Herpes simplex and herpes zoster are both viral infections caused by members of the herpesvirus family. The former is characterized by painful, fluid-filled blisters or sores on the skin and mucous membranes, while the latter presents as a painful rash with blisters, typically occurring in a single band or patch along one side of the body. The treatment remains a challenge since current antiviral therapy via oral administration may lead to unfavorable side effects such as headaches, nausea, and diarrhea. This study used electrospinning to develop biodegradable nanofibrous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) membranes for delivery of both acyclovir and ketorolac. The structure of the spun nanofibers was assessed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the appearance of loaded acyclovir and ketorolac in the nanofibers was confirmed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Release profiles of these drugs from the nanofibrous membranes were assessed using in vitro elution studies, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays, and in vivo drug release patterns. The electrospun nanofibers had a size range of 283-725 nm in diameter, resembling the extracellular matrix of natural tissue and demonstrated excellent flexibility and extensibility. Notably, the drug-eluting nanofibers exhibited an extended release of high levels of acyclovir and ketorolac over a 21-day period. Thus, biodegradable drug-eluting membranes with a prolonged drug release could be a potential therapeutic approach for treating herpes infections.

Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) is an uncommon entity characterized by papillary growth within the bile duct lumen. IPNB is regarded as a biliary counterpart of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas, which sometimes complicates with fistula formation to adjacent organs, mainly due to high-pressure related erosion from mucin-filled ducts. However, fistula formation from IPNB is quite rare. Here we report a case of IPNB complicated with hepatogastric fistula. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed disproportional dilatation of left intrahepatic duct with intraluminal soft tissue nodules and fistulous connections to gastric high body. Endoscopy revealed ulcers with two fistulous orifices at upper gastric body. The patient underwent left hepatectomy with gastric wedge resection. Histopathology examination revealed IPNB with invasive cholangiocarcinoma, directly invading to gastric wall leading to hepatogastric fistula. In summary, we have presented the clinical, imaging and pathological findings, along with a comprehensive review of relevant literature, in order to enhance the understanding of this rare condition.

Activated zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70) phosphorylates the TCRαβ:CD3:zeta complex to diversify and amplify TCR signaling. Patients with ZAP70 mutations can present with phenotypes of immune dysregulation as well as infection. We identified the first Taiwanese boy with the [Asp521Asn] ZAP70 mutation who presented with recurrent pneumonia, inflammatory bowel disease-like diarrhea, transient hematuria and autoimmune hepatitis. He had isolated CD8 lymphopenia, eosinophilia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and impaired lymphocyte proliferation. Downstream CD3/CD28 signaling, phosphorylation of AKT, ZAP70 and Ca2+ influx were decreased in [Asp521Asn] ZAP70 lymphocytes. Immunophenotyping analysis revealed expansion of transitional B and CD21-low B cells, Th2-skewing T follicular helper cells, but lower Treg cells. The Asp521Asn-ZAP70 hindered TCR-CD3 downstream phosphorylation and disturbed lymphocyte subgroup "profiles" leading to autoimmunity/autoinflammation. Further large-scale studies are warranted to clarify this lymphocyte disturbance. The prognosis significantly depends on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but not the genotype, the presence of opportunistic infections or immune dysregulation.

Supplementary Tables 1-3, Supplementary Figures 1-7. Supplementary Table 1: Oligonucleotide primers used for qRT-PCR analysis. Supplementary Table 2: GSEA enrichment of KEGG functional pathways in lovastatin-regulated genes. Supplementary Table 3: Lovastatin affects expression of genes in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway. Supplementary Figure 1: Daily administration of lovastatin prevents tumor growth in mogp-TAg transgenic mice. Supplementary Figure 2: Body weight and serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in mogp-TAg, SKOV3-IP, and OVCAR5 mouse tumor models. Supplementary Figure 3: Atorvastatin treatment delays growth of ovarian tumor xenografts. Supplementary Figure 4: Statin treatment increases transcript levels of LC3A and LC3B. Supplementary Figure 5: Scheme of the mevalonate pathway. Supplementary Figure 6: Applying GGPP or FPP as a single agent does not affect ovarian cancer cell proliferation. Supplementary Figure 7: Real-time qRT-PCR confirms knockdown efficiency of each siRNA.

Opinion statement Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), characterized by intermediate malignancy and a propensity for recurrence, has presented a formidable clinical challenge in diagnosis and treatment. Its pathological characteristics may resemble other neoplasms or reactive lesions, and the treatment was limited, taking chemotherapies as the only option for those inoperable. However, discovering anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein expression in approximately 50% of IMT cases has shed light on a new diagnostic approach and application of targeted therapies. With the previous success of combating ALK + non-small-cell lung cancers with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), crizotinib, a first-generation ALK-TKI, was officially approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2020, to treat unresectable ALK + IMT. After the approval of crizotinib, other ALK-TKIs, such as ceritinib, alectinib, brigatinib, and lorlatinib, have proven their efficacy on ALK + IMT with sporadic case reports. The sequential treatments of targeted therapies in may provide the insight into the choice of ALK-TKIs in different lines of treatment for unresectable ALK + IMT.

In this research study, we developed hybrid resorbable three-dimensional (3D)-printed mesh/electrospun nanofibrous biomolecule-eluting mats for alveolar ridge preservation. The fabrication process involved the use of 3D printing and coaxial electrospinning technologies. Specifically, we utilized a lab-developed solution-extrusion 3D printer to fabricate polycaprolactone (PCL) meshes. Then, bi-layered poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibrous membranes, which embedded ibuprofen and epidermal growth factor (EGF), were prepared utilizing electrospinning and coaxial electrospinning techniques, respectively. To ensure the quality of the produced mesh and spun nanofibers, we carried out a characterization process. Furthermore, we estimated the in vitro and in vivo release characteristics of ibuprofen and EGF, respectively, using high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, we assessed the effectiveness of hybrid nanofibrous mats for preserving the alveolar ridge by adopting an animal model and conducting a histology examination. The study findings demonstrate that the nanofibrous mats provided a continuous discharge of ibuprofen and EGF for more than four weeks. Moreover, the animal test carried out in vivo showed that animals implanted with this combination of mesh and drug-eluting mats displayed considerably greater mobility than those without mats. The histological analysis revealed no unfavorable impacts from the drug-eluting mats. Our study demonstrated the successful fabrication of resorbable drug-eluting nanofibrous mats for alveolar ridge preservation by utilizing both 3D printing and coaxial electrospinning technologies.

IntroductionWe investigated whether two-step testing strategies – consisting of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, somatic mutation screening in cancer tissues, and microsatellite instability analysis – can improve the detection of LS in this clinical population. We also compared the clinical characteristics and overall survival (OS) of women with and without a final diagnosis of LS.MethodsA total of 31 Taiwanese women with synchronous or metachronous endometrial and colorectal malignancies underwent both universal screening – consisting of immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair protein expression, MLH1 promoter methylation analysis, and germline mutation testing – and two-step testing for the detection of LS.ResultsOn applying traditional universal screening, the prevalence of LS in the study patients was 16.1% (5/31). Interestingly, the application of extensive two-step molecular testing was able to identify three previously undetected cases. Patients with and without LS in our cohort did not differ significantly both in terms of clinical characteristics and OS.Conclusion/ImplicationsThe application of extensive two-step molecular testing may increase the identification of cases that have been previously undetected on traditional universal screening. Patients with and without LS were found to be similar both in terms of clinical characteristics and OS.

Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecologic cancers worldwide. There were 417,367 newly diagnosed cases and 97,370 deaths due to this disease worldwide in 2020. The incidence rates have increased over time, especially in countries with rapid socioeconomic transitions, and EC has been the most prevalent gynecologic malignancy in Taiwan since 2012. The new EC molecular classifications of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network include clear-cell carcinoma, serous carcinoma, and carcinosarcoma, while undifferentiated/dedifferentiated EC (UDEC) is not mentioned, and most previous clinical trials for EC have not included UDEC. UDEC is rare, has an aggressive growth pattern, tends to be diagnosed at an advanced stage, and is resistant to conventional chemotherapy. In this review, case series or case reports on the clinical features and genomic/epigenetic and expression profiles on UDEC data are summarized in order to identify potential molecular targets for current and future research.

Introduction/Background Various human papillomavirus (HPV) testing using physician-collected cervical samples have been approved for cervical screening. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need of self-sampling test for high-risk patients who are unwilling to participate routine screening program. The aim of clinical trial is to introduce a new 'Hygeia Touch Self Sampling Kit for Women' and evaluate the agreement of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) detections between vaginal self-sampling via Kit by patients and physician-collected cervical sampling. Methodology Women aged 21–65 years without hysterectomy were enrolled by stratification: normal population and participants with Pap smear ≥ASCUS or cervical biopsy ≥ CIN 1 (ratio=1:10). All the participants had video-guided self-collected vaginal sampling, then physician-collected cervical sampling. The hrHPV types include types16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68. The primary endpoint is to evaluate the agreement of hrHPV detection between self-sampling via Kit and physician-cervical sampling using Cohen's kappa statistic, and the sensitivity and specificity of detection methods were also compared. Results There were 1170 eligible participants. For the detection of hrHPV and any specific HPV type of 27 types, the concordance between self-collected sampling and physician was high (Cohen's kappa 0.75, 95% CI 0.72–0.79 and 0.75, 95% CI 0.71–0.79, respectively). The detection rate of ≥ cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN2+) via HPV testing between self-collected vaginal samples and physician-collected cervical samples were similar in sensitivity (85% vs 89%, relative accuracy 95%), specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Two participants had mild anxiety and seven participants had mild perineal pain, and the symptoms subsided after sampling. The adverse event is 0.7%. Conclusion These results demonstrate good agreement for detecting hrHPV and HPV between self-collected vaginal swabs and physician sampled cervical specimens in detecting CIN2+ lesions.

Squamous Papilloma; Esophagus; Squamous Cell Papilloma

OBJECTIVE:To illustrate the clinical course of a rare case of recurrent adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT) and discuss the features and management for recurrences.CASE REPORT:A 56-year-old female was first diagnosed with AGCT in 2008 and had uneventful, regular follow-ups until 2013. Recurrence was suspected and proven by computed tomography-guided biopsy. After undergoing complete cytoreductive surgery (CRS) followed by adjuvant megestrol acetate then leuprolide acetate, another recurrence sprouted at the presacral area in 2017. On both occasions, CRS with no visible residual tumor were attained. The patient has remained in complete remission to date with progestin therapy.CONCLUSION:There are currently no standardized tumor markers, imaging exams, or therapies for managing AGCT recurrences. Whole exome sequencing analysis of our patient suggested possible association with triosephosphate isomerase 1 mutation. Regular follow-ups with at least two types of imaging exams and indefinite hormone therapy are crucial for this patient's remission.

The pathological identification of lymph node (LN) metastasis is demanding and tedious. Although convolutional neural networks (CNNs) possess considerable potential in improving the process, the ultrahigh-resolution of whole slide images hinders the development of a clinically applicable solution. We design an artificial-intelligence-assisted LN assessment workflow to facilitate the routine counting of metastatic LNs. Unlike previous patch-based approaches, our proposed method trains CNNs by using 5-gigapixel images, obviating the need for lesion-level annotations. Trained on 5907 LN images, our algorithm identifies metastatic LNs in gastric cancer with a slide-level area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.9936. Clinical experiments reveal that the workflow significantly improves the sensitivity of micrometastasis identification (81.94% to 95.83%, P < .001) and isolated tumor cells (67.95% to 96.15%, P < .001) in a significantly shorter review time (−31.5%, P < .001). Cross-site evaluation indicates that the algorithm is highly robust (AUC = 0.9829).

In contrast to Western counties, the incidence of urothelial carcinoma (UC) remains mar-edly elevated in Taiwan. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in limiting immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. To elucidate the relationship between immune checkpoints in the tumor immune microenvironment and UC progression, we utilize the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to analyze a microarray obtained from 308 patients with UC. We observed that the expression level of CD276 or TIM-3 was positively correlated with late-stage UC and poor prognosis. Patients with simultaneously high CD276 and TIM-3 expression in tumors have significantly reduced both univariate and multivariate survival, indicating that mRNA levels of these immune checkpoints could be independent prognostic biomarkers for UC overall survival and recurrence. Our cohort study showed rare CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells and Tregs infiltration during early-stage UC-known as cold tumors. Approximately 30% of late-stage tumors exhibited highly infiltrated cytotoxic T cells with high PD-1 and FOXP3 expression, which implied that cytotoxic T cells were inhibited in the advanced UC microenvironment. Collectively, our findings provide a better prognosis prediction by combined immune checkpoint biomarkers and a basis for early-stage UC standard treatment to convert cold tumors into hot tumors, followed by immune checkpoint therapy.

We aimed to detect endometrial cancer (EC)–associated mutations in endometrial lavage specimens collected in an office setting and to compare the detected mutations with those identified in tissue samples. Participants included 16 women attending for an office hysteroscopy because of suspected EC between July 2020 and October 2021. Massively parallel sequencing was conducted using the targeted 72 cancer-associated genes. Endometrial lavage specimens, endometrial tissue samples, and blood samples were simultaneously sequenced to establish the concordance of genetic alterations. In this study, the vast majority of EC-associated mutations identified in lavage samples (R2 = 0.948) were identical to those detected in endometrial tissues. Of the 13 patients with EC, 12 (92.3%) had at least one mutation identified in endometrial lavage samples. Notably, no mutations in lavage samples were identified in the two patients with a previous history of EC but no actual endometrial lesions, supporting a high negative predictive value of the test. A patient previously diagnosed with EC and with current evidence of atypical hyperplasia showed persisting PTEN, PIK3R1, and KRAS mutations in her endometrial lavage specimen. PTEN was the most commonly mutated gene, followed by PIK3R1, ARID1A, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, and KRAS. In conclusions, our study provides pilot evidence on the actionability of uterine lavage samples sequencing to detect EC-associated mutations in women with suspected endometrial lesions. In a precision medicine framework, the high mutational concordance between uterine lavage samples and tissue specimens may help inform less invasive diagnostic protocols and the need for ongoing surveillance in patients with EC who wished for fertility-preserving treatment. • Sequencing of uterine lavage samples collected by office hysteroscopy is feasible. • Most EC mutations identified in lavage were identical to endometrial tissues. • Sequencing of uterine lavage samples may help inform diagnostic protocols for EC. • This approach can be used for recurrence surveillance in patients with EC.

Purpose: To investigate the prognostic factors and impact of adjuvant treatment on uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS). Methods: A retrospective review of UCS patients treated between 2005 and 2019 was conducted. International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2009 staging system was used. Multivariate stepwise Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to identify the independent predictors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Results: A total of 138 patients were eligible for descriptive analysis. Excluding 12 patients without surgery, 126 patients with adequate clinicopathologic data were included for prognostic analysis. The median follow-up for survivors was 51.8 months. 5-year OS and PFS rates for FIGO stage I, II, III, IV were 64.5% and 51.8%, 60.8% and 57.7%, 47.7% and 45.9%, 5.1% and 4.1%, respectively. By multivariate analysis, six models each for PFS and OS were formulated including highly correlated variables alternatively. Adjuvant chemoradiation was consistently selected as an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.10-0. 22, all p < 0.001) and PFS (HR 0.12-0.23, all p < 0.001), while adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 0.33-0.41), age >= 58 years (HR 1.80-1.91), stage III/IV (HR 3.36-13.34), and adnexal metastasis (HR 2.06-5.02) in three to four of the six models for OS. Stratified analyses revealed that adjuvant chemoradiation significantly improved outcome compared with adjuvant chemotherapy for stage IA patients with lymphovascular space invasion and stage IB-IV, lymph node metastasis, and adnexal metastasis. Conclusion: Adjuvant chemoradiation was confirmed as an independent good prognostic factor, while older age, stage III/IV, and adnexal metastasis were associated with poor outcome in UCS. Copyright 2021, Formosan Medical Association. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.

Question: A 57-year-old woman with a past history of aplastic anemia was diagnosed with Crohn’s disease, Montreal A3, L3, B1, in September 2015. The initial endoscopic examination revealed multiple ulcers over the terminal ileum, ileocecal valve, and proximal ascending colon. She received oral mesalazine 4 g/d and prednisolone 2.5–15.0 mg/d during the first year after diagnosis, but did not respond to the treatment; she continued to experience right lower quadrate abdominal pain and intermittent bloody diarrhea. A follow-up colonoscopy showed progressive ulcers over the terminal ileum and ileocecal valve in July 2016. Given her history of aplastic anemia and sepsis, she hesitated to take azathioprine, methotrexate, or tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Instead, she started taking indigo naturalis (Qing-Dai) 4.5 g/d in December 2016. She achieved steroid-free clinical remission under the treatment with mesalazine and indigo naturalis. However, a follow-up colonoscopy still revealed a 1.5-cm ulcer over the ileocecal valve in November 2018. In addition, we observed multiple discrete or coalescing irregularly shaped, bluish–black patches from the ileocecal valve to the rectum with a haphazard distribution, reminiscent of the skin markings of Holstein Friesian cattle (Figure A). A colonic biopsy was obtained, and a representative hematoxylin and eosin stain is shown (Figure B). What is the diagnosis? See the Gastroenterology web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI. Histology of the discolored colonic lesion revealed scattered pigment-laden histiocytes in the lamina propria and submucosa. Higher magnification disclosed bluish, needle-like crystals in the cytoplasm of these histiocytes. In light of the presence of pigment-laden histiocytes, we called the lesions indigo naturalis-related pseudomelanosis. Unlike melanosis coli, which typically shows continuous homogeneous brown or black discoloration of colon mucosa (snake-skin appearance or starry sky appearance), indigo naturalis-related pseudomelanosis exhibits a haphazard distribution of black discoloration reminiscent of the skin markings of Holstein Friesian cattle.1Freeman H.J. “Melanosis” in the small and large intestine.World J Gastroenterol. 2008; 14: 4296-4299Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar Microscopically, melanosis coli is characterized by the deposition of lipofuscin in histiocytes, and deposition of bluish needle-like crystals is noted in indigo naturalis-related pseudomelanosis.2Kimber R.D. Roberts-Thomson I.C. Gastrointestinal: melanosis coli.J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999; 14: 1047Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar The distribution of discolored mucosa did not correlate with inflammatory activity, which was most severe over the terminal ileum and ileocecal valve. This finding implies that the absorption of indigo naturalis occurred not only at the inflammatory sites, but also over normal colon mucosa. It remains to be seen whether deposition of indigo naturalis has any long-term adverse effect, although histologically the mucosa with indigo deposition was not accompanied by significant inflammatory activity.

Few studies have analyzed the discrepancy between breast pathologic complete response (B-pCR) and axillary node pCR (N-pCR) rates and their impact on survival outcomes in different intrinsic subtypes of early breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). We retrospectively reviewed B-pCR, N-pCR, and total (breast and axillary node) pCR (T-pCR) after NAC to assess the discrepancy and outcomes between 2005 and 2017. A total of 968 patients diagnosed with cT1-4c, N1-2, and M0 breast cancer were enrolled in the study. The median age was 49 years and the median follow-up time was 45 months. Of these patients, 213 achieved T-pCR, 31 achieved B-pCR with axillary node pathologic non-complete response (N-non pCR), 245 achieved N-pCR with breast pathologic non-complete response (B-non pCR), and 479 achieved total (breast and axillary node) pathologic non-complete response (T-non pCR) after NAC. The highest B-pCR and N-pCR rates were found in the hormone receptor-negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive HR(-)HER2(+) subtype, while the lowest B-pCR rate was found in the HR(+)HER2(-) subtype. The N-pCR rate was correlated to the B-pCR rate (P<0.001), but was higher than the B-pCR rate in all subtypes. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates for patients with T-pCR, B-pCR, and N-pCR were 91.2%, 91.7%, and 91.9%, respectively. For non-pCR, non-pCR, and non-pCR, the 5-year OS rates were 73.6%, 78.9%, and 74.7%, respectively (P<0.0001). B-non pCR patients had a lower risk of recurrence than T-non pCR or N-non-pCR patients, although there were no differences in OS among them. In conclusion, the N-pCR rate was higher than the B-pCR rate after NAC in all intrinsic subtypes, and N-non pCR or T-non pCR patients had the worst outcomes.

BACKGROUND Fistula and intraabdominal fistula are common complications of Crohn’s disease (CD), but complex rectal fistula with abscess formation is rare. Tumor necrosis factor antagonists combined with percutaneous drainage or surgical intervention is optimal treatment for fistulizing CD with intraabdominal abscess. There is no study show the efficacy of vedolizumab in such complicated condition. CASE SUMMARY A 47-year-old man has decompensated liver cirrhosis, child B. He suffered from abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, fever, and body weight loss. CD with rectoprostatic fistula, rectopresacral fistula, pre-sacral abscess and cyto-megalovirus (CMV) infection were noted. He received antibiotics, anti-viral therapy, transverse colostomy and vedolizumab treatment. Six months later, he had deep remission and complete fistula tracts closure. CONCLUSION Early vedolizumab and stool diversion are effective and safe in treating CD with complex rectal fistula with abscess formation.

Background To comprehensively analyze the risk factors, clinical characteristics, outcomes, and prognostic factors of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) enteritis. Methods This retrospective cohort study enrolled patients who had undergone pathological examinations for CMV enteritis. They were divided into CMV and non-CMV groups according to immunohistochemistry staining results. The risk factors, clinical presentations, endoscopic features, treatments, outcomes, and prognostic factors of CMV enteritis were then analyzed. Results Forty-two patients (18 CMV, 24 non-CMV group) were included in the study. Major clinical presentations in the CMV group included gastrointestinal bleeding (72.2%), abdominal pain (55.6%), and fever (33.3%); ulcers (72.2%) were the most common endoscopic findings. In-hospital and overall mortality rates were 27.8% and 38.9%, respectively; and longer hospital stays and higher overall mortality rates were observed. Radiotherapy and C-reactive protein levels were prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality. The risk factors for CMV enteritis included immunocompromised status (p = 0.013), steroid use (p = 0.014), shock (p = 0.031), concurrent pneumonia (p = 0.01), antibiotic exposure (p < 0.001), radiotherapy (p = 0.027), chronic kidney disease (p = 0.041), and CMV colitis (p = 0.031). Conclusions Physicians should pay attention to the characteristics of CMV enteritis in high-risk patients to make an early diagnosis and potentially improve the clinical outcome.

Background Intestinal perforations and fistulas are common complications of Crohn’s disease. However, chronic perforation with peritoneal space to rectal and vaginal fistulas have not been previously reported. Case presentation A 38-year-old female suffered from progressive lower abdominal pain, diarrhea and weight loss. Terminal ileal chronic perforation with intra-abdominal abscess, peritoneal space to rectal and vaginal fistulas were noted. The patient received surgical resection of the cecum and terminal ileum, and then vedolizumab treatment. Three months later, she had complete fistula closure, and her body mass index had increased from 13 to 22. Conclusion Vedolizumab combined with stool diversion is effective at treating Crohn’s disease with chronic perforation and complex peritoneal space to rectal and vaginal fistulas.