Achieving higher rice productivity without compromising grain or soil quality remains a key challenge in sustainable agriculture. Although the endophytic bacterial strain Pseudomonas mosselii has shown potential in enhancing rice growth, its role in improving grain nutritional quality and soil health remains underexplored. This study evaluated the role of P. mosselii PR5 in promoting rice growth, yield, grain quality, and soil health through various application methods: seed priming (SP), seedling priming (SeP), bacterial culture filtrate (BCF) foliar application, SP combined with BCF (SP + BCF), and SeP combined with BCF (SeP + BCF). All treatments significantly improved rice growth and yield traits. Bacterial applications increased the plant height (4.1-9.4%), shoot biomass (30.5-64.3%), root biomass (31.8-64.5%), photosynthetic pigments (8.2-36.4%), filled grain per pot (4.2-11.8%), compared to the control. Notably, SP + BCF and SeP + BCF treatments increased rice yield by 55.2% and 48% respectively, over the control. PR5 application significantly increased the nutrient contents in rice, enhancing protein and fat while reducing carbohydrate content in grain. The SP + BCF treatment enhanced the availability of sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and organic matter in the rhizospheric soil, whereas SeP + BCF treatment improved nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and zinc (Zn) availability, contributing to soil fertility restoration. Multivariate analysis also confirmed a positive association of growth and yield parameters and most of the nutrients with these two treatments. These findings suggest that P. mosselii PR5, applied via seed or seedling priming in combination with BCF foliar treatment, offers a promising strategy for sustainable rice cultivation and soil health management.

Acute poisoning is a severe global public health issue that involves injury or death caused by exposure to an exogenous substance through any route. This study evaluated the most common poisons, reasons for poisoning, clinical management of poisoning cases, and their associated outcomes. One-year prospective cohort study executed at an academic medical center in Sindh, Pakistan. The predictors of outcomes are examined using a binary logistic regression model. Among 1404 enrolled patients, the majority were male (57.1%), aged 16-30 years (63.2%) and married (77.6%). Organophosphate compounds (42.8%) were the primary reasons for poisoning. Clinical manifestations as abnormalities in blood pressure (AOR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.04-2.97; p = 0.034), abnormal consciousness (AOR = 10.41; 95% CI: 5.91-18.35; p < 0.001), dyspnea (AOR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.72-5.96; p < 0.001), bronchorrhea (AOR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.06-3.74; p = 0.032) and salivation (AOR = 2.70; 95% CI: 1.38-5.29; p = 0.004) were associated with higher odds of death. Symptomatic management was achieved through the administration of proton pump inhibitors (89.0%) and antidotes, such as pralidoxime (49.9%). The findings highlight the need for stricter regulation of organophosphate storage and sales, alongside community awareness campaigns. Establishing regional poison and antidote centers, ensuring early recognition of clinical manifestations, and implementing standardized management protocols may reduce mortality risk.

For developing nations like Bangladesh, the environmental component is the most important of the three sustainability components. Adopting Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) in the Ready-Made Garment (RMG) sector can enhance Bangladesh's position in the international market. This study investigates how internal enablers (e.g., senior management commitment, green packaging, and technologies) and external factors (e.g., government policies and supplier collaboration) drive the implementation of GSCM as a competitive advantage. Information was gathered from 200 workers in the RMG industry across Savar, Narayanganj, and Gazipur using judgmental sampling, with a questionnaire comprising 15 items. AMOS was used to test the proposed correlations using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results emphasize how important trustworthy leadership is in creating a culture that is focused on sustainability and bringing organizational levels together to incorporate GSCM techniques. Green packaging and reverse logistics were also identified as significant contributors. RMG firms should focus on developing VRIN resources, such as leadership capabilities, innovative technologies, and process efficiencies, to effectively implement GSCM. Additionally, active engagement with external stakeholders, including policymakers and suppliers, is essential to building an ecosystem that supports green initiatives.

Background/objective: Mucinous borderline tumors of the ovary (MBOTs) are characterized by their unique histological features and intermediate malignant potential; however, the factors underlying their molecular carcinogenesis and tumor biology remain largely unknown. Developing cell lines from these tumors presents an ongoing challenge. The purpose of this study is to establish MBOT cell lines and characterize their biological features. Methods: Epithelial cells were collected and purified from surgically removed MBOT samples and then stably maintained with an extended life span by overexpressing CyclinD1/CDK4 in combination with human telomerase reverse transcriptase. The characterization of resulting cell lines was defined by morphology, growth kinetics, functional analysis, whole-exome sequencing, and tumorigenicity in mice. Results: Two independent cell lines, HMucBOT-1 and HMucBOT-2, were successfully established from the tissues of a patient with an MBOT, with the latter showing more aggressive growth capacity. In the patient-derived xenograft model, HMucBOT-1 cells retained the original morphological characteristics of the MBOT, whereas HMucBOT-2 cells displayed a transition to mucinous carcinoma accompanying undifferentiated carcinoma, suggestive of dedifferentiated carcinoma. Genetic analysis of the original tumor sample and HMucBOT-2 cells revealed shared oncogenic mutations. However, KRAS amplification and certain copy number alterations were uniquely observed in the HMucBOT-2 cells. Conclusions: The above results indicate that HMucBOT-1 can serve as a preclinical model for investigating the biological behavior of and potential targeted therapies for human MBOTs, with HMucBOT-2 serving as a valuable tool for studying the heterogeneity and genetic diversity of this tumor and explaining the potential causes of treatment failure or relapse.

Dedifferentiated endometrioid carcinoma (DDEC) is rare, has a poor prognosis, and the genes responsible for dedifferentiation remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of DDEC in Japanese patients and develop treatment strategies. Eighteen DDEC cases were included; their clinicopathological features and prognoses were analyzed and compared to those of other histological subtypes. The samples were divided into well-differentiated and undifferentiated components; immunostaining and whole-exome sequencing (n = 3 cases) were conducted. The incidence of DDEC was 2.0% among endometrial cancers. The 5-year progression-free survival and the 5-year overall survival for DDEC was approximately 40% and 30%, respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed that 66.7% of patients were mismatch repair deficient. The rate of p53 mutations was higher than that reported in previous studies, and patients with p53 mutations in the undifferentiated components had a poor prognosis. Whole-exome sequencing revealed different gene mutations and mutation signatures between well-differentiated and undifferentiated components. New genetic mutations in undifferentiated regions were uncommon in all three cases. One case (case 1) exhibited homologous recombination deficiency, whereas the other two showed microsatellite instability-high and hypermutator phenotypes. Genetic analysis suggests that immune checkpoint and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors and drugs targeting the p53 pathway may be effective against DDEC.

The molecular mechanisms through which endometriosis-related ovarian neoplasms (ERONs) develop from benign endometrioma remain unclear. It is especially a long-standing mystery why ovarian endometrioma has the potential to develop into two representative histological subtypes: endometrioid ovarian carcinoma or clear cell ovarian carcinoma. This study aimed to investigate the molecular carcinogenesis of ERONs using newly developed in vitro and in vivo carcinogenesis models. Epithelial cells were isolated and purified from surgically removed benign endometrioma samples, followed by immortalization by overexpressing cyclinD1/CDK4 in combination with the human TERT gene. Immortalized cells were subjected to various molecular manipulations by combining knockout or overexpression of several candidate drivers, including ARID1A, KRAS, PIK3CA, AKT, and MYC, based on previous comprehensive genome-wide studies of ERONs. These cells were then inoculated into immunocompromised mice and evaluated for malignant transformation. Inoculated cells harboring a combination of three genetic alterations successfully developed tumors with malignant features in mice, whereas those with two genetic manipulations failed to do so. Especially, ARID1A gene knockout, combined with overexpressing the KRAS oncogenic mutant allele (or overexpressing AKT) and c-Myc overexpression led to efficient tumor formation. Of note, these three combinations of genetic alterations produced tumors that histologically represented typical clear cell carcinoma in SCID mice, while the same combination led to tumors with endometrioid histology in nude mice. A combination of ARID1A mutation, KRAS mutation or AKT activation, and c-Myc overexpression were confirmed to be the main candidate drivers for the development of ERONs, as suggested by comprehensive genetic analyses of ERONs. A tumor immune microenvironment involving B-cell signaling may contribute to the diverse histological phenotypes. The present model may help to clarify the molecular mechanisms of ERON carcinogenesis and understand their histological diversity and novel molecular targets.

Groundwater contamination with heavy metals in Bangladesh poses a significant health risk. This study analyzed 40 groundwater samples from selected aquifers in Charghat Upazila, Rajshahi district, to evaluate ionic components and heavy metal concentrations for drinking and irrigation. Standard methods were used to assess pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), cations, anions, and heavy metals. Groundwater quality indices were determined for sodium absorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), total hardness (HT), and permeability index (PI). All the samples exhibited slightly neutral pH, while EC and SAR values indicated high salinity and low alkalinity. TDS categorized the samples as fresh water, and SSP rated them as excellent or good. However, RSC results showed 22.5

Gastric-type cervical adenocarcinoma (GCA) is a rare and aggressive subtype of cervical adenocarcinoma. Despite its clinical significance, its molecular carcinogenesis and therapeutic targets remain poorly understood. This study aimed to compare the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular profiles of GCA and usual-type cervical adenocarcinoma (UCA), exploring prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers in a Japanese population. A total of 110 cervical adenocarcinoma cases, including 16 GCA and 94 UCA cases, were retrospectively analyzed for clinicopathological features, and a panel of immunohistochemical markers was assessed. Sanger sequences were performed for the KRAS, PIK3CA, and BRAF genes, and survival and clinicopathological correlations were assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. GCA was significantly associated with more aggressive features than UCA, including lymph node involvement, advanced FIGO stages, increasing recurrence rate, and poor survival status. High ARID1B expression was observed in a subset of GCA cases and correlated with worse progression-free and overall survival. Additionally, PD-L1 expression was more frequent in GCA than UCA and was associated with unfavorable prognostic factors. Conversely, UCA cases showed strong p16 expression, supporting their HPV-driven pathogenesis. Molecular profiling revealed KRAS and PIK3CA mutations in both subtypes, while BRAF mutations were identified exclusively in GCA. These findings reveal distinct clinical and molecular profiles for both tumor types and underscore ARID1B and PD-L1 as predictive prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers in GCA, implicating the use of subtype-specific treatment strategies.

The innovative and versatile nature of advanced technology in financial services is examined through the lens of financial technology (FinTech), such as digitized mobile financial services (MFS). By integrating the technology acceptance model (TAM) and information systems success (ISS) model, this study investigates users’ intention to use FinTech services in the context of a developing country, while considering the moderating influence of gender on the factors impacting MFS usage intention. This quantitative study gathered data from 308 participants in Bangladesh through a structured questionnaire survey. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were utilized for hypothesis testing. The results indicate that all variables in the TAM and ISS models have a notable positive influence on users’ intentions to accept MFS. The study also shows significant gender influences on user usage intention in the adoption of MFS. Financial institutions and MFS providers may find the data useful in developing future plans to improve MFS services by removing current obstacles and gaps in the wake of COVID-19.

Nucleus accumbens-associated protein 1 (NAC1), a cancer-related transcriptional regulator, is overexpressed in several malignancies, including ovarian cancer. However, its role in ovarian carcinogenesis remains unclear. We aimed to investigate whether NAC1 contributes to metabolic adaptation in endometriosis-related ovarian neoplasms (ERONs) and elucidate its regulatory mechanisms. The clinical relationship between NAC1 and its potential downstream target, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase isoform 2 (PCK2), was examined using immunohistochemical analysis of ovarian cancer specimens. A cell viability assay was performed to clarify the impact of PCK2 on ovarian cancer cell viability. Reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were conducted to evaluate transcriptional regulation by NAC1. Metabolomic profiling was performed to assess the functional impact of the NAC1-PCK2 axis. A positive correlation between NAC1 and PCK2 expression was observed, and co-expression was associated with poor long-term survival. Knockdown of PCK2 led to a significant reduction in cell viability, indicating that PCK2 is required for maintaining cell survival. Reporter and ChIP assays confirmed that NAC1 directly binds to the PCK2 promoter via the CATG motif. The metabolomic analysis demonstrated that NAC1 promotes truncated gluconeogenesis and de novo serine synthesis through PCK2 upregulation. These findings suggest that NAC1 contributes to ovarian cancer progression by promoting metabolic adaptation, highlighting the NAC1-PCK2 axis as a potential therapeutic target for ERONs.

Aging is considered the contributory accumulation of abruptions occurring through cell signaling cascades, which ultimately cause changes in physical functions, cell fate, and damage across all organ systems. DNA damage response (DDR) also occurs through telomere shortening, tumor formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and so forth. Cellular aging occurs through cell cycle arrest, which is the result of extended DDR cascade signaling networks via MDC1, 53BP1, H2AX, ATM, ARF, P53, P13-Akt, BRAF, Sirtuins, NAD + , and so forth. These persistent cell cycle arrests initiated by DDR and other associated stress-induced signals promote a permanent state of cell cycle arrest called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). However, cellular aging gets accelerated with faulty DNA repair systems, and the produced senescent cells further generate various promoting contributors to age-related dysfunctional diseases including SASP. Any changes to these factors contribute to age-related disease development. Therefore, this review explores anti-aging factors targeting DDR and SASP regulation and their detailed signaling networks. In addition, it allows researchers to identify anti-aging targets and anti-aging therapeutic strategies based on identified and nonidentified targets.

NAC1, a transcription regulator protein associated with cancer, is highly expressed in several tumor types, including ovarian cancer. However, it remains unclear how NAC1 is involved in carcinogenesis. Our previous studies demonstrated that the knockdown of NAC1 in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) cell lines induces apoptosis and restores their sensitivity to chemotherapy, suggesting NAC1 as a potential therapeutic target. The present study aimed to identify molecular pathways through which NAC1 is involved in the development of endometriosis-related ovarian neoplasms (ERONs). Immunohistochemistry was performed to clarify the relationship between NAC1 and the potential target protein ACOX2 in surgical specimens of ERONs. Reporter assays were conducted to determine the interaction of NAC1 with the specific cis-element on the ACOX2 promoter. Subsequently, a ChIP assay was performed to investigate the in vivo interaction of NAC1 with the ACOX2 promoter. There was an inverse relationship between NAC1 and ACOX2 expressions in the tumor specimens of ERONs. High NAC1/low ACOX2 expression was found to be a worse prognostic marker for patient survival. Reporter assays demonstrated that NAC1 negatively regulated the ACOX2 promoter via the proximal CATG site. ChIP assays confirmed in vivo binding of NAC1 to the promoter. The present study implicated that NAC1 may contribute to the development of ERONs as a transcriptional repressor by regulating ACOX2 expression via specific binding sites on the promoter, providing a novel insight into the NAC1/ACOX2 axis as a potential therapeutic target of this tumor type.

This study evaluated the effects of the green microalga Coccomyxa onubensis on growth performance, water quality, haematological parameters, and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in long whiskers catfish (Mystus gulio) over a 75-day feeding trial. The microalga was incorporated into the fish diet as a partial replacement for conventional ingredients such as fish meal, soybean meal, rice polish, wheat flour, and mustard oil cake. Five diets were tested in triplicate: a commercial feed, a control diet without C. onubensis, and three experimental diets with T1 (5

The most commonly found emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in environmental samples are Bisphenol A (BPA), Ibuprofen (IBU) and Triclosan (TCS). Similar to neutral wastewater or environment, industrial acidic wastewater or natural acidic environments can be contaminated with those EOCs. Since neutrophilic microorganisms are metabolically inactive in acidic environments, they are unable to remediate contaminants in acidic conditions. In that case, acidophilic or acid-tolerant microorganisms can be effective in remediating EOCs in any acidic condition. Thus, the present study aimed to isolate and identify an acidophile to examine its EOC degradation capability. In the present study, an acidophile was isolated from wastewater that was identified as Trichosporiella sp by ITS gene sequencing. It is an imperfect fungus. During growth development in broth medium, it forms a ring-type structure. When its surrounding environment is alkaline or neutral, it can adjust to acidic conditions by itself. It can tolerate pH< 3. It showed maximum growth at pH 3.5-5.5, temperature 30-37 degrees C and agitation speed 0-60 rpm. GC-FID analysis showed that the acidophile could degrade about 90 % BPA and about 80 % IBU of 50 mgL(-1 )within five weeks. GC-MSD analysis of degraded samples detected three metabolites for BPA with retention time (RT) 5.9 (Butanoic acid, 2-methyl or 5-Heptenoic acid, methyl ester), 7.6 (Acetic acid, decyl ester or 6-Hepten-1-ol 5-methyl) and 7.8 (Methyl-12-methyl tridecanoate). For IBU, four metabolites were detected with RT 8.73 (Benzene, 1-ethenyl-3-ethyl-or Propionic acid, 3-[4-(2-carboxyethyl) phenyl]-), 8.76 (Benzene-1-pentenyl or 3-Butenoic acid 4-phenyl, butyl ester), 8.79 (3-Buten-1-ol 4-phenyl or 3-Penten-2-one, 5-phenyl-or Benzene-1-ethenyl-2-methyl), 8.84 (Benzenemethanol-alpha-methyl-4 [2-methylpropyl acetate] or 3-phenylbut-1-ene or Methoxyacetic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenyl ester or Benzene, 1-ethenyl-4-methyl). In the case of TCS, the fungal growth was inhibited, i.e., it could not degrade TCS at 50 mgL(-1). In conclusion, the fungus is an efficient BPA and IBU degrader and can be utilized to remediate these contaminants in either acidic, neutral or alkaline conditions, as it can adjust acidic pH by itself.

Background:Cervical cancer is a prevalent malignancy among women of reproductive age. For early-stage cervical cancer, nerve-sparing radical trachelectomy offers a fertility-preserving treatment option. This procedure aims to remove the cancerous tissue while preserving pelvic nerves necessary for uterine function, thereby maintaining fertility while achieving favorable oncologic outcomes. This study evaluated the obstetric and oncologic outcomes of nerve-sparing radical trachelectomy in patients with early-stage cervical cancer. Methods:Retrospective reviews were performed on eight patients who underwent nerve-sparing radical trachelectomy for stage IA2-IB1 cervical cancer, classified according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Six patients underwent nerve-sparing radical trachelectomy while preserving the uterine branches of the pelvic nerves, while two patients underwent conventional nerve-sparing radical trachelectomy. Two patients underwent abdominal surgery, and six patients underwent laparoscopic surgeries. The clinical stages included three patients with stage IA2 and five patients with stage IB1. The median follow-up period was 78 months (range, 15-114 months). Results:In this study, 37.5% of the patients attempted conception. The pregnancy rate was 66.7%, with deliveries occurring at full term as well as at 34 gestational weeks. Cine magnetic resonance imaging revealed physiological endometrial movements in patients who underwent surgery. No patient developed recurrence, and none of the patients died. Conclusions:Early-stage cervical cancer patients may be safe candidates for nerve-sparing radical laparoscopic trachelectomy with preservation of the uterine branches of the pelvic nerves. Maintaining the uterine branches of the pelvic nerves may be crucial for strengthening uterine immunity and maintaining uterine peristalsis, which may contribute to improved pregnancy outcomes.

OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to determine the characteristics of acute poisoning patients. DESIGN:This was a prospective cohort study. SETTING:The study was conducted for 1 year (1 July 2023 to 30 June 2024) at a tertiary care hospital in Sindh, Pakistan. PARTICIPANTS:From the patients who arrived at the emergency department due to poisoning, 1404 were registered and included in the study. OUTCOME MEASURES:The data were collected on demographics (gender, age, residential area, education, employment) and poisoning characteristics, prehospital care, treatment, and services at the hospital, and treatment outcomes (survived and died). A χ2 test was used to find the association between independent variables and treatment outcomes. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the predictors of death at a 95% CI. RESULTS:The majority of patients were male (57.1%) and aged ≤30 years (77.6%). The poisoning was primarily intentional (67.5%), and pesticides (56.1%) were commonly involved in the poisoning. The patients were managed mainly by symptomatic treatment (98.1%) and gastric lavage (65.1%). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that delayed reporting (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.00; 95% CI 1.20 to 3.36; p=0.008) and non-existence of antidote (AOR=1.81; 95% CI 1.08 to 3.03; p=0.025) increased the odds of death while unintentional poisoning (AOR=0.27; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.51; p<0.001) and prolonged stay at hospital had a protective effect (AOR=0.19; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.38; p<0.001). CONCLUSION:The study found that the intentional pesticide poisoning within uneducated, young populations in rural areas was significantly prevalent, and early identification and management of severe cases and extended hospital stays influenced survival.

Background: High population density makes Bangladesh more vulnerable to a pandemic situation like COVID-19. It is evident from the scientific literature that proper nutritional practices might be effective in preventing various infections. The objective of this research work was to explore the nutritional as well as lifestyle practices among the urban-rural residents of Jashore district and to assess the association of those practices with their residential settings. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study where about 134 respondents (18-50 years) were selected by convenience sampling method from eight rural and seven urban areas of Jashore district in Bangladesh. Association between residence type and various concerned practices have been explored by Pearson chi-square test, binary and multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results: It was found from the results of binary and multinomial logistic regression that, the intake of vitamin D rich foods (OR: 3.45; 95% CI: 1.48,8.07), folic acid rich foods (OR:0.20; 95% CI:0.09,0.46), vitamin B12 rich foods (OR:0.11; 95% CI:0.02,0.52), iron rich foods (OR:0.23; 95% CI:0.08,0.66), and melatonin rich foods (OR:0.15; 95% CI:0.05,0.40) were significantly associated (P<.05) with residential area (urban and rural) of the respondents. On the other hand, no association was found (P>.05) between other immune-boosting nutrient-rich foods such as complex carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fatty acid, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, Pyridoxine, zinc and selenium rich foods and respondents’ residential area. Moroever, the association was not observed (P>.05) in case of supplement intake of various immune boosting nutrients and area. Among the lifestyle practices, no significant association was found regarding sleep patterns among the respondents but various daily physical movements (OR: 0.19; 95% CI:0.07,0.48) were found higher among the rural respondents. Conclusion: Daily intake of vitamin D rich foods was found higher among the urban respondents but daily intake of folic acid, vitamin B12, iron and melatonin rich foods were found higher among the rural residents. It was also observed that the physical activities were better maintained among the rural respondents than their urban counterparts. Bioresearch Commu. 10(2): 1545-1552, 2024 (July)

Background: This study aimed to compare the oncologic and surgical outcomes of patients treated with robot-assisted modified radical hysterectomy (RAMRH) and total laparoscopic modified radical hysterectomy (TLMRH) for endometrial cancer (EC) with those of patients treated with abdominal modified radical hysterectomy (AMRH). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 133 patients with early-stage EC who underwent different surgical approaches (RAMRH, n = 14; TLMRH, n = 94; AMRH, n = 25) between 2018 and 2021 at Shimane University Hospital. The data on clinical outcomes, including estimated blood loss, duration of surgery, duration of hospital stay, and number of dissected lymph nodes were collected from the patients’ electronic medical records. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to plot survival data, and log-rank tests were used to determine the statistical significance of differences in survival rates. Results: RAMRH showed the lowest bleeding volume (RAMRH: 95 ± 123.21 mL; TLMRH: 140.74 ± 172.60 mL; AMRH: 482.6 ± 429 mL) and shortest hospital stay (RAMRH: 6.43 ± 1.09 days; TLMRH: 7.30 ± 3.39 days; AMRH: 9.88 ± 2.65 days) among the three groups. The number of dissected lymph nodes tended to be higher in the RAMRH group than that in the TLMRH or AMRH group. The different surgical approaches did not correlate with progression-free survival and overall survival. Conclusions: Both RAMRH and TLMRH are safe, feasible, innovative, and minimally invasive surgical alternatives to AMRH for patients with EC.