Agriculture plays a vital role in the economic landscape of developing nations such as India, serving as a cornerstone in their national economy. The effectiveness and profitability of agricultural production hinge greatly on the inputs provided and their efficiency of utilization under field conditions. To effectively manage both biotic and abiotic stressors in the face of a changing climate, additional agricultural inputs become imperative. The current landscape, marked by a surge in food demand due to population growth, underscores the need for sustainable agricultural practices to ensure food security. In recent years, Nanotechnology emerges as a promising technological frontier in the pursuit of sustainable agriculture by enhancing the efficiency of resource utilization for agricultural inputs. This innovation holds the potential to reshape the dynamics of agricultural production, contributing to the realization of goals essential for ensuring long-term food security and resource preservation. Nanosensors, with their miniature size and heightened sensitivity, open new avenues for real-time monitoring and data acquisition in agricultural settings. Their potential to revolutionize precision farming practices becomes evident, promising optimized resource utilization and increased agricultural productivity. Nanobiosensors play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between nanotechnology and the intricacies of agricultural ecosystems, enabling precise detection of biochemical markers and pathogens crucial for crop health. Numerous nanosensors are currently being researched for use in the agricultural and food industries for a variety of purposes, including the ability to instantly recognize dangers in the event of probable food poisoning, detecting both internal and external conditions in food packaging, carbon nanotube-based electrochemical detectors for detecting cations, anions, and organic molecules in food, and different aptamers for detecting pesticides, heavy metals, antibiotics, microbial cells, and toxic substances are just a few of the numerous kinds of nanosensors currently being created to meet the various requirements for food analysis. Over the past decade, the fields of nanosensor and nanobiosensor research and innovation have shown phenomenal growth. This chapter made a concerted effort to provide the most recent innovations and trends in nanobiosensor and nanosensor design, fabrication, and possible applications in the food and agricultural industries

An experiment was conducted to assess the impact of dates of sowing and irrigation levels on nodulation of chickpea (Pusa-362) during 2017-18 at GBPUA&T, Uttarakhand.Three different dates of sowing and two irrigation levels were applied.The results revealed that the sowing on 29 th November produced highest number and dry weight of nodules followed by 10 th and 24 th December.Applying irrigation twice to the crop resulted into higher number and mass of root nodules as compared to single irrigation.Relative growth rate of number and dry weight of root nodules per plant was found to be positively correlated with prevailing relative humidity while it was negatively correlated with mean temperature.Our findings on nodulation dynamics indicate inverse relation between daily temperature and chickpea root nodulation.The root nodulation is also sensitive to soil moisture and relative humidity and found to be positively correlated with these two parameters.The information from this study can be used as an important input to suggest dates of sowing and water management in chickpea.

The present investigation was conducted during Rabi season of 2007 at the instructional Farm, I.G.K.V., Raipur (C.G).The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design, with three replications.The growth and yield attributes like, shelling per cent, length of the pod, width of the pod, available nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur) in soil were recorded and found superior with 40 kg P ha -1 , 30 kg S ha -1 and with PSB inoculation, as compared to other treatments.It not only increased the green pod yield of pea but also improved the quality of the green pea but also improved the soil health and sustained the productivity of the crop.

The glasses of composition (100-x)TeO2-xFe(2)O(3), where x = 10 and 20 mol% were prepared by melt quenching method. Electron spin resonance and magnetization measurements were undertaken to understand the nature of the magnetic interactions in these glass samples. From the variation of magnetization and M-H plots we estimated the Curie temperature, molar curie constant and effective magnetic moment. The nature of the magnetic interactions in the present glass system is antiferromagnetic.

Mortality from acute liver failure (ALF) is high. Live donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is the treatment of choice for ALF in Asia, because cadaveric donors are rare. We sought to review our results in ALF patients with undergoing LDLT at our center. One hundred two LDLTs were performed at our center from April 2002 to November 2007, 15 (14%) because of ALF. Mean (SEM; median, range) follow-up was 1,065 (189; 1400; 3-2046) days. Nine patients (60%) had acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B; and 6 (40%) had drug-induced liver injury. Age was 47 (3; 50; 27-65) years. Ten patients (67%) were men. At transplantation, laboratory values were included bilirubin, 449 (35) micromol/L; creatinine concentration, 182 (32) mmol/L. The international normalized ratio was 2.4 (0.2). The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was 34 (2). Both inpatient and long-term mortality was 20% 3 of 15 patients died. The 5-year survival was 80%. Compared with survivors, patients who died had a significantly higher creatinine concentration 289 vs 155 micromol/L, international normalized ratio (3.4 vs 2.1), MELD score (47 vs 32). We conclude that despite being sick with median and mean MELD scores of 32 and 34, 80% of patients with ALF can achieve good long-term survival after LDLT.

Living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is an effective treatment for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it remains controversial whether expanded listing criteria can be used for LDLT. We aimed to review results of LDLT for patients with HCC at our center. Patients with HCC were accepted for LDLT if there was no extrahepatic spread on computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography CT scan. Transarterial chemoembolization was performed before LDLT to control the tumors. Sirolimus or everolimus was used as part of the immunosuppressive protocol for all patients. Over the last 6 years, 35 of the 102 (34%) LDLT were performed at our center for HCC. Age (mean +/- SEM) was 55.3 +/- 1.3 years; 28 patients (80%) were men. Eight (23%) had LDLT performed in 2002 or 2003 (period 1), and 27 (77%) in 2004 to 2007 (period 2). Eleven (31%) were within and 23 (69%) were Outside the Milan criteria. After 583 +/- 76 days follow-up, nine (25%) died, three of recurrent HCC. Three-year Survival was significantly better in period 2 than in period 1 (90% vs 13%; P < .001). Although the 3-year survival for those within Milan criteria was better than those outside Milan criteria, the difference did not reach statistical significance (86% vs 57%; P = .26). Six (17%) had HCC recurrence, of whom five died. We concluded that reasonable medium-term Survival can be obtained for patients with HCC. The experience level of the transplant team seemed to be the most important predictor of patient Outcome.

Usual sampling technique and randomized response technique were used to estimate the parameters. Proportion of preference of farm women for male, female and either of the 2 sexes extension workers 0.0267, 0.8867 and 0.0866, respectively, in usual sampling scheme, and 0.1833, 0.7583 and 0.0584, respectively in randomized response technique. The usual sampling technique introduced 85.43. 16.93 and 48.29% errors, respectively, in these estimates. The amount of error in the estimates of usual sampling scheme for urban, rural and either of them as trainer in comparison to randomized response model was 29.43, 4.31 and 13.85% respectively. Randomized response technique should be preferred over any sampling technique for sensitive questions.

By introducing a temperature-dependent interchange energy, omega , the entropy of mixing of NaCs liquid alloy is studied. It is found that the contribution to the entropy of mixing arising from widely differing sizes of atoms is almost compensated by the temperature-dependent interchange energy term, the NaCs alloy thus exhibiting a nearly ideal entropy of mixing in agreement with experiment. The temperature dependence of concentration fluctuations is also briefly discussed.