The addition of a stilbene optical brightener, Tinopal LPW, at 1% concentration (wt:wt) significantly reduced the LC50 of the beet armyworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SeMNPV) from 2.9 PIB/mm(2) to 0.02 PIB/mm(2). Moreover, the LT50 of SeMNPV was reduced Ly 34% by the addition of Tinopal LPW. Seven other structurally related stilbene brighteners M ere also tested as viral enhancers. Five of these brighteners (Tinopal LPW, Blankophor BBH, Blankophor HRS, Blankophor P167, and Blankophor RKH) reduced LD(50)s, whereas three brighteners (Blankophor BSU, Blankophor DML, and Blankophor LPG) had little effect. Among the active brighteners, LC(50)s were reduced by 10.5-fold (Blankophor P167). 52.4-fold (Blankophor RKH), 87.3-fold Tinopal LPW, 131-fold (Blankophor BBH), and > 400-fold (Blankophor HRS). LT(50)s M ere also decreased by the addition of Blankophor BBH, Blankophor P167. and Blankophor RKH, but were increased by the addition of Blankophor BSU. Blankophor DMLO, and Blankophor LPG to SeMNPV suspensions.

Eight structurally related stilbene optical brighteners were compared as enhancers for the gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV). Five of the 8 brighteners acted as activity enhancers (Blankophor HRS, P167, BBH, RKH, and Tinopal LPW); but Blankophor BSU, DML, and LPG did not enhance the activity of LdNPV. The most effective brighteners (BBH, RKH, and LPW) reduced LC50s from 800- to 1,300-fold. LT50s were influenced by some brighteners (I-IRS, LPW, BBH, RKH) but not by others (LPG, DML, BSU). All 8 brighteners exhibited fluorescence, which was concentration dependent. The most fluorescent brighteners were LPW, BBH, RKH, and P167, and the least fluorescent brighteners were LPG and DML. In general, the most active brighteners (i.e., those exhibiting the greatest viral enhancement) tended to exhibit the greatest fluorescence, and the least active brighteners tended to exhibit the least fluorescence. Although pHs of the brighteners ranged from 7 to 10, no correlation was found between pH and activity enhancement.

The optical brightener Tinopal LPW is a derivative of triazinyldiaminostilbene sulfonic acid, and consists of 1,3,5-triazine, stilbene, and sulfonic acid components. These components and derivatives were compared with Tinopal LPW to determine the source of activity enhancement for the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), nauclear polyhedrosis virus. None of the components or derivatives was as active as Tinopal LPW.

Doses of a commercial candidate formulation of gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) were applied with and without several concentrations of an enhancing adjuvant, Blankophor BBH, to individual trees against natural gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), populations. Amounts of Blankophor BBH adhering to foliage after application were measured at 1,322, 227, and 37 mu g/g dry weight of leaf for the 0.5, 0.1, and 0.02% treatments, respectively. The highest dose of the candidate formulation used without the adjuvant failed to increase significantly 1st-generation after-treatment LdMNPV mortality (direct infection caused by feeding on applied virus) above background levels, to reduce late season (instars 5 and 6) larval populations in treated trees or to provide significant foliage protection. However, Blankophor BBH added to the tank mix at concentrations of 0.5 or 0.1% (wt:vol) resulted in significantly increased levels of 1st-generation after-treatment LdMNPV, significantly reduced late-season larval populations, and significant levels of foliage protection, compared with untreated control trees. The resulting recommended tank mix (0.1% Blankophor BBH and 2x 10(10) PIBs per 75 liters final spray solution per tree) should give excellent foliage protection against gypsy moth at a cost of about $3 per tree.

The optical brightener, Tinopal LPW, was subjected to different pHs, temperatures, and to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Tinopal LPW was stable at pHs ranging from 3.0 to 10.4, at temperatures of 121 degrees C for 5 min, and at UV exposures (254, 302, and 360 nm) for periods up to 7 d. These treatments did not adversely affect the activity of Tinopal LPW as an enhancer for the gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus.

Doses of a standard formulation of Gypchek (gypsy moth NPV) containing the sunscreen Orzan and a sticker were evaluated against gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), along with experimental aqueous formulations of Gypchek in which Orzan was replaced by stilbene disulfonic acid optical brighteners, Phorwite AR (1991) or Blankophor BBH (1992), that had acted as potentiating agents for the virus in laboratory tests. The treatments were applied to gypsy-moth-infested small (0.02 ha) forest plots where preliminary studies had demonstrated high (1991) or low (1992) levels of natural gypsy moth NPV. In 1991, treatments included two lower concentrations of Gypchek with the formulation containing Orzan as well as the formulation containing Phorwite AR. In 1992, treatments were the lower dose of Gypchek with two levels of Blankophor BBH, one dose of cell-culture-produced gypsy moth NPV with one level of Blankophor BBH, Blankophor BBH alone, and untreated control plots. The 1991 treatments containing Phorwite AR had significantly higher levels of gypsy moth larval mortality and significantly reduced LT50s compared with equivalent treatments containing Orzan. The Phorwite AR increased the mortality of gypsy moths (caused by the natural virus) to that of the high dose of applied virus without Phorwite AR. In 1992, all treatments containing Blankophor BBH with the low dose of virus had levels of gypsy moth larval mortality equal to or higher than the standard formulation with the higher dose of virus, significantly higher levels of gypsy moth larval mortality than the standard formulation with the lower dose of virus, and significantly reduced LT50s compared with either of the treatments containing Orzan. Natural gypsy moth NPV levels remained low in the control plots, and Blankophor BBH applied alone significantly increased the mortality of gypsy moths.

The efficacy of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.)) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV), Gypchek, in combination with a stilbene disulfonic acid additive, Blankophor BBH, was evaluated against third and fourth-instar gypsy moth in 1992. Treatments were applied with hydraulic ground equipment to plots of one to three oak trees each in a gypsy moth-infested woodlot on the eastern shore of Maryland. An analysis of larvae collected from the plots revealed that the plots treated with LdMNPV and Blankophor BBH had significantly (P < 0.05) more larval mortality and significantly lower LT50 values than did plots treated with LdMNPV alone. Additionally, Blankophor BBH applied alone appeared to interact with native virus present in the field plots and significantly (P < 0.05) increased larval mortality when compared with untreated plots. The implications of these results for the potential use of LdMNPV in combination with a stilbene disulfonic acid additive am discussed.

The efficacy of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.)) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV), Gypchek, in combination with a stilbene disulfonic acid additive, Blankophor BBH, was evaluated against third and fourth-instar gypsy moth in 1992. Treatments were applied with hydraulic ground equipment to plots of one to three oak trees each in a gypsy moth-infested woodlot on the eastern shore of Maryland. An analysis of larvae collected from the plots revealed that the plots treated with LdMNPV and Blankophor BBH had significantly (P < 0.05) more larval mortality and significantly lower LT50 values than did plots treated with LdMNPV alone. Additionally, Blankophor BBH applied alone appeared to interact with native virus present in the field plots and significantly (P < 0.05) increased larval mortality when compared with untreated plots. The implications of these results for the potential use of LdMNPV in combination with a stilbene disulfonic acid additive are discussed.

Liquid chromatographic and bioassay data provide evidence for a novel exotoxin produced by the HD 116 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis var. morrisoni. The exotoxin from HD 116 differs from the well known beta-exotoxin produced by the HD 59 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis. Chromatograms of aliquots of filtered fermentation broth taken before and after inoculation with the organisms HD 116 and HD 59 were compared. Based on retention times of the obtained peaks, chromatographic fractions were obtained and activity against first instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was determined. Fractions based upon similar retention times that were active from var. morrisoni were not active from var. thuringiensis and vice versa. Our conclusion that the new exotoxin may be a diphosphate analog of thuringiensin is based on a comparison of relative retention times among several adenine nucleotides. We have tentatively named this new extracellular exotoxin sigma-exotoxin.

An insect chitin synthesis inhibitor, BAY SIR 8514, was shown to disrupt brood production in both caged and free-flying colonies of honey bees.Brood rearing was temporarily terminated for a period of 2-3 weeks depending on the level of BAY SIR.Normal brood production resumed after the treatment was terminated.This treatment may provide some control against the parasitic bee mite, Varroa jacobsoni, which only reproduces in sealed brood cells containing older larvae or pupae.

A vital role insects play in the pollination of many plants, including some of our most important agricultural crops, was described in 1976 by McGregor, an apiculturist, in a handbook published by the Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (1). According to USDA estimations the value of crops in 1980 requiring bee pollination for seed or fruit in the United States approached $20 billion (2). Honey and beeswax produced was valued at $140 million. In this paper we present a brief history of the use of sulfathiazole, Terramycin®, and Fumidil-B® as antimicrobials in beekeeping. Included are some results of our published research, as well as some of our new research in which we show why the precautions - stated explicitly on the current Terramycin® label to assure that honey intended for human consumption is free of trace amounts of drug residues - also implicitly apply to medicated colonies

The beta-exotoxin of an experimental preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis was bioassayed against neonate Colorado potato beetle larvae and its lethal concentrations determined. The amount of active ingredient in the preparation was determined by liquid chromatography. The Escherichia coli DNA Repair Assay was used to determine the DNA damaging potential of the beta-exotoxin, which was found to be negative in this system.

Chemical methodology based on liquid chromatography was developed to measure trace amounts of two insect chitin synthesis inhibitors in mushrooms that are effective for control of a sciarid fly, Lycoriella mali (Fitch). No residues (<0.05 ppm) of diflubenzuron were found in mushrooms grown in treated compost. Trace amounts of diflubenzuron and BAY SIR 8514 (2-chloro-N-[[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-amino]carbomyl]) were found in several samples of mushrooms grown in treated casing and were attributed to splash-up of the treated casing onto the mushroom during watering.

Journal Article Effect of Feeding Pollen Substitutes to Colonies of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Exposed to Carbaryl Get access E. W. Herbert, Jr., E. W. Herbert, Jr. USDA, ARS, Bioenvironmental Bee Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. Shimanuki, H. Shimanuki USDA, ARS, Bioenvironmental Bee Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. J. Argauer R. J. Argauer 2 USDA, ARS, Bioenvironmental Bee Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 2U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 12, Issue 3, 1 June 1983, Pages 758–762, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/12.3.758 Published: 01 June 1983 Article history Received: 14 June 1982 Published: 01 June 1983

Incorporating diazinon into the compost media in which mushrooms are grown is widely practiced to control three dipteran pests, namely, Lycoriella mali (Fitch) and L. multiseta (Felt) (Sciaridae) and Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Phoridae). However, there were indications at times that diazinon-treated compost had lower yields than untreated compost. To determine if the lowered yields were due to differences in sensitivity to diazinon of the different strains, eight commonly used strains were grown in treated and in untreated compost, and the yields were compared. Four strains had significantly lower weights when treated with diazinon, and three of these had significantly fewer mushrooms. The weight of the most sensitive strain was reduced by 30% and the number by 26%. The treatment also delayed the appearance of the growth flushes in sensitive strains. Poor cultural practices tended to result in increased phytotoxicity. There was no difference among the strains in the quantity of diazinon translocated from the compost to the fruiting bodies. The maximum recorded was 0.027 ppm, and most samples contained less than 0.01 ppm.

Sulfathiazole, one of four sulfonamide drugs separated on a PXS 1025 PAC chromatographic column, was measured in samples of honey collected from colonies fed medicated sugar solutions. Honey taken from locations in the brood nest contained up to 4 ppm of sulfathiazole, whereas honey in added supers contained less than 0.2 ppm, the detection limit for the method.

Oxytetracyline hydrochloride (OTC) degraded in brood nest honey and surplus honey by 4 weeks after cessation of medication of colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., with sugar dusts or syrup sprays. No OTC residues were found in either brood nest honey or surplus honey from colonies treated with 2 antibiotic extender patties, nor in larvae from colonies treated by any of the 3 methods.

In tests conducted to determine the stability of selected insecticides in compost used to grow mushrooms, 3 ureide insecticides, diflubenzuron (N-[[(4-chlorophenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide), BAY SIR 8514 (2-chloro-N-[[(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)amino]carbonyl]benzamide), and Lilly 7063 (N-[[[5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-methyl-2-pyrazinyl]amino]carbonyl]-2-chlorobenzamide), were much more stable than the 3 phosphorus-containing insecticides tested, diazinon, ethoprop, and chlorpyrifos, although chlorpyrifos provided up to 80% fly control for 6 weeks. Residues were assayed by means of both an established bioassay with a sciarid fly, Lycoriella mali (Fitch), and with a newly developed chemical method based on high performance liquid chromatography.

Some pesticides and many naturally occurring chemicals fluoresce sufficiently that direct monitoring of their natural fluorescence during HPLC is feasible. The fluorescence intensities of over thirty pesticides in hexane and methanol were measured at excitation wavelengths of both 254 nm and maximum absorbance. Carbaryl at 0.2 ppm was used as a model pesticide to contrast the relative merits of the fluorescence and absorbance modes for HPLC detection. Actual samples studied included rice, corn, green peas, potato, cucumber, lima beans, and orange. Pollen gathered by foraging honey bees proved the most challenging of the agricultural products studied because of the highly complex chromatograms obtained for methylene chloride extracts. Highly significant is the finding that the fluorescence efficiency of some pesticides varied dramatically with a change in polarity of the mobile phase.

The global increase in antimicrobial resistance has led to renewed interest in alternative antimicrobial treatment strategies. Research is being done into a wide range of possible treatment regimens, including phage therapy, novel vaccines, and novel peptides, to name a few. Many microbiologists continue to lobby their governments to ensure that the available antibiotics are retained for the treatment of serious infections and their inappropriate use is stopped. In addition, large pharmaceutical companies are being encouraged to develop new treatments for the future. Much research now focuses on medicinal plants and essential oils. These and other alternative approaches are outlined in this chapter.