To obtain clear images from images with different haze levels, a new haze-removing method is proposed based on local edge total variance, which effectively reconstructs a reflected image from the hazy image. We first rewrite the classical monochrome atmospheric scattering model (CMASM) using a logarithmic operation to obtain the approximate Retinex model. Then we compute the approximate atmospheric transmittance map by decomposing the approximate Retinex model using the constrained local edge total variance theory. The decomposition problem can be viewed as an optimization problem with constrained quadratic programming, and the optimization of the channel containing fine details can be achieved by combining the Bregman theory and the fast Fourier transform method. Finally, the reflected image is estimated by the improved monochrome atmospheric scattering model. Compared to other available methods including methods based on CMASM and methods based on deep learning, experimental results demonstrate that our method is not only effective in removing haze, but also improve image qualities, such as contrast, sharpness and colour.

Start codon mutations in ubiquitin ligase Kelch-like protein 24 (KLHL24) lead to a gain-of-function mutant KLHL24-ΔN28, which mediates epidermolysis bullosa and afterwords atrophic scars, however, the mechanisms underlying the formation of atrophic scars with KLHL24 mutation remain unclear. This study explored the function of KLHL24 in fibroblast during wound healing and scar formation using heterozygous Klhl24c.3G>T knock-in (K24KI) mice and 3T3 cell lines stably expressing Flag, KLHL24-Flag, and KLHL24-ΔN28-Flag. It was demonstrated that K24KI mice displayed delayed wound healing (P<0.01) and decreased wound collagen deposition (P<0.01), which was similar to the formation of atrophic scars in patients. Vimentin showed a dramatic decrease in the fibroblast of K24KI mice (0.08 fold, P<0.01) and patients (0.06 fold, P<0.0001). We further identified vimentin as a novel substrate of KLHL24 by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation assays. KLHL24-ΔN28 mediated the excessive degradation of vimentin, which failed to maintain efficient fibroblast proliferation and activation during wound healing. Meanwhile, KLHL24 accumulation in fibroblasts inhibited keratinocyte migration under paracrine control. Furthermore, by mediating vimentin degradation, KLHL24 can hinder myofibroblast activation, which attenuated bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis (0.64 fold in dermal thickness, P<0.0001). This study identified that KLHL24-ΔN28 impaired skin wound healing by excessively degrading vimentin. These findings demonstrated the function of KLHL24 in regulating tissue remodeling, atrophic scarring, and fibrosis.

TRPV3 mediates itch and inflammation in keratinocytes and plays an important role in atopic dermatitis, however, whether and how TRPV3 is involved in the pathogenesis of acne remains unclear. Thus, we explored the effects of TRPV3 on sebaceous glands (SGs) inflammation, its relation to cutibacterium acnes (C.acnes), and the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Our study found that TRPV3 overexpression activated the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signal pathway and promoted the release of acne-related inflammatory cytokines and chemokines significantly (ranged from 1 to 7 fold, p<0.05), which contributed to the chemotaxis of neutrophils to SZ95 sebocytes and further amplified the inflammatory responses. Conversely, TRPV3 genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition by its specific inhibitor both ameliorated the inflammatory phenotype in human SZ95 sebocytes and C.acnes-induced acne-like mouse model. Mechanistically, C.acnes could upregulate the expression of TRPV3, which further activates NF-κB signaling by regulating TLR2 and subsequently promote downstream inflammatory cytokines and chemokines releases. In conclusion, our study revealed a previously unreported association between TRPV3 and C.acnes, which is involved in the development of acne inflammation and may suggest TRPV3 as a novel therapeutic target for acne vulgaris and other disorders of the pilosebaceous unit.

1 Childress, L.B., Alvarez Zarikian, C.A., Briais, A., Dadd, K.A., Deng, J.-M., Höfig, T.W., Huang, X.-L., Li, B., Lin, J., Liu, C., Liu, Z., Nirrengarten, M.F.R., Peate, D.W., Qiu, N., Satolli, S., Stock, J.M., Sun, Z., van der Zwan, F.M., Xiang, R., Yi, L., and Zhong, L., 2020. Return to Site U1503. In Sun, Z., Jian, Z., Stock, J.M., Larsen, H.C., Klaus, A., Alvarez Zarikian, C.A., and the Expedition 367/368 Scientists, South China Sea Rifted Margin. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 367/368: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.368X.103.2020 2 Expedition 367/368 Scientists’ affiliations. MS 368X-103: Published 23 April 2020 This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.

1 Childress, L.B., Alvarez Zarikian, C.A., Briais, A., Dadd, K.A., Deng, J.-M., Höfig, T.W., Huang, X.-L., Li, B., Lin, J., Liu, C., Liu, Z., Nirrengarten, M.F.R., Peate, D.W., Qiu, N., Satolli, S., Stock, J.M., Sun, Z., van der Zwan, F.M., Xiang, R., Yi, L., and Zhong, L., 2020. Expedition 368X methods supplement. In Sun, Z., Jian, Z., Stock, J.M., Larsen, H.C., Klaus, A., Alvarez Zarikian, C.A., and the Expedition 367/368 Scientists, South China Sea Rifted Margin. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 367/368: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). https://doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.368X.102.2020 2 Expedition 367/368 Scientists’ affiliations. MS 368X-102: Published 23 April 2020 This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.

International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 368X is the third of three expeditions that form the South China Sea Rifted Margin program.Expeditions 367, 368, and 368X share the common key objectives of testing scientific hypotheses of breakup of the northern South China Sea (SCS) margin and comparing its rifting style and history to other nonvolcanic or magma-poor rifted margins.Seismic profiles across the margin in the IODP study area show from continent to ocean a wide extended continental margin, an outer margin high (OMH), and a continent-ocean transition (COT) zone displaying different ridges of unknown nature.Four primary sites were selected for the overall program: one in the OMH and three seaward of the OMH on distinct, margin-parallel basement ridges informally labeled Ridges A, B, and C from north to south.The ridges are located in the COT zone ranging from the OMH to the interpreted steady-state oceanic crust of the SCS.The main scientific objectives includecontribute toward meeting the four specific objectives of Expeditions 367 and 368.Postcruise research on the sediments and basalt recovered from Hole U1503A will allow for determination of emplacement age, geochemical analyses of rock composition, and assessment of melting processes and age of crystallization.The combination of such analyses will contribute to geochemical or thermomechanical modeling that will constrain mantle origin and melting processes leading to the formation of these basalts.

Rabies virus is an enveloped negative-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae. It can be successfully controlled by vaccination however, there are still tens of thousands of deaths each year caused by rabies virus due to its mutations and complexity. A better understanding of the interaction between the rabies virus and the host might help solve this problem. Therefore, in this study, we used two-dimensional electrophoresis to investigate the protein expression of rabies virus-infected mice. This can help us to understand the impact of rabies virus on host protein expression during infection. For our experiment, two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to analyze the differential proteomics of the brain of 10- and 20-day-old suckling mice infected with attenuated rabies virus strain SRV9. The results showed that the expression levels of 10 protein spots had been up- or down-regulated at least 2-fold. Using MALDI-TOF-MS, we identified 8 differentially expressed proteins. We have identified proteins, namely hnRNP L, DPYSL3, NECAPs, and transaldolase that might be closely related to the susceptibility of SRV9 in suckling mice.

Hans Christian Larsen, Zhimin Jian, Carlos A. Alvarez Zarikian, Zhen Sun, Joann M. Stock, Adam Klaus, Jacopo Boaga, Stephen A. Bowden, Anne Briais, Yifeng Chen, Deniz Cukur, Kelsie A. Dadd, Weiwei Ding, Michael J. Dorais, Eric C. Ferré, Fabricio Ferreira, Akira Furusawa, Aaron J. Gewecke, Jessica L. Hinojosa, Tobias W. Höfig, Kan-Hsi Hsiung, Baoqi Huang, Enqing Huang, Xiao-Long Huang, Shijun Jiang, Haiyan Jin, Benjamin G. Johnson, Robert M. Kurzawski, Chao Lei, Baohua Li, Li Li, Yanping Li, Jian Lin, Chang Liu, Chuanlian Liu, Zhifei Liu, Antonio Luna, Claudia Lupi, Anders J. McCarthy, Geoffroy Mohn, Lachit Singh Ningthoujam, Michael Nirrengarten, Nobuaki Osono, David W. Peate, Patricia Persaud, Ning Qiu, Caroline M. Robinson, Sara Satolli, Isabel Sauermilch, Julie C. Schindlbeck, Steven M. Skinner, Susanne M. Straub, Xiang Su, Liyan Tian, Froukje M. van der Zwan, Shiming Wan, Huaichun Wu, Rong Xiang, Rajeev Yadav, Liang Yi, Cuimei Zhang, Jinchang Zhang, Yang Zhang, Ning Zhao, Guangfa Zhong, and Lifeng Zhong2

Hans Christian Larsen, Zhimin Jian, Carlos A. Alvarez Zarikian, Zhen Sun, Joann M. Stock, Adam Klaus, Jacopo Boaga, Stephen A. Bowden, Anne Briais, Yifeng Chen, Deniz Cukur, Kelsie A. Dadd, Weiwei Ding, Michael J. Dorais, Eric C. Ferré, Fabricio Ferreira, Akira Furusawa, Aaron J. Gewecke, Jessica L. Hinojosa, Tobias W. Höfig, Kan-Hsi Hsiung, Baoqi Huang, Enqing Huang, Xiao-Long Huang, Shijun Jiang, Haiyan Jin, Benjamin G. Johnson, Robert M. Kurzawski, Chao Lei, Baohua Li, Li Li, Yanping Li, Jian Lin, Chang Liu, Chuanlian Liu, Zhifei Liu, Antonio Luna, Claudia Lupi, Anders J. McCarthy, Geoffroy Mohn, Lachit Singh Ningthoujam, Michael Nirrengarten, Nobuaki Osono, David W. Peate, Patricia Persaud, Ning Qiu, Caroline M. Robinson, Sara Satolli, Isabel Sauermilch, Julie C. Schindlbeck, Steven M. Skinner, Susanne M. Straub, Xiang Su, Liyan Tian, Froukje M. van der Zwan, Shiming Wan, Huaichun Wu, Rong Xiang, Rajeev Yadav, Liang Yi, Cuimei Zhang, Jinchang Zhang, Yang Zhang, Ning Zhao, Guangfa Zhong, and Lifeng Zhong2

Hans Christian Larsen, Zhimin Jian, Carlos A. Alvarez Zarikian, Zhen Sun, Joann M. Stock, Adam Klaus, Jacopo Boaga, Stephen A. Bowden, Anne Briais, Yifeng Chen, Deniz Cukur, Kelsie A. Dadd, Weiwei Ding, Michael J. Dorais, Eric C. Ferré, Fabricio Ferreira, Akira Furusawa, Aaron J. Gewecke, Jessica L. Hinojosa, Tobias W. Höfig, Kan-Hsi Hsiung, Baoqi Huang, Enqing Huang, Xiao-Long Huang, Shijun Jiang, Haiyan Jin, Benjamin G. Johnson, Robert M. Kurzawski, Chao Lei, Baohua Li, Li Li, Yanping Li, Jian Lin, Chang Liu, Chuanlian Liu, Zhifei Liu, Antonio Luna, Claudia Lupi, Anders J. McCarthy, Geoffroy Mohn, Lachit Singh Ningthoujam, Michael Nirrengarten, Nobuaki Osono, David W. Peate, Patricia Persaud, Ning Qiu, Caroline M. Robinson, Sara Satolli, Isabel Sauermilch, Julie C. Schindlbeck, Steven M. Skinner, Susanne M. Straub, Xiang Su, Liyan Tian, Froukje M. van der Zwan, Shiming Wan, Huaichun Wu, Rong Xiang, Rajeev Yadav, Liang Yi, Cuimei Zhang, Jinchang Zhang, Yang Zhang, Ning Zhao, Guangfa Zhong, and Lifeng Zhong2

Zhen Sun, Joann M. Stock, Adam Klaus, Hans Christian Larsen, Zhimin Jian, Carlos A. Alvarez Zarikian, Jacopo Boaga, Stephen A. Bowden, Anne Briais, Yifeng Chen, Deniz Cukur, Kelsie A. Dadd, Weiwei Ding, Michael J. Dorais, Eric C. Ferré, Fabricio Ferreira, Akira Furusawa, Aaron J. Gewecke, Jessica L. Hinojosa, Tobias W. Höfig, Kan-Hsi Hsiung, Baoqi Huang, Enqing Huang, Xiao-Long Huang, Shijun Jiang, Haiyan Jin, Benjamin G. Johnson, Robert M. Kurzawski, Chao Lei, Baohua Li, Li Li, Yanping Li, Jian Lin, Chang Liu, Chuanlian Liu, Zhifei Liu, Antonio Luna, Claudia Lupi, Anders J. McCarthy, Geoffroy Mohn, Lachit Singh Ningthoujam, Michael Nirrengarten, Nobuaki Osono, David W. Peate, Patricia Persaud, Ning Qiu, Caroline M. Robinson, Sara Satolli, Isabel Sauermilch, Julie C. Schindlbeck, Steven M. Skinner, Susanne M. Straub, Xiang Su, Liyan Tian, Froukje M. van der Zwan, Shiming Wan, Huaichun Wu, Rong Xiang, Rajeev Yadav, Liang Yi, Cuimei Zhang, Jinchang Zhang, Yang Zhang, Ning Zhao, Guangfa Zhong, and Lifeng Zhong2

Joann M. Stock, Zhen Sun, Adam Klaus, Hans Christian Larsen, Zhimin Jian, Carlos A. Alvarez Zarikian, Jacopo Boaga, Stephen A. Bowden, Anne Briais, Yifeng Chen, Deniz Cukur, Kelsie A. Dadd, Weiwei Ding, Michael J. Dorais, Eric C. Ferré, Fabricio Ferreira, Akira Furusawa, Aaron J. Gewecke, Jessica L. Hinojosa, Tobias W. Höfig, Kan-Hsi Hsiung, Baoqi Huang, Enqing Huang, Xiao-Long Huang, Shijun Jiang, Haiyan Jin, Benjamin G. Johnson, Robert M. Kurzawski, Chao Lei, Baohua Li, Li Li, Yanping Li, Jian Lin, Chang Liu, Chuanlian Liu, Zhifei Liu, Antonio Luna, Claudia Lupi, Anders J. McCarthy, Geoffroy Mohn, Lachit Singh Ningthoujam, Michael Nirrengarten, Nobuaki Osono, David W. Peate, Patricia Persaud, Ning Qiu, Caroline M. Robinson, Sara Satolli, Isabel Sauermilch, Julie C. Schindlbeck, Steven M. Skinner, Susanne M. Straub, Xiang Su, Liyan Tian, Froukje M. van der Zwan, Shiming Wan, Huaichun Wu, Rong Xiang, Rajeev Yadav, Liang Yi, Cuimei Zhang, Jinchang Zhang, Yang Zhang, Ning Zhao, Guangfa Zhong, and Lifeng Zhong2

Continental breakup represents the successful process of rifting and thinning of the continental lithosphere, leading to plate rupture and initiation of oceanic crust formation. Magmatism during breakup seems to follow a path of either excessive, transient magmatism (magma-rich margins) or of igneous starvation (magma-poor margins). The latter type is characterized by extreme continental lithospheric extension and mantle exhumation prior to igneous oceanic crust formation. Discovery of magma-poor margins has raised fundamental questions about the onset of ocean-floor type magmatism, and has guided interpretation of seismic data across many rifted margins, including the highly extended northern South China Sea margin. Here we report International Ocean Discovery Program drilling data from the northern South China Sea margin, testing the magma-poor margin model outside the North Atlantic. Contrary to expectations, results show initiation of Mid-Ocean Ridge basalt type magmatism during breakup, with a narrow and rapid transition into igneous oceanic crust. Coring and seismic data suggest that fast lithospheric extension without mantle exhumation generated a margin structure between the two endmembers. Asthenospheric upwelling yielding Mid-Ocean Ridge basalt-type magmatism from normal-temperature mantle during final breakup is interpreted to reflect rapid rifting within thin pre-rift lithosphere.

Hans Christian Larsen, Zhimin Jian, Carlos A. Alvarez Zarikian, Zhen Sun, Joann M. Stock, Adam Klaus, Jacopo Boaga, Stephen A. Bowden, Anne Briais, Yifeng Chen, Deniz Cukur, Kelsie A. Dadd, Weiwei Ding, Michael J. Dorais, Eric C. Ferré, Fabricio Ferreira, Akira Furusawa, Aaron J. Gewecke, Jessica L. Hinojosa, Tobias W. Höfig, Kan-Hsi Hsiung, Baoqi Huang, Enqing Huang, Xiao-Long Huang, Shijun Jiang, Haiyan Jin, Benjamin G. Johnson, Robert M. Kurzawski, Chao Lei, Baohua Li, Li Li, Yanping Li, Jian Lin, Chang Liu, Chuanlian Liu, Zhifei Liu, Antonio Luna, Claudia Lupi, Anders J. McCarthy, Geoffroy Mohn, Lachit Singh Ningthoujam, Michael Nirrengarten, Nobuaki Osono, David W. Peate, Patricia Persaud, Ning Qiu, Caroline M. Robinson, Sara Satolli, Isabel Sauermilch, Julie C. Schindlbeck, Steven M. Skinner, Susanne M. Straub, Xiang Su, Liyan Tian, Froukje M. van der Zwan, Shiming Wan, Huaichun Wu, Rong Xiang, Rajeev Yadav, Liang Yi, Cuimei Zhang, Jinchang Zhang, Yang Zhang, Ning Zhao, Guangfa Zhong, and Lifeng Zhong2

Zhimin Jian, Hans Christian Larsen, Carlos A. Alvarez Zarikian, Zhen Sun, Joann M. Stock, Adam Klaus, Jacopo Boaga, Stephen A. Bowden, Anne Briais, Yifeng Chen, Deniz Cukur, Kelsie A. Dadd, Weiwei Ding, Michael J. Dorais, Eric C. Ferré, Fabricio Ferreira, Akira Furusawa, Aaron J. Gewecke, Jessica L. Hinojosa, Tobias W. Höfig, Kan-Hsi Hsiung, Baoqi Huang, Enqing Huang, Xiao-Long Huang, Shijun Jiang, Haiyan Jin, Benjamin G. Johnson, Robert M. Kurzawski, Chao Lei, Baohua Li, Li Li, Yanping Li, Jian Lin, Chang Liu, Chuanlian Liu, Zhifei Liu, Antonio Luna, Claudia Lupi, Anders J. McCarthy, Geoffroy Mohn, Lachit Singh Ningthoujam, Michael Nirrengarten, Nobuaki Osono, David W. Peate, Patricia Persaud, Ning Qiu, Caroline M. Robinson, Sara Satolli, Isabel Sauermilch, Julie C. Schindlbeck, Steven M. Skinner, Susanne M. Straub, Xiang Su, Liyan Tian, Froukje M. van der Zwan, Shiming Wan, Huaichun Wu, Rong Xiang, Rajeev Yadav, Liang Yi, Cuimei Zhang, Jinchang Zhang, Yang Zhang, Ning Zhao, Guangfa Zhong, and Lifeng Zhong2

Observational study is a method most commonly used in the etiology study of epidemiology, but confounders, always distort the true causality between exposure and outcome when local inferencing. In order to eliminate these confounding, the determining of variables which need to be adjusted become a key issue. Directed acyclic graph(DAG)could visualize complex causality, provide a simple and intuitive way to identify the confounding, and convert it into the finding of the minimal sufficient adjustment for the control of confounding. On the one hand, directed acyclic graph can choose less variables, which increase statistical efficiency of the analysis. On the other hand, it could help avoiding variables that is not measured or with missing values. In a word, the directed acyclic graph could facilitate the reveal of the real causality effectively.