Background: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and its multifactorial nature limits the effectiveness of single-target therapies. Combination treatments may improve efficacy but are often associated with toxicity and drug interactions. Extremophilic bacteria from karst environments remain underexplored as sources of multitarget anticancer compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the dual-target anticancer potential of bioactive metabolites produced by bacteria isolated from the Maros–Pangkep karst region using molecular docking and ADME analysis. Materials and Methods: A bacterial isolate obtained from soil samples from the Maros–Pangkep karst region, Indonesia, was selected based on colony morphology and identified as Exiguobacterium using 16S rRNA gene analysis. Bioactive compounds were characterized by GC-MS, and three major metabolites were docked against EGFR (PDB ID: 1M17) and caspase-3 (PDB ID: 1PAU). ADME analysis was performed to evaluate drug-likeness and toxicity. Results: Docking analysis showed that compound (1) Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl) exhibited the strongest binding affinity toward EGFR (−7.2 kcal/mol), exceeding the native ligand erlotinib (−6.1 kcal/mol). Compound (2) Cyclo(L-prolyl-L-valine) and compound (3) 2,5-piperazinedione,3-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl) derivatives showed binding affinities of −6.4 and −5.9 kcal/mol, respectively. For caspase-3, the compounds displayed binding affinities ranging from −4.5 to −6.0 kcal/mol , exceeding the native ligand Ac-DEVD-CHO (−3.6 kcal/mol) and interacted outside the active site, indicating potential allosteric activation. All compounds complied with Lipinski’s rule of five and showed low toxicity (LD50>800 mg/kg). Conclusion: This study shows that metabolites from Exiguobacterium possess dual-target anticancer potential via EGFR inhibition and caspase-3 modulation, suggesting their use as multitarget drug candidates. Keywords: 16S rRNA, bacteria, biological products, caspase-3, epidermal growth factor receptor, Kart Maros-Pangkep, molecular docking

Screening endosymbionts for antibiotic and probiotic activity involves evaluating their efficacy in inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms and promoting beneficial microbial growth. This process utilizes various bioassays such as diffusion and dilution methods, thin -layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography, and time kill tests to assess endosymbionts' antibiotic properties. Additionally, screening for probiotic activity considers factors such as acid and bile salt tolerance, adherence to intestinal surfaces, and antibiotic activity against pathogens. This study discusses antibiotic screening methodologies, such as agar diffusion and microdilution, and probiotic screening techniques, such as acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, and gastroin-testinal simulation.

Karst ecosystems are recognized as distinctive and extreme natural environments. Nevertheless, they continue to harbor a high degree of microbial diversity, including cave bacteria that can produce antimicrobial secondary metabolites. The rise in antibiotic-resistant cases, driven by the improper use of antibiotics, has created an urgent need to explore new antimicrobial compounds derived from natural sources. This study aimed to isolate soil bacteria from several caves in the Maros-Pangkep Karst Area. This study evaluated the identification of bacteria and their potential to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. Isolates were obtained from three different locations, including Leang Kassi, Leang Jarie, and Leang Ulu Wae. The results showed that the isolates from Leang Ulu Wae exhibited growth inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in agar diffusion assays. The characterization of metabolite compounds was performed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, which tentatively revealed several putative secondary metabolites. However, owing to the absence of procedural blanks (solvent-only and uninoculated medium controls), these tentative compound assignments should be interpreted cautiously, as potential laboratory- or media-derived contaminants cannot be fully excluded. Additionally, molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicated that the bacteria in the Leang Ulu Wae isolate belonged to the genus Exiguobacterium. This finding highlights the potential of cave bacteria as a source of novel bioactive compounds. These compounds can be used to develop novel antimicrobial agents.

The karst ecosystem, distinguished by its unique geophysical characteristics, hosts a wide variety of microbes. In these environments, cave-dwelling bacteria are renowned for producing compounds with diverse biological activities. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the antibacterial potential of cave-dwelling bacteria from the Maros-Pangkep Karst Area in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Soil samples were collected from Leang Kassi, Leang Jarie, and Leang Ulu Wae caves. The three caves are located at different points within the Maros-Pangkep karst system, each representing an independent and spatially separated sampling site. The bacterial isolation was performed, and antibacterial agar diffusion assays were conducted against pathogenic bacteria as a preliminary qualitative screening approach. The secondary metabolites from promising isolates were extracted using ethyl acetate and tentatively characterized using GC-MS. Additionally, the putative compounds were then screened and evaluated for their potential interaction with the protein target through molecular docking analysis as an in silico analysis approach. Results showed that isolates exhibited distinct morphological and antibacterial properties, with one from Leang Ulu Wae showing notable inhibitory effects in preliminary screening assays. 16S rRNA identified the Leang Ulu Wae isolate as Exiguobacterium. GC-MS analysis detected three major compounds with a library match (Similarity Index, SI) ≥90%. In silico analysis suggested that Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl), exhibited the most favorable predicted binding interaction with the protein target, followed by Cyclo(L-prolyl-L-valine) and 5,10-Diethoxy-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-1H,6H-dipyrrolo[1,2-a]. The findings suggest that the bacteria located in the caves of the Maros-Pangkep Karst Area possess considerable potential for future antibacterial research.

Mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.) is a parasitic plant commonly found on teak trees and has been traditionally used to treat various ailments. This species contains bioactive compounds with significant pharmacological activities, including potential anti-cancer properties. In this study, mistletoe leaf extracts were obtained through maceration using n-hexane as the solvent. Toxicity testing was conducted on Artemia salina larvae using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), and bioactive compounds were identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In silico anticancer activity was assessed using molecular docking, targeting sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) receptors. The toxicity test revealed an LC50 value of 14.38 ppm, indicating strong bioactivity and high toxicity potential. GC-MS analysis identified three major compounds with potential antioxidant and anti-cancer activities: phytol, octadecanoic acid, and n-hexadecanoic acid. Molecular docking results showed that phytol exhibited the highest binding affinity to the SIRT1 receptor at -7.3 kcal/mol, followed by octadecanoic acid and n-hexadecanoic acid, both at -6.4 kcal/mol. These three compounds are predicted to inhibit SIRT1 activity, a key protein involved in the of cancer cells, their as natural anti-cancer agents.

This study investigates incorporating the remarkable color, bioactive compounds, and physiological properties of purple-fleshed sweet potato anthocyanin (PSPA) into sucrose as a carrier for developing anthocyanin-enriched powdered beverages. The effects of PSPA extract on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of anthocyanin-enriched powdered beverages were evaluated, focusing on two factors: the pH of the extract (2.18 and 2.39) and the ratio of anthocyanin extract to sucrose (E/S) (7.14 %, 10.7 %, and 14.3 % v/w). The results showed that the anthocyanin entrapment efficiency ranged from 58.4 % to 82.5 %, with increasing E/S ratio or decreasing pH enhancing the redness (a*), chroma (Ch), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and solubility. However, these conditions also led to less favorable characteristics in moisture content, hygroscopicity, bulk density, and tapped density. Meanwhile, higher total phenolic content (TPC) and antiradical power (ARP) were observed with increased E/S and pH levels. FTIR analysis confirmed that PSPA was incorporated into the sucrose matrix without reacting chemically with the sucrose. We classified the formation of anthocyanin-enriched sucrose powder as co-precipitation based on the high nucleation rate, surface morphology, and other characteristics. Morphological analysis revealed that the anthocyanin-enriched sucrose powder comprised agglomerates with irregular, porous, and rough surfaces. DSC thermogram indicated an endothermic peak around 190 degrees C, suggesting the anthocyanin-enriched sucrose powder still had crystalline regions, as further supported by X-ray diffraction data. Beverages formulated with anthocyanin extract at a pH of 2.18 showed higher color preferences than those at 2.39. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed correlations and clustering of the physicochemical and sensory properties of the anthocyanin-enriched sucrose powder.

This study investigated the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by marine bacterial isolates obtained from Paotere Port. The objective was to assess the efficacy of these isolates in degrading petroleum hydrocarbons using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) along with emulsification index and surface tension tests. The experiments were conducted in a microcosm designed to simulate the bacteria's natural environment, incorporating sediment, natural seawater (ALN), and petroleum. Emulsification index and surface tension measurements were taken every five days. On the 30th day of incubation, a qualitative analysis using GC-MS was performed to evaluate the extent of hydrocarbon degradation. The highest emulsification index recorded was 53.84%, while the lowest surface tension observed was 22.16 dyne/cm. GC-MS chromatograms revealed significant hydrocarbon degradation, as indicated by the breakdown of carbon chains in the sample compared to the control. The bacterial isolates from Paotere Port demonstrated the capability to degrade carbon chains up to C150. These findings demonstrate the potential of petroleum-degrading bacteria from Paotere Port as effective bioremediation agents.

The Maros-Pangkep karst region hosts prehistoric cave paintings recognized by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site. The presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the surface of these artworks suggests the involvement of carbonatogenic bacteria, which facilitate CaCO3 production or deposition. While these bacteria have been explored for their potential in stone artwork conservation, their role in either preserving or obscuring prehistoric paintings remains unclear. This study aims to identify carbonatogenic bacteria associated with the Maros-Pangkep cave paintings and evaluate their CaCO3 precipitation potential. Bacteria were isolated using Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (CCP) medium, and their CaCO3 precipitation capacity was assessed by measuring precipitate mass and ammonia (NH3) levels. Molecular identification was conducted using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Eighteen bacterial isolates were obtained from swab samples collected in Parewe and Bulu Sipong caves, ten of which were identified as carbonatogenic. Among these, two isolates exhibited the highest CaCO3 precipitation: Ps1-d produced 2.45 +/- 0.07 mg/ml CaCO3 with 946.3 +/- 26.3 mg/l NH3, while Ps8-b produced 1.80 +/- 0.05 mg/ml CaCO3 with 763.4 +/- 21.2 mg/l NH3. Molecular analysis identified Ps1-d as Bacillus cereus strain bk and Ps8-b as Bacillus sp. NCCP-428. These findings have significant implications for both (1) the potential application of carbonatogenic bacteria in the conservation and restoration of stone artworks and (2) the development of strategies to inhibit excessive CaCO3 deposition to prevent the obscuration of cultural heritage paintings.

This study investigated the effectiveness of floating covers (FCs) in mitigating ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions from lab-scale swine slurry pits. Lab experiments were conducted over 125 days, comparing a treatment setup with FCs covering approximately 51.6% of the slurry surface to a control setup without covers. The results showed a significant reduction in NH3 emissions by 54.4% with FCs (p < 0.05), which was attributed to their ability to limit NH3 volatilization and promote crust formation. Although H2S emissions were also reduced by 22.7%, this decrease was not statistically significant, likely due to the complex factors influencing H2S production. These findings highlight the role of floating covers (FCs) in improving air quality within swine barns and reducing environmental pollution. By minimizing nitrogen loss as ammonia (NH3), FCs enhance nitrogen recycling into agricultural land, supporting sustainable nutrient management. This aligns with broader sustainability goals by addressing air quality concerns, reducing odors, and improving resource efficiency in livestock systems. This study offers an effective method to mitigate air pollution, providing a foundation for practical and sustainable agricultural practices.

Background and Objectives: Shallots, recognized for their minimal toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and widespread avail- ability, are increasingly considered a viable source of biological activity. This study evaluates the antibacterial efficacy of a specific shallot cultivar from Palu Valley, Indonesia, against Salmonella typhi, the pathogen responsible for typhoid fever. Materials and Methods: Utilizing thin-layer chromatography (TLC-bioautography) and gas chromatography-mass spec- troscopy (GC-MS), the study identifies active compounds in shallot ethanol extract and employs molecular docking to assess interactions between receptors and ligands. Results: Findings indicate significant antibacterial activity, with a notable inhibition zone diameter of 31.5 mm at spot Rf 0.28 in TLC bioautography and an optimum concentration of 2% yielding an average clear zone diameter of 28.27 mm in the agar diffusion test. GC-MS analysis reveals 41 compounds, predominantly dodecanoic acid and 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester. Ad- ditionally, molecular docking reveals the lowest binding affinity (-7.3 kcal/mol) for Ergost-8-En-3-Ol, 14-Methyl-, (3.Beta,5. Alpha.) against DNA gyrase. Conclusion: This study confirms Palu Valley shallot extract's potent antibacterial effect against Salmonella typhi, highlight- ing its therapeutic potential.

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that primarily affects the lungs and is caused by various microorganisms, including viruses, fungi, and bacteria. Klebsiella pneumoniae, a multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacterium, is a leading cause of widespread pneumonia. This study aimed to identify endophytic bacteria from the leaves of Acalypha indica L. and evaluate their antibacterial properties through both in vitro and in silico approaches. The objectives included isolating endophytic bacteria from Acalypha indica L., testing their antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, identifying the selected bacterial isolates using molecular techniques, analyzing their secondary metabolites via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and performing in silico molecular docking studies. The study identified BE 4, an endophytic bacterial isolate of Bacillus pumilus, as exhibiting the most potent antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of this isolate revealed 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester as the primary metabolite component. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis identified two natural compound ligands, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester (-6.5 kcal/mol), and lilial (-6.2 kcal/mol), as having potential efficacy against drug- resistant bacteria responsible for pneumonia. These findings suggest that endophytic bacteria and their bioactive compounds could serve as promising candidates for the development of new treatments against drug-resistant pneumonia.

Grasshopper (Oxya chinensis) is one of the insects suggested as a future animal food source and has been used as a food source in several regions of Indonesia, one of which is in Gunung Kidul Regency of Yogyakarta. One of the processing products is a fried grasshopper. Currently, the frying method has developed a lot, one of which is the frying method using air frying. This study proposed to determine the effect of air frying temperature and cooking times of grasshoppers on nutritional value and toxicity. The experimental design used a factorial, completely randomized design (FCRD) with variations in air frying time (10 mins, 15 mins, and 20 mins) and temperature of cooking (180°C and 200°C). Fried grasshopper was analyzed for toxicity, nutrition composition, color, and texture. Fried grasshopper was also analyzed for sensory characteristics with the hedonic method. The result showed that the interaction between temperature and cooking times significantly affected moisture, ash, fat, carbohydrates, and energy (p<0.05), while temperature significantly affected protein content. The color and fracture-ability of fried grasshoppers were significantly affected by temperature and cooking time. Product hardness increased with prolonged cooking times. The W3S1 treatment has the highest level of acceptance overall. The W3S1 sample has the lowest level of toxicity with a value of 192.45 µg/mL. Based on the nutritional composition, physical properties, and hedonic and toxicity tests, fried grasshoppers produced in the W3S1 treatment were the ideal air frying products.

Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) film bags are widely used for the temporary storage of air samples prior to analysis due to their durability, toughness, and chemical inertness to a broad range of compounds. However, factors such as temperature and storage time can significantly affect the performance of PVF film bags, with important implications for the accuracy of sample analysis. This study evaluated the stability of syngas in Tedlar (R) PVF film bags under varying storage temperatures (-20 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 38 degrees C) and durations (0-168 h), with Pearson correlation analysis conducted to assess the impact of these conditions. The results revealed that both storage temperature and time notably influence syngas stability, particularly for hydrogen and carbon dioxide. A strong negative correlation was observed between the concentrations of these gases and temperature, with the most pronounced negative correlations at 38 degrees C, showing coefficients of -0.974 and -0.977 for hydrogen and carbon dioxide, respectively. At 25 degrees C and 38 degrees C, hydrogen and carbon dioxide exhibited significant concentration losses, with recovery rates of 81.2 f 4.5% and 66.9 f 1.2% for hydrogen, and 90.9 f 1.1% and 89.3 f 1.5% for carbon dioxide, respectively. In contrast, gases stored at -20 degrees C for seven days maintained recovery rates exceeding 95%. This study identifies low-temperature storage in PVF film sampling bags as an effective method for preserving syngas integrity ensuring data accuracy for informed syngas utilization and application decisions.

The biological properties of Physalis angulata L. include antibacterial, and antioxidant activity, anticancer and anti-inflammatory. The main goal of the research was to determine, using in silico methods, if some of the bioactive substances found in P. angulata L. extract were able to bind and inhibit the important protein/receptor. The Physalis angulata L. extract yielded significant in vitro-free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with IC[Formula: see text] value of 1.14 mg/ml, total phenolic content (TPC) value 133.96 ± 2.35 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g) and TFC value 47.6 ± 5.08 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE/g), respectively. The antibacterial activity was modest when compared with antibiotics controls. The extract was more effective on gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus than gram Escherichia coli yielding 11.367 ± 0.9 (mm) and 7.102 ± 0.5 (mm), respectively, at a 1 mg/mL concentration. The LC-HRMS analysis of the plant extract showed the most responsive compounds (30) that were present were selected to get the hit compound(s) on all target proteins viz., lipoxygenase-3, cytochrome P450, DNA gyrase topoisomerase II and histone acetyltransferase. Computational approaches revealed the low binding affinity of (+)-gallocatechin among 30 identified compounds on all target proteins. All identified compounds have good pharmacokinetic characteristics on ADMET parameters. Based on this study, P. angulata L. extract is a promising source of biological activity with great potential therapeutic use as an antibacterial and antioxidant.

The present work evaluated the characteristics of ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) microcapsule extracts prepared by spray drying method. Different water ratios namely X1 (1:2), X2 (1:5), and X3 (1:10), and maltodextrin concentrations namely Y1 (5%) and Y2 (10%) were applied in a spray drying system to produce microcapsule extracts. Investigations of physical properties (pH, moisture, water activity, total solid, solubility, and colour), as well as morphological characteristics by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and functional properties (antioxidant, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and quercetin content) were carried out. Results showed that water ratio and maltodextrin gave a significant effect on the physical properties of microcapsule extract with X1 (1:2) and Y1 (5 %) having significant effect on total phenolic, flavonoid, and quercetin contents, and antioxidant properties of ciplukan extract microcapsule. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated the morphological structure of microcapsule extract, which showed a spherical structure. All combinations of water ratios and maltodextrin concentrations showed agglomeration, except for X1Y2. In correlation analysis using partial least square, the antioxidant activity of microcapsule extract was proportional to physicochemical properties, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and quercetin contents of microcapsule extract. The present work revealed that water extraction ratios and maltodextrin concentrations affected microcapsule extract of ciplukan. The combination of X1 (1:2) and Y1 (5%) retained the functional properties of ciplukan microcapsule extract.

Ipomoea pes-caprae is one of the herbal plants that can treat various health problems such as skin infections, burns, boils, and various diseases caused by microbial infections. This study aims to identify ethanol extract compounds of I. pes-caprae leaf and evaluate their antibiofilm activity through in-vitro and in-silico assays. This study used two test bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activity is carried out using the agar diffusion method and antibiofilm using a microplate reader. The biological activity was also evaluated through a computational approach using molecular docking. The results of preliminary test demonstrated the antibacterial activity. At a concentration of 100 mg/mL, I. pes-caprae extract produced a substantial inhibitory zone of 13.9 mm for P. aeruginosa and a moderate 8.5 mm zone for MRSA. The extract also showed high antibiofilm activity. It achieved impressive biofilm inhibition rates of 82.58% and 78.29%, respectively. Molecular docking shows the interaction between extract compounds and macromolecules that play a role in biofilm formation, namely SrtA and associated protein biofilms. 1,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid has the lowest binding energy of -7.5 Kcal/Mol and -5.9 Kcal/Mol at each target receptor. This study demonstrated the antibiofilm potential of I. pes-caprae extract, which was clarified through molecular docking studies.

The intestines of domestic poultry (Gallus domesticus) are one of the potential sources of probiotic bacteria that can produce antibacterial agents. The objective of this study was to identify the types of probiotic bacteria obtained from the digestion of domestic poultry using the molecular analysis method of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Observations were conducted on colony morphology, gram staining, biochemical tests, and antibacterial activity using the diffusion agar method. Molecular analysis of DNA extraction was carried out, followed by the amplification of samples using a 16S rRNA universal primer. Dielectrophoresis and sequencing were performed on the 16S rRNA gene. The identification of morphological observations, gram staining, and biochemical tests showed that probiotic bacteria isolates, including Gram-positive, rod-shaped, rounded colony form, flat elevation, entire nonmotile edge, and catalase-negative, could ferment all carbohydrate content in the TSIA medium. The antibacterial potential was also found in probiotic bacteria, as evidenced by the inhibition zone formed in the test. The results of the bacterial gene sequences of PaTa5 probiotic bacterial isolates had a similarity of 98.37% with Lactobacillus plantarum. These findings indicated the presence of some bacteria species that have antibacterial activity in the intestines of domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus). Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum, Native chicken, Probiotic, 16S rRNA

Consumers have an important role in the sustainability of a business. Producers who can meet the needs and desires of consumers have a competitive attitude and will continue to survive. The involvement of consumers as early as possible in product design can increase the suitability between the products produced and the needs of consumers as users. This study aims to design the development of processed-grasshopper products in the form of snack bars as local food wisdom in Gunungkidul Regency, DIY according to consumer preferences. The method used in this research is Quality Function Deployment (QFD). Data were collected using a questionnaire on consumers of grasshopper-processed products in Gunungkidul Regency, DIY. The method of sampling was using a purposive sampling method. The results showed that in the development of grasshopper snack bar products, four technical parameters that had a weight value of more than 10% were the type of main raw material, protein content, mixed grasshopper flour content, and dough cutting size. The four technical parameters have a total weight point of 54% which can be developed to satisfy consumers. The availability of quality raw materials (fresh and containing high protein) is the main aspect that needs to be considered so that grasshopper processed products in the form of snack bars can fulfill consumer demands also become new superior products that can support the image of gastro tourism in Gunungkidul Regency.