The widespread detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in cereal crops and feeds poses a significant threat to both humans and animals. Consequently, the urgency for the international community to address this issue is evident in the demand for safe and effective measures to mitigate zearalenone contamination and explore detoxification methods. In this study, a dye-decolorizing peroxidase (PoDyP4) from Pleurotus ostreatus is characterized for its impressive ZEN degradation effectiveness. PoDyP4 was demonstrated that the ability to almost completely degrade ZEN at pH 6.0 and 40 °C for 2 h, even at high concentrations of 1 mM. The promotion of enzymatic degradation of ZEN was most pronounced in the presence of Mg2+, while Cu2+ and Fe2+ exhibited a notable inhibitory effect. The degradation mechanism elucidated the detoxification of ZEN by PoDyP4 through hydroxylation and polymerization reactions. The resulting metabolic products displayed significantly reduced toxicity and minimal impact on the viability and apoptosis of mouse spermatocytes GC-2 cells, in comparison to the original ZEN. Hydrophobic contacts and hydrogen bonds were found to be crucial for ZEN-PoDyP4 stability via molecular docking. This finding suggests that PoDyP4 may have a promising application in the field of food and feed for zearalenone detoxification.

以纯水、磷酸、柠檬酸、乙酸和硫酸溶液为水热介质,研究酸介质下秸秆微波水热炭的理化和吸附性能.结果表明,酸介质的加入可降低秸秆水热炭产率,且磷酸介质下的水热炭产率最高,为44.25％～47.24％.酸介质水热炭的C、灰分和固定碳增加,H/C和O/C降低,而其C=O、C=C和芳香C—H键能增强.磷酸介质下水热炭的孔隙发达和碳微球较多,其次是柠檬酸介质.磷酸介质下水热炭的比表面积和总孔体积最高,分别为10.669～15.506m2/g和0.070～0.116cm3/g.酸介质水热炭的氨氮吸附量明显增加,磷酸介质水热炭的氨氮吸附量最高,达到5.26 mg/g,水热炭的灰分、固定碳、C含量、N含量、O含量、比表面积、总孔体积和孔径对氨氮吸附具有正向的特征贡献.

Silkworm excrement is hard to be degraded or bio-utilized by environmental microorganisms due to its high content of heavy metals and antimicrobial biomacromolecules in mulberry leaves. In traditional Chinese silk industry, the silkworm excrement results in environmental problems. In this study, the silkworm excrement after chlorophyll ethanol-extraction was researched. An open fermentation strategy was developed using the silkworm excrement as the sole or partial carbon source by haloarchaea to accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoates. As a haloarchaeon with strong carbon source utilization ability, Haloferax mediterranei was found to accumulate a certain amount of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co -3-hydroxyvalerate; PHBV) using waste silkworm excrement. The results showed that the addition of silkworm excrement into glucose based fermentation medium can significantly improve the production of PHBV. Using a mixture carbon source including the extract of silkworm excrement and glucose (with a 1:1 carbon content ratio), the yield of PHBV was 1.73 ± 0.12 g/l, which showed a 26% increase than that of fermentation without the silkworm excrement addition. When the NaCl content of medium was set to approximately 15%, fermentation without sterilization was performed using silkworm excrement as the carbon source. Moreover, the addition of the silkworm excrement extract could increase the 3-hydroxyvalerate (3 HV) content of PHBV regardless of the sterilization or non-sterilization fermentation conditions. When using silkworm excrement as the sole carbon source, the 3 HV content was as high as 16.37 ± 0.54 mol %. The real-time quantitative PCR results showed that the addition of the silkworm excrement could specifically enhance the expression of genes involved in the aspartate/2-ketobutyric acid pathway related to 3 HV synthesis in H. mediterranei , and further analysis of the amino acid of the silkworm excrement suggested that the high content of threonine in the silkworm excrement might be the reason for the increase of 3 HV content. Taken together, the success of non-sterile fermentation in hypersaline condition using haloarchaea implied a novel way to reuse the silkworm excrement, which not only reduces the production costs of PHBV, but also is conducive to environmental protection.

Fluorescent supramolecular nucleoside-based organogels or hydrogels have attracted increasing attention owing to their tunable stability, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and inherent biocompatibility for applications in designing sensors. As the temperature of a constant TPE-Octa-dU gelator at MGC as low as 0.2 wt% was increased with gel to sol transition, a progressive decrease in the fluorescence intensity was observed. 1H NMR study in ethanol-d6/H2O revealed the existence of intermolecular hydrogen-bond interaction between uridine nucleobase and triazole moieties. Based on these experiments, thus organogels induced by hydrogen bonding can promote an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) of TPE moiety. Thermoreversible gelation properties have been investigated systematically, including AIE-shapemorphing architecture owing to their unique solid-liquid interface and easy processability. At the same line, the related TPE-EdU derivative which was synthesized from 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine does not deliver organogels or hydrogels, and under similar circumstances TPE moiety of TPE-EdU does not efficiently exhibit AIE phenomenon either.

Aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have been used in biomacromolecules detection. Herein, TPE-dC and TPE-dU acted as the nucleoside-based AlEgens sensors in the first case, which can be used to detect ctDNA and rRNA in vitro and light up the nucleus in vivo depending on the intermolecular binding affinity. This AIE process enables the quantitative analysis or visualization of nucleic acids in solution or gels state, respectively. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of L929 cells stained with TPE-dC or TPE-dU clearly shows that nucleoside-based AIEgens bio-probes can pass the cell membranes to reach the cell nucleus, without cytotoxicity at the imaging condition (incubation time > 12 h, and 10 mu mol/L of concentration). Since the nucleus is rich in DNA/RNA, fluorescence turn-on mode has a great potential in nucleus imaging and clinical diagnosis. (C) 2021 Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Overcoming lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance, especially the cleavage of cross-linkages in lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) and lignin, is essential for both the carbon cycle and industrial biorefinery. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-containing enzymes that play a key role in fungal polysaccharide oxidative degradation. Nevertheless, comprehensive analysis showed that LPMOs from a white-rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus, correlated well with the Fenton reaction and were involved in the degradation of recalcitrant nonpolysaccharide fractions in this research. Thus, LPMOs participated in the extracellular Fenton reaction by enhancing iron reduction in quinone redox cycling. A Fenton reaction system consisting of LPMOs, hydroquinone, and ferric iron can efficiently produce hydroxy radicals and then cleave LCCs or lignin linkages. This finding indicates that LPMOs are underestimated auxiliary enzymes in eliminating biomass recalcitrance.

Carboxylesterases, alcohol oxidases and class-II peroxidases were involved in the cleavage of the cross-linked lignin and LCC structures, overcoming biomass recalcitrance.

Lysine acetylation is a reversible post-translational modification (PTM) vastly employed in many biological events, including regulating gene expression and dynamic transitions in chromatin remodeling. We have developed the first one-pot bio-orthogonal flexizyme system in which both acetyl-lysine (AcK) and non-hydrolysable thioacetyl-lysine (ThioAcK) were site-specifically incorporated into human histone H3 and H4 at different lysine positions in vitro, either individually or in pairs. In addition, the high accuracy of this system moving toward one-pot synthesis of desired histone variants is also reported.

Abstract Background: Overcoming the biomass recalcitrance is essential for efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in industrial bio-refining. White-rot fungi can overcome the biomass recalcitrance and accelerate the conversion of lignocellulose to biofuels via a large number of special extracellular lignocellulolytic enzymes. Previous studies try to dissect the function of extracellular enzymes on biomass resistant cross-linked structures by secretome analysis, but the bio-alteration of cross-linked structures is ignored usually. A deeper and detailed understanding of relationship between secretome and bio-alteration of cross-linked structure in lignocellulosic biomass is still lack. Results: As an efficient wood-decaying fungus, Echinodontium taxodii could improve the conversion efficiency of lignocellulose to biofuels. This study coupled comparative analysis of fungal secretomes and 2D HSQC NMR analysis of lignocellulose fractions, aiming to elucidate the role of extracellular enzymes from Echinodontium taxodii 2538 in the disruption of resistant cross-linked structure of bamboo culms. Carboxylesterases, alcohol oxidases and Class-II peroxidases showed importance in the cleavage of cross-linked structures, including ester and ether linkages of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) and inter-unit linkages of lignin, which contributed to biomass resistance removal and cellulose exposure during the early stage of fungal decay. Moreover, the rapid oxidation of Cα-OH was found to contribute to the lignin bio-depolymerization. Conclusions: These findings revealed the detailed mechanisms of biomass recalcitrance reduction by fungal pretreatment, and provide insight into efficient strategy of lignocellulose conversion. It will advance the development in design of enzyme cocktail for efficient lignocellulose bio-refinery.

Oyster mushrooms use different lignocellulosic substrates with different biological efficiency, whereas deep understanding of the molecular mechanism is lacking. The extracellular/intracellular proteomes, lignocellulosic composition were analyzed after 21-day cultivation of P. ostreatus in sawdust, cottonseed hull and corncob. Lignin and hemicellulose content of three substrates significantly decreased, and cottonseed hull showed the highest saccharification rate. 297, 333, and 312 soluble proteins were identified in hardwood sawdust, cottonseed hull and corncob, respectively. P. ostreatus mobilized the corresponding antioxidant and carbon metabolism pathways and produced more abundant ligninolytic enzymes, especially class II peroxidases, to accommodate lignin-rich substrate hardwood. Ligninolytic enzymes and carbohydrate oxidases showed higher expression levels in sawdust, while carbohydrate active enzymes were highly expressed in polysaccharide-rich cottonseed hull and corncob. These results suggested P. ostreatus adapts to different substrates through regulating extra/intracellular proteins expression, and cottonseed hull is a potential source for biorefinery and oyster mushroom cultivation.

Although ascomycetes occupy a vaster niche in soil than the well-studied basidiomycetes, they have received limited attention in studies related to bioremediation. In this study, the degradation of carbaryl by Xylaria sp. was studied in different culture conditions and its possible metabolic pathway was elucidated. In liquid culture, 99% of the added carbaryl was eliminated when cytochrome P450 (CYP450) was active, which was similar to the degradation rate of Pleurotus ostreatus, a fungus with strong bioremediation ability. Mn2+ is beneficial to the degradation of carbaryl. Compared to the 72.17% degradation rate in sterile soil, 59.0% carbaryl was eliminated in non-sterile soil, which suggested that Xylaria sp. BNL1 can resist microorganismal infection. Furthermore, the intracellular fractions containing laccase, CYP450, and carbaryl esterase efficiently degraded carbaryl. The presence of carbaryl metabolites suggested that Xylaria sp. BNL1 initiated its attack on carbaryl via carbaryl esterase to release α-naphthol, which was further degraded to 1,4-naphthoquinone and benzoic acid by CYP450 and laccase. Thus, our study highlights the potential of using Xylaria sp. for bioremediation.

Pleurotus ostreatus is a white rot fungus that grows on lignocellulosic biomass by metabolizing the main constituents. Extracellular enzymes play a key role in this process. During the hydrolysis of lignocellulose, potentially toxic molecules are released from lignin, and the molecules are derived from hemicellulose or cellulose that trigger various responses in fungus, thereby influencing mycelial growth. In order to characterize the mechanism underlying the response of P. ostreatus to lignin, we conducted a comparative proteomic analysis of P. ostreatus grown on different lignocellulose substrates. In this work, the mycelium proteome of P. ostreatus grown in liquid minimal medium with lignin, xylan, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was analyzed using the complementary two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) approach; 115 proteins were identified, most of which were classified into five types according to their function. Proteins with an antioxidant function that play a role in the stress response were upregulated in response to lignin. Most proteins involving in carbohydrate and energy metabolism were less abundant in lignin. Xylan and CMC may enhanced the process of carbohydrate metabolism by regulating the level of expression of various carbohydrate metabolism-related proteins. The change of protein expression level was related to the adaptability of P. ostreatus to lignocellulose. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the response of white-rot fungus to lignocellulose.

To investigate the response of the Glycine max to non-adapted fungi stress, 3-week-old soybean seedlings were subjected to Bipolaris maydis stress. Leaf tissues were harvested 48 h post inoculated and TCA-acetone precipitation method was used for protein extraction. A tandem combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis,mass spectrometry(MS+MS/MS), and bioinformatics tools were used to identify protein that contribute to nonhost resistance in Glycine max. Results showed almost 1300 protein spots were separated with 2-DE gels of leaf of Glycine max. Eighteen differentially proteins(|ratio|>2, p<0.05) were identified in inoculated compared to controlling plants, including proteins involved in photosynthesis, response to stress, and non-host resistant response such as RuBisCO, pathogen related protein PR-10, and cytoskeleton structure related protein profilin-2. Taken together,when Glycine max was subjected to the non-adapted pathogen Bipolaris maydis, it expressed non-host resistance(NHR) 48 hpi by up or down-regulating the defense related proteins. The results also suggested that the decreased expression of protein involved in photosynthesis and energy could be beneficial to the increased expression of protein involved in defense response and non-host resistant response.

Along with the rice genome sequencing complete, a lot of gene function revealed the rice response pathogen infection related way research also had great progress. Through the proteomics research method, can reveal the pathogenic bacteria stress, rice protein group expression of change, contribute to the further understanding of the rice and pathogen interaction mechanism.