The current buzz of ‘going green’ has been a recent fad for many companies. But what does ‘going green’ really mean? How did going green get started? Who are the current leaders of sustainable information technology? It is clear that going green is more than a fad and that green technology can provide a number of cost reducing advantages to companies. This paper will explore the history of green IT/IS and sustainability. The paper will discuss current issues with sustainability and offer solutions to those problems. It will also study the current leaders in green IT/IS to serve as an example to companies looking to go green. Finally, the paper will make future recommendations for companies considering increasing their sustainability.

The 1906 earthquake's influence has been both a blessing and curse on the Bay Area's and California's progress to effectively manage earthquake risk. This earthquake, and its impacts noted in the historical record, have both motivated and discouraged policymakers to act through mitigation and improved emergency response. This paper scrutinizes the 1906 earthquake using a public policy perspective. Building from that experience improves the region's future earthquake risk management efforts.

California's first major earthquake safety policy initiative was 1933's Safety of Design and Construction of Public School Buildings Act, popularly known as the Field Act for its author, Assemblyman Don C. Field, who became the Field Act's legislative champion. The foundation for its enactment a month after the 10 March 1933 Long Beach earthquake was laid earlier by the 29 June 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake, the Dam Act of 1929, the drafting of a proposed Building Code for California, the formation of the Structural Engineers Association of California, and general acceptance of California's earthquake risk. This paper reviews the roles played by the pre-Field Act factors and the politics of the law's enactment, including the central role played by the State Division of Architecture in preparing the legislation and supporting Assemblyman Field's efforts.

Although the scientific capability to predict earthquakes has proven more elusive than was hoped for several decades ago, the concern over the social and economic response to prediction of an earthquake remains high. This paper examines the social and economic response to a scientific prediction for a strong earthquake to occur off Lima, Peru in mid-1981. The principal findings are that (1) public knowledge and anxiety over the prediction was widespread in Peru, but the behavioral response was relatively modest; and (2) corporations reviewed emergency plans and contingencies, especially insurance coverage, which saw a significant but temporary rise at the national level.

Comparisons between no-till and conventional till management are often confounded by variation in both tillage and residue placement, The objective of this research was to separate the tillage variable from the surface-residue variable associated with no-tilt and conventional-till management comparisons in Irrigated continuous corn (Zea mays L.) production. Two Nebraska locations (Mead and Clay Center) with differences in soil types and climate were selected. Four tillage-residue treatments [NT-NR (no-till, residue removed), NT-R (no-till, surface residue), T-NR (till, residue removed), T-R (conventional till, surface residue)] were fertilized by either broadcasting at planting or sidedressing at the 6-leaf stage with rates of 0, 56, 112, and 168 tig N ha (1), At Clay Center, grain yields and total N accumulation were similar for all tillage-residue treatment combinations in all years when the highest fertilizer N rate was used. In 2 of 3 yr at Mead, grain yields and total N accumulation were less Fur no-till than conventional-till treatments, but in 1 yr the yields and total N accumulations were greater in no-fill than conventional-till treatments. At Mend, surface residue resulted in lower grain yields and total N accumulation compared with bare soil at lower N rates, but not at greater N rates, in 2 of 3 yr, Sidedressing fertilizer N was generally a more efficient N placement than broadcasting. Differences between tillage and residue effects at Clay Center and residue effects at Mead were overcome with higher rates of fertilizer N, Tillage effects at Mead did not appear to be N-related, The data suggest that tillage may be necessary to maintain optimum production levels on finer-textured soils when spring soil temperatures are cool and slow to warm, When spring soil temperatures are warm, no-fill strategics can he used for optimum production levels on these soils.

The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was a watershed event for all of the communities it affected but perhaps more so for Oakland, California, where it had a fundamental and enduring impact on the decision agenda of city government. This paper explains (1) local government inaction on earthquake safety in Oakland before the disaster and then (2) how and why a political coalition was formed to develop a series of city ordinances to abate the hazard posed by earthquake-damaged buildings as well as by a class of structures (unreinforced masonry) known to be particularly earthquake-vulnerable.

Earthquakes generate a variety of economic impacts. To obtain a consistent measure, the actual damage state must be linked to the dollar losses of the capital stock, and then translated into direct business interruption losses and the ensuing ripple effects that occur throughout the economy. The Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology (HAZUS) facilitates a consistent set of loss estimations. The direct loss module of HAZUS calculates loss estimates for repair and replacement of building stock (structural and nonstructural), building contents and inventory, and business interruption losses. The direct losses information provides the inputs to the indirect loss module. The indirect loss module estimates the impacts by economic sectors over time and accounts for both earthquake-induced supply shortages and demand reductions. The results of a case study are presented that focus on the economic impacts of various scenario earthquakes that might occur in the Boston metropolitan area.

Utah faces serious earthquake risk from the alignment of its major population centers with the historically active Wasatch fault. This paper identifies the origins and traces the life history of the Utah Seismic Safety Advisory Council, paying special attention to the partisan political shift which contributed to its 1981 legislative failures and organizational demise.

Disaster researchers have long been aware that the political context of mitigation and preparedness measures has a formidable impact on their initiation, adoption and implementation. Yet most discussion and reporting of the political aspects of disasters have remained anecdotal, and few scholars have attempted to incorporate systematically political forces into social science models applied to disaster phenomena. This paper represents an explicit attempt to describe and explain the impact of politics on the public policy debate over structural safety in Oroville. California, following a damaging 1975 earthquake.

San Bernardino Country's willingness to “experiment” with a base isolated building raises broader questions about how engineering innovations are adopted and implemented. Focusing on group decision making, this paper explores the questions that need to be examined if more rapid use of new engineering techniques is desired.

A previous in vitro study has shown high accuracy, but no clinically significant differences in a group of five electronic root canal length measuring instruments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the performance of the same group of instruments under clinical conditions and to correlate their accuracy to radiographic estimates of canal length. Five electronic root canal length measuring instruments were used to measure the working length to the "apex" in 20 single-rooted teeth scheduled for extraction. After extraction, the actual canal length was measured visually to a point just within the apical foramen. This length was compared with instrument length as determined electronically. The accuracy of the instruments in determining canal measurement within +/- 0.5 mm from the apical foramen varied from 55 to 75%. The differences between the instruments were not statistically significant. On average, all of the instruments except for the Endocater gave canal length measurements that were beyond the apical foramen. The variability of the measurements, which was comparable to that of estimates of canal length from preoperative radiographs, indicated that radiographic verification of the working length is still desirable.

During the summers of 1981 and 1982, we studied resource partitioning by stocked lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, brown trout Salmo trutta, and chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by fishing vertical gill nets at six distances from shore in south-central Lake Ontario. The nets were set at depths of approximately 15–45 m (nearshore stations, <4 km offshore) and more than 55 m (offshore stations, 4–24 km offshore). Salmonids were concentrated near shore, where they partitioned available habitat and, thus, food resources. Horizontal habitat was partitioned with respect to distance from shore; vertical habitat was partitioned in relation to temperature and the thermocline. Salmonids foraged for the most available prey items within their habitat. Overlaps in both food use and horizontal habitat use were inversely related to overlap in use of vertical habitat. There was increased habitat separation between sexes for those species caught farther from shore, At the salmonid stocking and prey density levels existing during our study, lake trout, brown trout, and chinook salmon appeared to partition resources and minimize deleterious trophic interactions during thermal stratification.

Serie d'articles sur l'aspect geologique et sismologique, les effets geotechniques, les techniques de construction au Salvador et les degâts aux immeubles, avec l'etude detaillee de 8 bâtiments en beton arme, le comportement des reseaux (telecommunications, electricite), les criteres de reconstruction

During 1980–82 the movements, seasonal locations, and habitat preferences of brown trout in southcentral Lake Ontario were examined using radio telemetry and vertical gill nets. In fall and spring 85% of the 28 brown trout tracked by radio moved east from tagging sites. Movements frequently centered around original stocking sites, streams, and power plant outflows. Fish moved farther in spring (4.4 ± 2.5 km/d) than in fall (2.4 ± 1.7 km/d) seasons, but short-term movement rates did not differ between seasons (0.4 ±0.1 km/h in spring vs. 0.4 ± 0.3 km/h in fall). Females moved farther and faster than males in the fall. Brown trout generally occupied shallow waters < 1 km from shore; 81% of temperatures occupied by trout were between 8–18°C in spring (10.6 ± 2.3°C) and fall (10.1 ± 3.9°C), but turbidity appeared to influence presence or absence of trout near shore on a daily basis. In summer 78% of the 75 brown trout netted were in 8–18° C water (12.6 ± 4.0°C); 88% were caught in or within ±3 m of the thermocline region. Brown trout occupied regions near the thermocline despite widely varying bottom depths and thermocline temperatures. All brown trout were netted within 3.2 km of shore in summer, most in water ≤ 30 m deep; 70% were caught more than 3 m off bottom. The strong association of brown trout with nearshore and thermocline regions may distinguish their distributions from other salmonid species in Lake Ontario.

To examine movements of rainbow/steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) and associated environmental influences, 28 fish were radiotagged in and near a tributary of Lake Ontario during spring spawning runs in 1981 and 1982. Trout initially entering the lake from the tributary generally exhibited east-west reversals of movement along the southern shore of Lake Ontario before dispersing off shore. Seasonal movement rates averaged 3.2 ± 1.6km/d over periods of 6–94 d; mean short term rates were 0.50 ± 0.46 km/h. Temperatures occupied in the lake were 9.1 ± 1.5°C; temperatures at which fish were last observed were 9.8 ± 3.8° C. Movements offshore and ultimate disappearances occurred from April to July, but were most pronounced when temperatures near shore exceeded 10° C. By linking trout movements to seasonal thermal structure in Lake Ontario, a testable hypothesis was established to explain the distribution of rainbow trout in spring and early summer. Based on tracking data, information provided by south shore anglers, and literature on the physical limnology of Lake Ontario, we hypothesize that rainbow trout disperse off shore in spring with thermal fronts, particularly the 6–8° C zone known as the spring thermocline.

The anatomic distribution of fractures in this study showed more fractures of the condylar and parasymphysis/symphysis regions, with correspondingly fewer body and angle fractures, than in other reported studies. The site of fracture is related to the type of trauma involved. Altercations, in which most force is directed in a single blow to the lateral aspect of the jaw, tend to result more frequently in angle and body fractures and less often in condylar, symphysis, and alveolar fractures. Automobile accidents, which more frequently involve trauma to the anterior mandible, result in more fractures of the symphysis region, alveolus and condyle. Motorcycle accidents produce many more alveolar fractures, suggesting that the traumatic force in this kind of accident is often directed to the alveolus. As might be expected, those individuals involved in motor vehicle accidents had the highest incidence of other injuries in addition to the mandibular fractures. Injuries to the head and neck were most common, but a wide variety of other injuries occurred. Complications are more common in the patient who has sustained multiple trauma. Most fractures were treated by closed reduction. When open reduction was necessary, the most common sites were the angle, body, and symphysis regions.