A novel approach to dyeing process control based on a simple kinetic model of the process is presented. This method is suitable for real-time adaptive control of dyeing processes. The simulation results from this model using the least-squares method to estimate the model parameters are compared to published literature data and validated experimentally. The adaptive control scheme is also tested through both computer simulation and lab experiments. The results are satisfactory and encouraging. Further research work will be conducted to improve the quality and performance of dyeing processes.

The equations of a generalized Donnan model have been used in dimensionless form to describe and analyze the sorption of hydrochloric acid and of C.I. Acid Blue 25 by polyamide fibers containing an excess of basic groups. The method is applicable to a wide variety of ionic sorption systems, and removes some of the restrictions of earlier treatments of the problem. Acid-base reactions, ion exchange processes, electrolyte sorption, and both ion binding and zwitterion formation have been considered.

AbstractThe equations of a general Donnan Model have been simplified and used to describe the equilibrium sorption of anionic dyes by fibers containing acidic and basic groups. By examining simple situations, the dependence of the sorption behavior on specific dimensionless groups of variables has been clarified. This approach emphasizes common features of different ionic dyeing systems, it can be applied in graphical methods of data analysis, and it has potential applications in process control.

AbstractA graphical method is proposed for the analysis of experimental data on the equilibrium sorption of ions by charged polymers. The method uses dimensionless groups of variables, which are based on a generalized Donnan theory. Graphical comparisons of theoretical curves with experimental data‐point sets permit rapid estimation of theoretical parameters. The use of dimensionless groups clarifies the complex interactions between the individual sorption variables. This simple procedure consists of relative lateral and vertical displacements of the data point graphs and the theoretical graphs along their coordinate axes. The graphical comparisons help to reveal the nature of departures from the basic theoretical model. Examples of the method are given for oxycellulose/methylene blue and polyacrylonitrile polymer/cationic dye systems.

The basic equations of a simple theoretical model for the sorption equilibria in ionic dyeing systems have been extended to include the "binding" of cations other than hydrogen ion to the acidic groups in the fiber. Computations based on the resultant equations are compared with existing ideas on "site-adsorption mechanisms" of cationic dyeing.

Journal of Applied Polymer ScienceVolume 18, Issue 2 p. 629-632 NoteFree Access The distribution of dye and inorganic ions between cellulose films and aqueous solutions R. McGregor, R. McGregor School of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607Search for more papers by this authorK. H. Ezuddin, K. H. Ezuddin School of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607Search for more papers by this author R. McGregor, R. McGregor School of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607Search for more papers by this authorK. H. Ezuddin, K. H. Ezuddin School of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1974 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070180226Citations: 9AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 R. McGregor, Text. Res. J., 42, 172 (1972). 2 F. Helfferich, Ion Exchange, McGraw Hill, New York, 1962. 3 T. Vickerstaff, The Physical Chemistry of Dyeing, 2nd ed., Oliver and Boyd, London, 1954. 4 J. Farrar and S. M. Neale, J. Colloid Sci., 1, 186 (1952). 5 P. H. Hermans, Contribution to the Physics of Cellulose Fibres, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1946. Citing Literature Volume18, Issue2February 1974Pages 629-632 ReferencesRelatedInformation

In using a Donnan membrane theory, single-ion distribution coeflicicnts are introduced through ionic distribution equations to show agreement between experimental measurements and theoretical estimates. Agreement between theory and experiment provides no proof of correctness.

A simple theoretical model of the ion sorption equilibria in cationic dyeing systems has been developed. This model accounts for several aspects of the behavior which cannot be handled by, the existing theories. The parameter values required to fit the model to the data are in agreement with direct independent measurements of these parameters. The selectivity coefficient KNaD shows a complex behavior which cannot be explained by conventional formulations of "ion-binding" processes in the fiber.

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters EditionVolume 11, Issue 7 p. 481-484 Article The effect of the distribution of colorant on the color of fibers† George Goldfinger, George Goldfinger School of Textiles, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina 27697Search for more papers by this authorK. C. Lau, K. C. Lau School of Textiles, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina 27697Search for more papers by this authorRalph McGregor, Ralph McGregor School of Textiles, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina 27697Search for more papers by this author George Goldfinger, George Goldfinger School of Textiles, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina 27697Search for more papers by this authorK. C. Lau, K. C. Lau School of Textiles, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina 27697Search for more papers by this authorRalph McGregor, Ralph McGregor School of Textiles, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina 27697Search for more papers by this author First published: July 1973 https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.130110711Citations: 8 † This paper was presented at the Twelfth Sesqui-Annual Symposium on Polymer and Fiber Microscopy on May 11, 1973 at Raleigh, N.C. Sponsored by the Textile Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume11, Issue7July 1973Pages 481-484 RelatedInformation

AbstractIt is known from experience that light scattering–absorbing substrates are darker when the continuous medium is water instead of air. This is due to the decrease in scattering efficiency of the scattering particles caused by the smaller value of the ratio n1/n2 of the refractive indices of the scattering particles (n1 = 1.5 to 1.7) to that of water (n2 = 1.33) as compared to that ratio when the continuous medium is air (n2 = 1). Experimental evidence for this phenomenon is presented for polyester fabric viewed in air, water, and a concentrated sucrose solution. The wavelength range from 0.4 to 0.7 microns, and absolute “dry” reflectances from 0.02 to 0.7 were covered. The phenomenon cannot be adequately described with the Kubelka‐Munk theory of the color of scattering–absorbing substrates.1 Evidence is presented that at high reflectance values (0.4–0.7), the theory describes the color adequately and the results are consistent with a prediction based on a modified Mie equation for the scattering efficiency of “large” particles.2,3 At low reflectance values (<0.05), the Kubelka‐Munk theory breaks down completely. This is consistent with the observation that this theory is not capable of predicting precisely high dye concentrations on textiles but is quite adequate for low concentrations.

Journal of the Society of Dyers and ColouristsVolume 89, Issue 11 p. 409-410 Site Mechanisms for the Dyeing of Acrylic-polymer Fibres T.H. GUION, T.H. GUION School of Textiles North Carolina State University Box 5006 Raleigh North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorT. M. A. HOSSAIN, T. M. A. HOSSAIN School of Textiles North Carolina State University Box 5006 Raleigh North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorR. McGREGOR, R. McGREGOR School of Textiles North Carolina State University Box 5006 Raleigh North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorJ. R. THAGARD, J. R. THAGARD School of Textiles North Carolina State University Box 5006 Raleigh North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this author T.H. GUION, T.H. GUION School of Textiles North Carolina State University Box 5006 Raleigh North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorT. M. A. HOSSAIN, T. M. A. HOSSAIN School of Textiles North Carolina State University Box 5006 Raleigh North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorR. McGREGOR, R. McGREGOR School of Textiles North Carolina State University Box 5006 Raleigh North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this authorJ. R. THAGARD, J. R. THAGARD School of Textiles North Carolina State University Box 5006 Raleigh North Carolina 27606Search for more papers by this author First published: November 1973 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1973.tb03111.xCitations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume89, Issue11November 1973Pages 409-410 RelatedInformation

The method originally developed by Delmenico and Peters for the determination of both the volume term ν D and the Donnan coefficient λ D from data on the sorption of inorganic ions by fibers has been extended to systems in which none of the ions obeys a simple Donnan membrane distribution.