization times and higher costs. Heavier children with bloody stools should be closely monitored for secondary intussusception. Future research should validate these results and explore optimal treatment strategies.

We present a rare case of postoperative gastroparesis syndrome (PGS) in a 10-year-old girl following thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). The patient presented to our institution with a 20-day history of intermittent abdominal pain and vomiting. Thoracoabdominal computed tomography revealed a posterolateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Emergency thoracoscopic diaphragmatic repair was performed, after which the patient developed gastroparesis syndrome. The child was given continuous nasogastric suction, prokinetic therapy with domperidone, and acupressure massage at the Zusanli (ST36) acupoint. On the 38th day after the operation, the child was able to remove the nasal-gastric tube and resume normal diet. CDH is typically diagnosed and managed during infancy, with postoperative complications predominantly involving pulmonary hypertension and chronic lung disease. The occurrence of PGS following CDH repair is exceedingly rare. This report reviews the relevant literature to enhance clinicians’ awareness of this complication and improve patient outcomes.

This study investigated the mechanistic role of DUSP9 in hepatoblastoma (HB) development and progression to provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric HB. Pediatric HB mRNA expression data were obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between patients with metastatic and non-metastatic HB were analyzed using the R software, followed by a functional annotation of the DEGs. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression and Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination machine learning methods were employed to further screen for DEGs and identify DUSP9 as a key feature gene. The diagnostic efficacy of DUSP9 was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo functional experiments were conducted to determine the effects of DUSP9 on HB progression. A total of 33 DEGs were identified. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly associated with xenobiotics and fatty acid metabolism. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated involvement in regulating active transmembrane transporter activity and cytochrome P450-mediated xenobiotic metabolism. Machine learning methods identified DUSP9 as a pivotal feature gene that was significantly upregulated in HB tumor tissues. In vitro functional assays demonstrated that DUSP9 knockdown markedly inhibited the proliferation and migration of HB cells. Additionally, western blot analysis revealed increased expression of epithelial markers and decreased expression of mesenchymal markers, along with a significant reduction in the phosphorylation of markers related to the MAPK signaling pathway. DUSP9 plays a crucial role in HB cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), potentially promoting tumor progression by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway.

Xanthomatosis as a metabolic disorder, is rare in children, especially in those who have undergone biliary atresia surgery. The patient was a 1-and-a-half-year-old boy, who was a male infant from China with East Asian ethnicity and diagnosed with Xanthomatosis after biliary atresia surgery. After systematic low fat, cholesterol-restricted diet and rational anti-inflammatory treatment for reflux cholangitis, the child's symptoms were controlled. Reflux cholangitis after biliary atresia may contribute to metabolic changes associated with xanthoma development.

Background The vast majority of intussusceptions are antegrade, whereas retrograde intussusception is extremely rare. Simultaneous occurrence of antegrade and retrograde intussusceptions in opposite directions with the ligament of Treitz as the boundary has not been previously reported. Case presentation A 6-year-old Chinese girl presented with paroxysmal abdominal pain for 9 days. Two air enema reduction attempts failed. Intraoperative findings confirmed a giant hyperplastic gastric polyp inducing antegrade gastroduodenal intussusception that terminated at the ligament of Treitz, and a retrograde jejunojejunal intussusception originating exactly at the ligament of Treitz and extending 30 cm distally, the distal jejunum had invaginated proximally toward the fixed point — forming a bidirectional watershed pattern. We propose the "ligament of Treitz watershed hypothesis" to explain this mechanism. Pathology revealed hyperplastic polyps, not hamartomas; STK11 genetic testing is recommended. Conclusion This is the first reported living clinical case of bidirectional double intussusception demarcated by the ligament of Treitz. For non-ileocolic intussusception that fails pneumatic reduction, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of a gastric lead point and retrograde intussusception. The ligament of Treitz may serve as a critical anatomical pivot for bidirectional opposite-direction intussusception under specific pathological conditions.

Pediatric abdominal tumors with complex anatomical relationships are characterized by substantial morphological heterogeneity. Although three-dimensional reconstruction is increasingly used in surgical planning, reports that define its problem-oriented role in children with major vascular involvement remain limited. When a lesion is closely associated with major abdominal vessels, preoperative assessment should focus not only on visualization but also on resectability, preservation of critical vasculature, and perioperative risk stratification. In case 1, an upper abdominal tumor was pathologically confirmed as hepatoblastoma after resection. In case 2, a retroperitoneal neurogenic tumor was pathologically diagnosed as ganglioneuroblastoma. Both children underwent preoperative three-dimensional reconstruction, which delineated the spatial relationships between the tumors, adjacent vessels, and surrounding organs, helped determine the sequence of vascular exposure, supported judgment regarding the feasibility of en bloc versus piecemeal resection, and guided dissection planning. Tumor resection was successfully completed in both patients, and short-term follow-up demonstrated favorable recovery. In pediatric tumors with complex relationships to major vessels, three-dimensional reconstruction enables accurate identification of high-risk anatomical features and improves preoperative risk assessment. Its principal value lies in providing actionable anatomical evidence to support complex surgical decision-making rather than merely improving anatomical visualization or replacing standard pathological diagnosis.

To investigate the key clinical diagnostic and therapeutic points, challenges and corresponding strategies for duodenal perforation complicated with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in children, and to provide a clinical reference for managing this rare pediatric acute critical condition. The clinical data of a 2-year-and-7-month-old female child with duodenal perforation and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding were retrospectively analyzed. A systematic review and analysis were conducted from the perspectives of etiology, diagnosis, treatment and postoperative management, combined with relevant domestic and foreign literature over the past decade. A 2-year-and-7-month-old Chinese female child presented with viral enteritis initially, which progressed to duodenal perforation complicated with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. She received sequential interventions including duodenal perforation repair, gastroscopic exploration, gastrointestinal reconstruction, and transcatheter gastroduodenal artery embolization. Through whole-course multidisciplinary team (MDT) collaboration and refined comprehensive supportive therapy, the child achieved complete recovery with no recurrent bleeding. The diagnosis and treatment of duodenal perforation complicated with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in children should focus on the core features of pediatric physiological particularities, etiological complexity, age-stage specificity and targeted management of clinical challenges. Adopting multimodal localization approaches, rationally selecting therapeutic regimens and relying on whole-course MDT collaboration can effectively reduce the risk of rebleeding and improve the prognosis of affected children.

Timely identification of children with ileocolic intussusception likely to fail air-enema reduction is critical to avoid delays and bowel perforation. However, even expert sonographers show inter-observer variability. We developed and prospectively validated a Vision Transformer (ViT) deep learning system to predict reduction failure from static B-mode ultrasound images. This multicenter bidirectional cohort study included 5602 children (4-60 months) who underwent air-enema reduction at 14 Chinese tertiary hospitals (retrospective cohort: 2019-2024). After data augmentation, 10,151 images (8122 training, 2029 validation) were used to train a ViT model for binary classification ("success" vs. "failure"). External validation was performed on a prospective cohort of 190 patients (March-June 2025), with three junior and three senior sonographers independently predicting outcomes. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical University (approval No. 2025-04) and registered with ChiCTR2500098673. The model achieved high internal performance (failure: accuracy 0.880, precision 0.969; success: accuracy 0.970, precision 0.898). In the prospective cohort, the ViT model achieved 93.7% overall accuracy, significantly higher than senior (74.7%) and junior (60.7%) sonographers (p < 0.05). This study innovatively applies ViT to assess pediatric ileocolic intussusception severity, providing an objective, accurate tool to support clinical decision-making and reduce treatment risks.

Objective To investigate the key clinical diagnostic and therapeutic points, challenges and corresponding strategies for duodenal perforation complicated with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in children, and to provide a clinical reference for managing this rare pediatric acute critical condition. Methods The clinical data of a 2-year-and-7-month-old female child with duodenal perforation and recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding were retrospectively analyzed. A systematic review and analysis were conducted from the perspectives of etiology, diagnosis, treatment and postoperative management, combined with relevant domestic and foreign literature over the past decade. Results A 2-year-and-7-month-old Chinese female child presented with viral enteritis initially, which progressed to duodenal perforation complicated with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. She received sequential interventions including duodenal perforation repair, gastroscopic exploration, gastrointestinal reconstruction, and transcatheter gastroduodenal artery embolization. The cumulative blood loss exceeded 2000 mL, with total transfusion of 800 mL whole blood, 46 units of packed red blood cells, 2870 mL fresh frozen plasma, and 19 units of cryoprecipitate. Through whole-course multidisciplinary team (MDT) collaboration and refined comprehensive supportive therapy, the child achieved complete recovery with no recurrent bleeding. Conclusion The diagnosis and treatment of duodenal perforation complicated with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in children should focus on the core features of pediatric physiological particularities, etiological complexity, age-stage specificity and targeted management of clinical challenges. Adopting multimodal localization approaches, rationally selecting therapeutic regimens and relying on whole-course MDT collaboration can effectively reduce the risk of rebleeding and improve the prognosis of affected children.

Haptic-based surgical simulation is widely utilized for training surgical skills. However, simulating the interaction between rigid surgical instruments and soft tissues presents significant technical challenges. In this paper, we propose an energy-based haptic rendering method to achieve both large deformations and rigid-soft haptic interaction. Different from existing methods, both the rigid tools and soft tissues are modeled by an energy-based virtual coupling system. The constraints of soft deformation, tool-object interaction and haptic rendering are defined by potential energy. Benefit from energy-based constraints, we can realize complex surgical operations, such as inserting tools into soft tissue. The virtual coupling of soft tissue enables the separation of haptic interaction into two components: soft deformation with high computational complexity, and high-frequency haptic rendering. The soft deformation with shape constraints is accelerated GPU at a relatively low frequency(60Hz similar to 100Hz), while the haptic rendering runs in another thread at a high frequency (>= 1000Hz). We have implemented haptic simulation for two commonly used surgical operations, pressing and pulling. The experimental results show that our method can achieve stable feedback force and non-penetration between the tool and soft tissue under the condition of large soft deformation.

Background Complete resection of the dilated common bile duct proximal to the pancreatobiliary junction represents the standard therapeutic strategy for congenital biliary dilatation (CBD). However, the complicated anatomical configuration of the intrapancreatic bile duct elevates the risk of intraoperative visceral injury and a high incidence of postoperative complications. Methods We retrospectively collected data from 186 patients with congenital biliary dilatation who were admitted to our center between August 2017 and January 2026. We further analyzed their comprehensive clinical and three-dimensional anatomical features, with a focus on patients presenting with intrapancreatic common bile duct (IPCBD) dilatation. Results Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction intuitively delineates the course and extension range of the common bile duct as well as its positional relationship with the pancreas. All patients were classified into the fusiform type (57.0%) and the cystic type (43.0%) based on the morphological features of the common bile duct. Among cystic CBD patients, the dilated bile duct compressed and displaced the pancreas in 76.5% of cases, while the distal segment of the common bile duct partially extended into the pancreas in the remaining 23.5%. The distal bile duct penetrated into the pancreas in nearly all patients with fusiform dilatation. Fusiform cases were further stratified into Grade A (27.8%), Grade B (45.8%) and Grade C (26.4%) according to the depth of the common bile duct extension into the pancreas. Uneventful intraoperative procedures were completed in all 186 patients. Patients were divided into the 3D group (n=123) and the non-3D group (n=63) depending on whether preoperative 3D reconstruction was performed. The 3D group demonstrated lower rates of overall (P<0.001), Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅱ (P=0.017), early (P=0.005) and late (P=0.004) complications relative to the non-3D group. Conclusions 3D visualization provides refined stereoscopic anatomical information regarding the dilated IPCBD and pancreas. This technique assists preoperative planning and guides precise surgical dissection, with promising clinical application value.

ObjectiveThis study aims to identify potential biomarkers for Hepatoblastoma (HB) using bioinformatics and machine learning, and to explore their underlying mechanisms of action.MethodsWe analyzed the datasets GSE131329 and GSE133039 to perform differential gene expression analysis. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were utilized to identify gene modules linked to gene set activity. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to identify hub genes, while random forest and support vector machine models were employed to screen for key diagnostic genes. Survival and immune infiltration analyses were conducted to assess the prognostic significance of these genes. Additionally, the expression levels, biological functions, and mechanisms of action of the selected genes were validated in HB cells through relevant experimental assays.ResultsWe identified 1,377 and 1,216 differentially expressed genes in datasets GSE131329 and GSE133039, respectively. ssGSEA and WGCNA analyses identified 234 genes significantly linked to gene set activity. PPI analysis identified 20 core Hub genes. Machine learning highlighted three key diagnostic genes: CDK1, CCNA2, and MAD2L1. Studies have demonstrated that MAD2L1 is significantly overexpressed in HB and is associated with prognosis. WGCNA revealed that MAD2L1 is enriched in gene sets related to E2F_ TARGETS and G2M_CHECKPOINT. Experimental assays demonstrated that MAD2L1 knockdown significantly inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HB cell lines, and that MAD2L1 promotes cell cycle progression through the regulation of E2F.ConclusionOur study identifies MAD2L1 as a novel potential biomarker for HB, providing new strategies for early diagnosis and targeted therapy in HB.

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is a common paediatric liver malignancy characterised by significant intratumoral heterogeneity and a complex tumour microenvironment (TME). Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we analysed 43,592 cells from three tumour regions and adjacent normal tissue of an HB patient. Our study revealed distinct cellular compositions and varying degrees of malignancy across different tumour regions, with the T1 region showing the highest malignancy and overexpression of HMGB2 and TOP2A. Survival analysis demonstrated that high HMGB2 expression is associated with poor prognosis and increased recurrence, suggesting its potential as a prognostic marker. Additionally, we identified a diverse immune microenvironment enriched with regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8+ effector memory T cells (Tem), indicating potential immune evasion mechanisms. Notably, CTLA-4 and PD-1 were highly expressed in Tregs and Tem cells, highlighting their potential as immunotherapy targets. Myeloid cells, including Kupffer cells and dendritic cells, also exhibited distinct functional roles in different tumour regions. This study provides the first comprehensive single-cell atlas of HB, revealing critical insights into its intratumoral heterogeneity and immune microenvironment. Our findings not only advance the understanding of HB biology but also offer new directions for precision medicine, including the development of targeted therapies and immunotherapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Pediatric liver trauma is relatively common due to the liver’s large size, superficial location, and fragile tissue. To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnostic and treatment methods of pediatric closed liver trauma, and summarize treatment experiences. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 64 pediatric patients with closed liver trauma admitted to Yijishan Hospital and Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital from May 2013 to July 2024. Diagnosis and treatment results were analyzed. Laboratory indicators (Hb, ALT, AST, m-AST, TBIL, PT, APTT) were compared before and after conservative therapy. The study included 39 males and 25 females. According to the AAST Liver Injury Grading Scale, there were 13 Grade I, 30 Grade II, 11 Grade III, 8 Grade IV, and 2 Grade V cases. 51 patients received non-surgical treatment, 11 had surgery due to hemodynamic instability, and 2 Grade V patients died from severe injury. All surviving patients were discharged after recovery with no bleeding or biliary stricture observed during follow-up. Significant differences were found in Hb, ALT, AST, m-AST, PT, and APTT before and after treatment in the non-surgical group (P < 0.05), while TBIL showed no significant difference (P = 0.102). In the surgical group, significant differences were found in Hb, ALT, AST, and m-AST (P < 0.05), but not in PT, APTT, and TBIL (P > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that Hb and m-AST at admission were independent predictors of surgical intervention. Most Grade I and II, and some Grade III pediatric patients with stable hemodynamics can be treated non-surgically. Severe liver trauma (Grade IV and above) requires surgical intervention if hemodynamic instability occurs.

[This corrects the article on p. 2818 in vol. 7, PMID: 25031701.].

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multi-protein complex that mediates intense inflammatory responses. Its activation and function are influenced by various factors, including the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns, cellular stress responses, and metabolic disorders. Recent research has extensively studied the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in tumors. Findings indicate that tumor cells and macrophages can regulate the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, promoting tumor development and progression. Conversely, the NLRP3 inflammasome can also exhibit anti-tumor effects through immune cells, such as dendritic cells. This has led to the development of treatment strategies, creating a comprehensive treatment system that includes sensitizers for radiotherapy and chemotherapy, inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, and direct targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome.Cholangiocarcinoma is a highly invasive and heterogeneous malignant tumor. Due to its non-specific symptoms, patients often present with advanced stages of the disease, and the mortality rate continues to rise annually. A deeper exploration of the mechanisms underlying cholangiocarcinoma's occurrence and development is essential for improving diagnosis and treatment strategies. The application of multi-omics analysis in cholangiocarcinoma research lays a foundation for understanding its pathogenesis and potential treatments. This article systematically reviews the latest advancements in NLRP3 inflammasome research, including its regulatory mechanisms, role in promoting tumor development, and effects in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Additionally, by summarizing the mechanisms involved in cholangiocarcinoma, we hypothesize that the NLRP3 inflammasome may play a significant role in the occurrence and development of cholangiocarcinoma. Therefore, we conduct a multi-angle analysis of the potential relationship between the two and propose a hypothesis model. The goal of this article is to explore the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in tumors and its potential relationship with cholangiocarcinoma, offering new insights for research on the link between cholangiocarcinoma-related inflammation and the disease itself.