This study investigated the benefits of adding fly ash as a reinforcement material. The benefits included cost-effectiveness, improved quality, isotropic behavior, and environmental advantages. To improve self-lubrication and wettability behavior, Al6061 alloy composites were fabricated with different amounts of fly ash (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight), along with a fixed amount of graphite (3wt.%) and magnesium (2wt.%). Wear tests were conducted using Taguchi’s Design of Experiment (DoE) approach on the composites. The optimized composition with 6% fly ash exhibited the least wear rate under the test conditions of load = 10 N, sliding velocity = 3 m/s, and sliding distance = 2 km. SEM images revealed a uniform distribution of fly ash and graphite reinforcement in the matrix, contributing to enhanced wear resistance. The composites exhibited fewer scratches and plastically deformed surfaces, indicating a decrease in wear rate and increased wear resistance with higher fly ash content. ANOVA were used, and four parameters were identified to be critical, Composition at 34%, Sliding Distance at 27%, load at 23%, and Sliding Velocity at 12% contribution with a statistical confidence of 95%. This research contributes to developing cost-effective and environmentally sustainable materials with improved mechanical properties. It makes them suitable for various industrial applications, such as the automotive industry, where wear resistance is essential.

Due to declining supplies of once-affordable fossil fuels, research into renewable energy sources is being prioritized. Using solar energy for passive cooling and heating can significantly reduce the demand for primary energy sources. In this survey, we look at how changing a few variables might affect how well a solar air heater functions. It helps researchers learn more about these systems’ development, properties, and potential uses. This research analyses the current literature to emphasize the value of thermal properties. Focusing on laminar sublayer creation and increasing the heat transfer coefficient, it explores ways to increase the efficiency of solar air heaters. After reviewing several articles, it has been determined that rib roughness elements and their geometric characteristics play a significant role in enhancing the thermal performance of solar air heaters. The relative roughness height, pitch, angle of attack, and width are all important factors to consider.

Researchers and experts in this study strongly emphasize the use of various agricultural and industrial waste materials such as coconut shells, walnut shells, almond shells, crushed nutshells, and fly ash, among others.These discarded materials are used to create new composites, which are essential to long-term sustainability.Epoxy resin was used as the polymer matrix composite material in the development of a new set of polymer composites, which are described in this paper.These polymer composites consist of different weight percentages (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, and 15.0) wt.percent of coconut shell particulate and walnut shell particulate in equal ratio.At room temperature, epoxy resin and epoxy hardener were mixed in a ratio of 10:1.There are fabricated six specimens of composites by hand lay-up technique.The newly developed composites are characterized by the physical and mechanical behavior of a new class of Agricultural Waste Reinforced Epoxy-Based Composite.Mechanical properties are investigated using L18 (6 1 3 1 ) orthogonal design with MINITAB-19 statistical software.According to the Taguchi technique and analysis of variance outcome, it was found experimentally that the sequence of parameters affects the flexural property in ascending order as filler load and speed.The results concluded that developed composites could be used as eco-friendly and cost-effective materials in lightweight applications.

Lightweight requires cutting-edge materials and imaginative engineering to achieve the same or better technical performance with less material. This approach has been widely used in automobiles, fashion, and packaging, and the aviation sector may benefit from it. Traditional lightweight methods have used high-performance materials like composites, structural optimization using computationally-aided engineering, and cutting-edge manufacturing processes including additive manufacturing, foam metals, and hot forming. This article will examine the most prevalent lightweight technologies and their possible usage in aviation, such as power plants and airframe components. Solar-powered aircraft wings require improvement and are open to lightweight technology. High aspect ratios cause non-linear distortion, aileron reversal, flutter, and rigid-elastic coupling. Lightweight aircraft, UAVs, and rocket subsystems are all being considered. Cutting-edge optimization methods may optimize structural elements and geometrical parameters for optimum structural stiffness, least mass, and energy storage. Additive manufacturing may create composite or multi-material components that can serve several purposes.

High-quality CNC machining depends on proper operator skills as well as optimum factor selection for the machine. The current study aims to establish the relationship between response parameters such as tool wear rate (TWR) and input variables such as spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Analysis was done using the DOE technique named ‘Taguchi’ and optimized parameters were determined by using ANOVA. The validity of the trials can be confirmed by displaying the predicted and experimental values of the optimal solution's TWR response range. This study came to the conclusion that when drilling EN-24 steel, the depth of the cut is the most important component, whereas spindle speed is the factor that contributes the least to effective machining.

In today's world, hybrid polymer matrix composite is an extremely important component in manufacturing automobiles, aircraft, and sporting goods. This research paper describes the development of epoxy-based hybrid polymer composites (HPC) through a hand-lay technique. Hybrid polymer composite consists of Epoxy resin, E-glass fiber as reinforced materials, and Al2O3/SiC as filler material. The fabrication of a hybrid polymer composite with an equal proportion of Al2O3/SiC during which epoxy resin and hardener are mixed in 10:1 proportion. The tensile and flexural strength were investigated in this study. Experiment findings show that composite with four wt.% of Al2O3/SiC has optimum tensile and flexural behavior. It has an ultimate tensile strength of 170.84 MPa and flexural strength of 162.56 MPa, which is desirable in applications where epoxy-based composites are typically utilized, such as in tennis and badminton rackets.

casting method, the research aimed to achieve a homogeneous distribution of Ni and Cr particles, varying from 1 to 3 wt.%, in the Al6061 matrix. Additional elements like graphite (up to 3 wt.%) and magnesium (1 wt.%) were incorporated to improve selflubrication and wettability. The fabrication process involved precise temperature control at 750°C and automatic stirring to ensure even dispersion of the reinforcing particles. The composites were then molded, solidified, and prepared for mechanical testing. SEM-EDS analysis was utilized to analyze the elements' distribution and the composites' microstructural integrity. Mechanical tests, including tensile, flexural, and hardness tests, followed ASTM standards. Significant findings revealed that the specimen with two wt.% Ni and two wt.% Cr (designated as SM2) demonstrated the most balanced improvement in mechanical properties: a tensile strength of 236.08 MPa, a flexural strength of 417.70 MPa, and a hardness of 127.00 HRB. However, an increase in Ni and Cr content beyond 4 wt.% led to non-homogeneous dispersion, manifesting as cracks, voids, and agglomeration, negatively impacting ductility and elongation properties. The study's unique contribution lies in its detailed examination of the effects of varying Ni and Cr concentrations on the mechanical properties of Al6061-based composites, providing valuable insights for material optimization in highperformance applications. This research underscores the delicate balance required in composite material design, particularly in enhancing specific mechanical properties without compromising overall material integrity. It provides crucial insights into the role of Ni and Cr reinforcements in Al6061 composites, highlighting their potential for engineering applications that demand high strength, flexibility, and hardness.

High-strength alloys are commonly treated with thermomechanical treatment to concurrently improve the alloy's forming and performance. Improved CAF processing method is presented in this research, which blends thermomechanical pre-treatment and CAF into a single process. CAF-treated Al–Zr–Mg–Cr alloys are projected to benefit from the suggested processing approach, which is expected to improve the alloy's forming efficiency and overall characteristics. This experiment looked at the creep-aging behaviour and characteristics of AA7475. Temperature mechanical pre-treatment causes more creep deformation than regression and re-aging or 3 percent pre-strain alone, according to the study's findings. Creep-aged materials with thermomechanical pre-treatment had mechanical, electrical, and erosion properties that were virtually equivalent to regression and re-aging-treated samples. In the creep-aged regression and re-aging pre-treatment sample, precipitates were observed at the coarse and discrete grain boundaries, as well as in the usual GP/phases and a 2-phase. Because of the reduced solute concentration in the matrix of the regression and re-aging pre-treatment sample, dislocations were able to move more easily, resulting in increased creep strain. This was more than made up for by the toughening effects of next stage and the hardening of disruptions. The thermomechanical pre-treatment procedure improves the creep forming and all the characteristics alloys comprising Al—Zr—Mg—Cr by providing an acceptable initial temper. The study's findings on Al–Zr–Mg–Cr alloys could boost CAF technology.

The article discusses the PV nursed energy effective, ultra-fast, high power, high gain DC-DC converter for EV charging with MPPT through the Hybrid Simplified Firefly and Neighborhood Attraction firefly (HSFNA) algorithm. The Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) is used because of its efficient MPPT operation with ultra-high gain with high efficiency and easy control system. The continuous input current, high current handling capability,and DC voltage with good quality power are required for charging the EV battery. Though there are numerous isolated dual bridge unidirectional converters available for EV charging, the high current demand for EV batteries cannot be met. The proposed converter provides higher current charging for the battery on demand by looking into the various control parameters. An ideal PV module is assumed to study the operation of the proposed converter, and an additional HSFNA algorithm supports the global maximum power point under various operating conditions like partial shading. The simulation of the proposed converter iscarried out and the results arediscussed.

The present work emphasizes the micro structural and mechanical behavior of Al6061 hybrid nano-metal matrix composite (HNMMCs) reinforced with variable wt% (0, 0.6, and 1.2) of nickel and chromium nanoparticles with a fixed amount of 0.6 wt% of graphene and 0.5 wt% Magnesium oxide nano particles. The advanced stir-casting route fabricates the HNMMCs. Tensile and micro hardness tests as per ASTM standards were conducted to analyze the mechanical behavior of samples of advanced composites. The micro structural behavior of advanced composites was investigated by the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The SEM micrographs and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping analyses confirmed the uniform distribution and presence of reinforced particles within the Al6061 matrix. The study of this work revealed significant improvement in tensile strength and microhardness of developed composite with respect to Al6061. Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Conference on Design and Materials (ICDM)-2021

People are using biodiesel in compression ignition engines because it is more environmentally friendly and can be used as a good alternative to diesel. There is a new technology called nanoparticles that can change the way a fuel works. Because waste cooking has a lot of oil in it, it can make biodiesel. To make biodiesel, transesterification was used to turn nonedible oil from waste cooking oil into biodiesel that could be used. Nanoparticles made of titanium oxide were studied by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, as well as energy dispersive X-ray analysis, among other things. TiO2 nanoparticles are spread out in different amounts in the biodiesel blend. The dosage levels range from 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Tests on how titanium nanoparticles in a waste cooking oil biodiesel blend affect a diesel engine’s performance and how it emits were conducted in this study too. At a steady speed, the engine was used when there was a lot of work to do. Tests show that the WCOME 20 TiO2 100 ppm blend worked well. With the increase in the concentration of nanoparticles, there is an increase in brake thermal efficiency and at the same time, there is a decrease in BSFC. It is also less harmful to the environment than other blends, except for NOx, which does no’t change.

Mineral admixtures are frequently utilized as cement substitution materials in high-performance concrete (HPC), and so many studies have explored the influence of mineral admixtures on the rheological behavior of HPC. Investigations were done to examine the impact of nanosilica less than 100 nm on HPC by substituting copper slag at a fixed substitution of forty percent for fine aggregate. Concrete samples were cast by substituting cement with nanosilica at (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3) percentages. Examinations on mechanical properties and durability were done on specimens. The above tests demonstrated an increase in water demand because of the increase in the nanosilica substitution percentage. Mechanical and durability properties were improved at a larger rate with the incorporation of nanosilica. The outcomes indicated that colloidal nanosilica is an effective material that enhances the microstructure and acts as a catalyst for pozzolanic activity. The incorporation of nanosilica improves the strength up to two percentage substitution level.

Polymer composites have outstanding qualities such as high strength, flexibility, stiffness, and lightweight. Currently, research is being performed to develop innovative polymer composites that may be used in many operational situations and contain a variety of fibre and filler combinations. Banana fibre has low density compared to glass fibre and it is a lingo-cellulosic fibre having relatively good mechanical properties compared to glass fibre. Because of their outstanding qualities, banana fibre reinforced polymer composites are now widely used in various industries. The primary goal of this study is to determine the effect of the wt.% of banana fibre, the wt.% of SiC, and the wt.% of Al2O3 in banana fibre reinforcement composites on the mechanical and physical properties of banana fibre reinforcement composites. Tensile strength and flexural strength of unfilled banana fibre epoxy composite increased with the increase in wt. of banana fibre from 0 wt.% to 12 wt.%. Further, an increase in wt.% banana fibre drop in mechanical property was observed. It has been concluded from the study that the variation in percentage weight of filler material with fixed amount (12 wt.%) of banana fibre affects the mechanical properties of filled banana reinforcement composites. Optimum mechanical properties were obtained for BHEC5 (72 wt.% Epoxy + Hardener, 12 wt.% banana fibre and 16 wt.% Al2O3).

Aluminum composite matrix materials are regarded as the most popular type of composite materials. Metal matrix composites made of aluminum have better mechanical and thermal properties, including a higher strength-to-weight ratio, tensile strength, hardness, and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. In various types of applications viz, automobile, aviation, the thermal characterization of aluminum metal matrix composites has increased. Thermal conductivity as a function of temperature, thermal diffusivity, and the thermal gradient is one of the essential thermal characteristics of aluminum metal matrix composites needed to understand the material’s behavior. The current work evaluated thermal conductivity as a product of thermal diffusivity, density, and specific heat for Al6061/Ni/Cr hybrid nano metal matrix composites from 50 °C to 300 °C. Al6061 based metal matrix composite reinforced with varying wt.% of Ni and Cr nanoparticles whereas fixed wt.% of graphene and Mg added to improve thermal conductivity, self-lubrication, and wettability. Thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and density were evaluated using laser flash apparatus (LFA 447), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Archimedes principle, respectively. Results revealed that the thermal conductivity of fabricated composites increases with Ni, Cr, Mg, and graphene nanoparticles. With further expansion of reinforced particles of Ni and Cr, the thermal conductivity decreases. Finite element analysis (FEA) has been conducted to determine the thermal gradient and thermal flux using experimental values such as density, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and enthalpy at various temperature ranges to validate the experimental results.

Casting is one of the most effective production techniques for developing a product that meets the demands and expectations of the customer. Sand casting is an effective technique among numerous casting processes because it is efficient and adaptable to deliver castings of any material. The Al6063 alloy was melted in a crucible furnace, and a product is developed using the sand-casting technique in the present work. According to the Design of Experiments (DoE) recommendations, the input process parameters such as molten temperature, pouring time, and cavity holding time were selected and examined at three distinct levels. Experiments were carried out using an L9 orthogonal array, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the most critical input process parameter. Surface roughness and S/N ratio averages are calculated and displayed for various control parameters. The best parameters for sand casting Al6063 for a better surface finish are 700oC molten temperature, 20 seconds pouring time, and 40 seconds cavity hold time. The results revealed that molten temperature has the most significant impact on surface roughness, followed by pouring time, with cavity holding time having little effect. Finally, the regression analysis-derived mathematical model by MINITAB-17 may be used to predict surface roughness.

In this work, the influence of addition of nickel and chromium micron/nano particles on the tribological behavior of developed Al6061 hybrid metal matrix composites has been identified. In the first category Al6061 based hybrid metal matrix composite reinforced with x wt.% of nickel (x=0, 0.9, 1.8 and 2.7) and same wt.% of chromium micron size particles were fabricated throughcosteffective stir casting technique. In the second category Al6061 based hybrid nano metal matrix composites reinforced with y wt.% of nickel(y=0, 0.6 and 1.2) and same wt.% of chromium nanoparticles developed through same technique. Graphite and magnesium micron/nano size particles added to improve self-lubrication property and wettability respectively. The wear rate of developed composites has been tested on pin-on-disc experimental set up at defined speed 500 RPM, sliding distance 1000 m and variable load 10N, 20N & 30N. The reduction of wear rate of Al6061/1.8Ni/1.8Cr hybrid metal matrix composite and Al6061/0.6Ninp/0.6Crnp hybrid nano metal matrix composite 37.1% and 76% w.r.to Al6061 alloy. The results revealed that there is significant improvement in wear resistance or decrement in wear rate of hybrid nano metal matrix compositesas compared to hybrid metal matrix composite and Al6061 alloy. An attempt made in this work to provide information for superior tribological behavior of hybrid nano metal matrix composites. Keywords— Al6061, hybrid metal matrix composites, nickel, chromium, nanoparticles, wear rate.