A routine fact of life is that we often meet people who are superior to us in some way. When their superiority matters to us, we can feel envy. Here is Shakespeare's Cassius, a literary prototype of the envying person, as he protests the honors being heaped on Caesar: Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world Like a Colossus, and we petty men Walk under his huge legs and peep about To find ourselves dishonorable graves. (Shakespeare, 1599/1934, p. 41) These words show an important quality of envy. The envying person notices another's advantage or superiority and feels inferior. Caesar was an exceptional man who had achieved military and political greatness, and Cassius felt undersized and trivial next to his grand presence. Envy begins with an unflattering social comparison resulting in a quick, painful perception of inferiority (e.g., Foster, 1972; Parrott, 1991; Salovey & Rodin, 1984; Silver

Doppler-derived mitral inflow indices reflect left ventricular (LV) filling pressures but often vary with age. Diastolic filling is impaired in LV pressure overload states. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of age on the relationship between mitral inflow indices and LV filling pressures in patients with aortic stenosis. The authors studied 57 consecutive patients (age, 77 years; 52% male) with moderate to severe aortic stenosis (aortic valve area < or =1.0 cm(2)) on cardiac catheterization and echocardiographic studies performed within 48 hours of catheterization. Patients with atrial fibrillation, aortic insufficiency, mitral stenosis, and paced rhythm were excluded. Echocardiographic variables obtained from five cardiac cycles were: E/A ratio and deceleration time (DT). Patients were subclassified by age (< and > or =75 years), ejection fraction ([EF] < and > or =50%), and coronary artery disease (CAD). Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) correlated with DT (r=-0.86; p=0.001) and with E/A (r=0.7; p=0.001) more strongly than did LV end-diastolic pressure. Age did not alter the relationship between DT and PCWP (r=-0.92; p=0.001 for < 75 years vs. r=-0.83; p=0.001 for > or =75 years). PCWP was predicted by the equation PCWP=-0.10DT+43, regardless of age. EF also had little influence on the correlation between PCWP and DT (r=-0.80; p=0.001 for EF < 50% vs. r=-0.94; p=0.001 for EF > or =50%). Similarly, there were no significant differences between the regression equations and correlations between the CAD and no-CAD groups: for CAD patients, PCWP=41.8-0.10DT; p < 0.0001; r=-0.84 (p < 0.0001). For no-CAD subjects, PCWP=46.2-0.12DT; p < 0.0001; r=20.92 (p < 0.0001). In patients with significant aortic stenosis, DT correlated strongly with PCWP but not with LV end-diastolic pressure. This relationship was independent of age, CAD, or EF.

Assisted reproductive techniques and fertility enhancing therapies have increased multiple births and, therefore, the risk of prematurity and its developmental consequences. Parent intervention is an effective source of compensation for the cognitive effects of prematurity. We hypothesized that relative to parents of preterm singletons, parents of preterm twins are less able to provide such enhancing care, resulting in a developmental disadvantage for preterm twins. Maternal-infant interactions of premature singletons (n = 22; birth weight = 1668 +/- 350 g, gestational age = 32.3 +/- 2.1 weeks) and premature twins (n = 8; birth weight = 1618 +/- 249 g; gestational age = 32.0 +/- 2.6 weeks) with comparable demographic and medical status were observed at home at 1 and 8 months corrected age using a 30 min checklist of developmentally facilitative behavior. Mental (MDI) and psychomotor (PDI) indices of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and Caldwell Home Observations for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventories were administered (18 months corrected age). Compared with mothers of premature singletons, mothers of premature twins exhibited fewer initiatives (P < 0.001) and responses (P < 0.01) and were less responsive to positive signals (P < 0.01) and crying (P < 0.01). Unprompted by the infant, twin mothers lifted or held (P < 0.05), touched (P < 0.01), patted (P < 0.05) or talked (P < 0.01) less. Singleton MDIs surpassed twins (119.4 +/- 7.7 vs 103.6 +/- 7.7; P < 0.01). Maternal verbal behavior and the acceptance of child factor (HOME), both favoring singletons, correlated with MDI (R-square = 0.46, P < 0.0002). Mothers of premature twins exhibited fewer initiatives and responses toward offspring than did mothers of premature singletons. Maternal behavior was predictive of cognitive development.

BACKGROUNDPolymorphonuclear leukocytes have been reported to play an important role in various acute lung injuries. Neutrophil recruitment into tissues is a multistep process involving sequential engagement of adhesion molecules. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of selectin inactivation with Sulfo Lewis C (SO3-3betaGal1-3betaGlcNAc-O(CH2)8-COOMe) on the pulmonary response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion.METHODSAll animals (n = 11) were pretreated with an intramuscular injection of a priming dose of Escherichia coli LPS (10 microg/kg). Eighteen hours later, animals received an intravenous infusion of LPS (20 microg/kg) over 20 minutes. All animals were resuscitated with a lactated Ringer's solution. Group I (G1; n = 5) received no additional treatment. Group II (G2; n = 6) received a bolus injection of Sulfo Lewis C (10 mg/kg) 10 minutes before LPS insult followed by a continuous infusion (1 mg/kg per hour) for the rest of the study. Animals were observed for 5 hours from initiation of the LPS infusion and killed. Cardiopulmonary variables and blood gases were measured serially. The multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET) was used to evaluate the matching of air flow and blood flow in the lung 5 hours after LPS infusion. Histologic evaluation of the parenchymal injury was performed by using light microscopy. The number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and red blood cells in the alveolar spaces per field at 400x magnification were counted in 10 randomly selected fields.RESULTSHypoxemia, indexed as Pao2/FIO2, was exacerbated by the administration of Sulfo Lewis C (G1:437+/-33 vs. G2: 241+/-63 mm Hg at 5 hours, p<0.03). This finding is supported by the multiple inert gas elimination technique analysis, which demonstrated significantly greater blood flow to true shunt in G2 (G1:4.42+/-1.75 vs. G2:23.2+/-5.69, p<0.02). There was no difference between the two groups in red blood cell counts in the alveolar spaces. However, polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts were significantly greater in G2 (G1:1.8+/-0.58 vs. G2:9.9+/-2.34, p<0.01).CONCLUSIONSelectin blockade significantly worsened lung injury induced by LPS infusion, and greater numbers of neutrophils were observed in alveolar spaces in the group treated with Sulfo Lewis C. These findings are supported by the multiple inert gas elimination technique analysis, which demonstrated significantly greater blood flow to the true shunt compartment in treated animals. Further studies are required to determine the role of selectins in sepsis-induced lung injury.

Anti-Yo (type I) autoantibodies reactive with Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antigens of 34 and 62 kd are found in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with cancer of the ovary, uterus, adnexa, or breast. Anti-Yo antibody response is rarely associated with other tumors. Here, we present a patient who developed paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and anti-Yo antibody response in association with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The presence of anti-Yo antibodies was confirmed by immunofluorescence assay and by Western blot analysis against both Purkinje cell lysates and the CDR62 fusion protein. Yo antigen was demonstrated in sections of the patient's tumor. Antibody titers fell after tumor removal. Transitional cell carcinoma should be considered in patients presenting with subacute cerebellar degeneration and anti-Yo antibody response in whom ovarian, adnexal, uterine, or breast cancer cannot be detected.

A developmental disadvantage was noted in a group of premature twins due to reduced maternal stimulation and interaction as compared to singleton controls. Eight twins (BW 1516 +/- 247g; GA 1 +/- 1wks) were compared to 39 singletons (BW 1691 +/- 367g; GA 32 +/- 2 wks) at one and 8 months after discharge during home visits. The two groups were medically (Parmalee Medical Risk Factor Index:75 +/- 12 vs 76 +/- 15) and demographically (Income: 25 +/- 14K vs 30 +/- 16K) comparable. Examiners blind to the hypothesis obtained 30 minutes of spontaneous behavior on each visit and scored every 15 seconds for a variety of maternal-infant interactions (maximum possible occurrences per behavior=120). At 12 and 18 months corrected age, infants were assessed on the Mental Development Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The results of the study shown below suggest the home environment of premature twins may account for some of the developmental disadvantage noted. We speculate that additional home support would be compensatory. Table

Cortisol can be used to indicate stress level as well as to monitor certain disease states. Although cortisol can be sampled from blood and urine, saliva sampling has decided advantages. Unfortunately, whole saliva contains a number of substances that can metabolize or bind with cortisol, potentially confounding analysis and quantitation. We introduce a semipermeable pouch that accumulates a contaminant-free salivary ultrafiltrate, thereby overcoming a number of the problems encountered with whole saliva. In three studies, we demonstrate accuracy and utility of the device for cortisol determination: (1) in an artificial medium, 60%–77% of the cortisol was recovered in the ultrafiltrate; (2) in vivo, ultrafiltrate cortisol correlated highly with whole-saliva cortisol collected under ideal conditions; and (3) ultrafiltrate cortisol evinced positive relationships with depression and cigarette use, consistent with studies in the literature. We conclude that this device and saliva-filtering technologies in general are useful in applications requiring quantitation of cortisol.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 694, Issue 1 p. 311-313 Methods of Simplified Saliva Collection for the Measurement of Drugs of Abuse, Therapeutic Drugs, and Other Molecules WILLFRIED SCHRAMM, WILLFRIED SCHRAMM BioQuant Incorporated Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105Search for more papers by this authorRICHARD H. SMITH, RICHARD H. SMITH BioQuant Incorporated Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105Search for more papers by this authorPAUL A. CRAIG, PAUL A. CRAIG BioQuant Incorporated Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105Search for more papers by this author WILLFRIED SCHRAMM, WILLFRIED SCHRAMM BioQuant Incorporated Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105Search for more papers by this authorRICHARD H. SMITH, RICHARD H. SMITH BioQuant Incorporated Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105Search for more papers by this authorPAUL A. CRAIG, PAUL A. CRAIG BioQuant Incorporated Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105Search for more papers by this author First published: September 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18374.xCitations: 15AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES 1 Schramm, W., R. H. Smith, P. A. Craig & H. E. Grates. 1993. Clin. Chem. 39: 519–521. 2 Schramm, W., O. F. Pomerleau, C. S. Pomerleau & H. E. Grates. 1992. Prev. Med. 21: 63–73. 3 Schramm, W., R. H. Smith, P. A. Craig, S-H. Paek & H-H. Kuo. 1990. Clin. Chem. 36: 1488–1493. 4 Schramm, W., S-H. Paek, H-H. Kuo & T. Yang. 1991. Anal. Chim. Acta 248: 517–528. 5 Schramm, W., T. M. Annesley, G. J. Siegel, J. C. Sackellares & R. H. Smith. 1991. Ther. Drug Monit. 13: 452–460. 6 Schramm, W. & R. H. Smith. 1991. Clin. Chem. 37: 114–115. 7 Schramm, W., P. A. Craig, R. H. Smith & G. E. Berger. 1993. Clin. Chem. 39: 481–487. 8 Schramm, W., D. A. Kidwell, R. H. Smith & P. A. Craig. 1992. J. Anal. Toxicol. 16: 1–9. Citing Literature Volume694, Issue1Saliva as a Diagnostic FluidSeptember 1993Pages 311-313 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The concentration of testosterone in whole saliva is significantly increased (by 9%) after toothbrushing. In ultrafiltrates of saliva collected at the same time as the whole saliva, testosterone concentrations after tooth-brushing were unchanged. In 88% of the 162 whole-saliva specimens, but not in the ultrafiltrates, we also measured higher hemoglobin concentrations after toothbrushing. We conclude that the increase of testosterone in whole saliva after toothbrushing can be attributed to a protein-bound fraction. For analytes that are bound to serum proteins, salivary measurements can give spurious results. This problem can be avoided by using as a diagnostic medium an ultrafiltrate of saliva collected directly in the mouth.

We studied the feasibility of using saliva to detect cocaine and benzoylecgonine. Saliva was collected as an ultrafiltrate directly in the mouth with an osmotic device. We analyzed by immunoassay matched samples of urine, blood, and salivary ultrafiltrate from 69 patients who had used cocaine within 24 h of sample collection. Cocaine concentrations were 4.9 times higher in saliva than in serum; benzoylecgonine concentrations were 2.5 times higher in serum. Seven urine and two serum samples had undetectable concentrations of cocaine, but all 69 saliva samples were positive for the drug. For benzoylecgonine detection, all urine samples were positive and three serum and one saliva sample were negative. We also analyzed 43 samples of saliva by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: all were positive for benzoylecgonine, whereas 40 were positive for cocaine. We conclude that simultaneous measurement of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in saliva is suitable in screening for recent cocaine use.

There has been substantial interest in the use of saliva as a diagnostic medium for drugs of abuse because it can be obtained noninvasively. Although drugs of abuse have been investigated in saliva for more than a decade, the role of saliva remains uncertain. A clear picture is difficult to obtain because of variations in (1) the analytical methods used; (2) the dose regimen of subjects, which was either unknown or differed between studies; and (3) the elapsed time between drug intake and sample collection. This communication summarizes the studies on the quantitative determination of different drugs of abuse in saliva to elucidate the current status in this area. Marijuana, cocaine, phencyclidine, opiates, barbiturates, amphetamines, and diazepines (or their metabolites) have all been detected in saliva by various analytical methods, including immunoassay, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and thin layer chromatography. Initial studies with cocaine and phencyclidine suggest a correlation between saliva and plasma concentrations of these drugs, indicating a dynamic equilibrium between saliva and blood. Tetrahydrocannabinol, the active component in marijuana, on the other hand, does not appear to be transferred from plasma to saliva. However, tetrahydrocannabinol is sequestered in the buccal cavity during smoking and can be detected in saliva. These findings point to the potential role of saliva in the analysis of many illicit drugs. To clearly identify the role of saliva as a diagnostic medium for drugs of abuse, research efforts should be directed towards (1) performing systematic studies on correlations between saliva, blood, and urine and (2) determining the concentrations of drugs and their metabolites in saliva as a function of dose and time after intake.

The reactions of calf thymus DNA with four 1,3-dialkyl-3-acyltriazenes were studied alone or in the presence of pig liver esterase in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer for varying lengths of time. The best alkylating agent in the absence of esterase was determined to be 1,3-dimethyl-3-carbethoxytriazene (DMC), followed in order by 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-3-carbethoxytriazene (HMC), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-3-acetyltriazene (HMA), and 1-(2- chloroethyl)-3-methyl-3-carbethoxytriazene (CMC). This order is the same as that for the rate of decomposition of the various acyltriazenes in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer. The extent of calf thymus DNA alkylation by CMC was found to be dependent on both the reaction buffer and the ionic strength of the medium. Alkylation by CMC alone in low ionic strength glycine buffer produced large quantities of 7-(2-chloroethyl)guanine and 7-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine. The products of DNA alkylation observed at neutral pH are consistent with N(2)-N(3) heterolysis of the triazene, resulting in the N(1) alkyldiazonium ion as the sole alkylating species. In the presence of esterase, CMC showed an enhanced rate of product formation. Furthermore, the product distribution shifted dramatically from mainly hydroxyethylation to predominantly methylation. CMC is postulated to undergo initial enzymatic deacylation, leading to two different alkyldiazonium ions which competitively alkylate DNA. HMC, on the other hand, was little affected by the esterase. The enzyme-catalyzed reaction showed a small increase in methylation and a smaller decrease in hydroxyethylation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)