Sexuality is a complex process, a natural biological human need that is present throughout life. Closely related to sexuality is the sex drive (libido), which is the basis of human sexual activity. An important aspect of sexuality in both sexes is also the experience of orgasm. Feelings of shame, guilt, fear, and despair contribute to the development of a disorder in the orgasmic experience. The aim of this paper is to present the factors that influence the frequency of orgasmic experiences in women and to determine their sexual satisfaction. We used the online original questionnaire. The target population were adult women. The survey was conducted from June to July 2021. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 statistical software. A total of 1409 questionnaires were completed. Most participants were between 21 and 30 years old and had a high school education, more than half experienced orgasm most often during masturbation, and most experienced it every time during masturbation. More than half experienced clitoral orgasm most often. The factors that bother the respondents most in their sex life were too little foreplay, too little passion, and too short sex. Sexual satisfaction is experienced by people very individually and depends on many factors, such as the quality, frequency, and pleasure attributed to sexual activities, but also on general health and well-being.

Background:Arthrometers are used to assess knee anterior laxity and to evaluate the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament. Assessment of knee anterior laxity is crucial part of the clinical examination. The aim of this study was to investigate the intra-rater reliability of the GNRB® in healthy subjects. Methods:In the study participated 97 subjects and two measurements using a GNRB® arthrometer were performed. Males were tested two times one week a part. Females were tested two times within 24 h. Measurements were performed at the following forces 134 N, 134 N, 150 N, 200 N, and 200 N. To evaluate the reliability of GNRB® measurements an intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated. Results:Intra-rater reliability of the GNRB® measurements is good for 134 N on the left knee (ICC = 0.848) and the right knee (ICC = 0.788) and for 200 N on the left knee (ICC = 0.805) and the right knee (ICC = 0.756). Conclusion:The GNRB® knee arthrometer has good intra-reliability for measurements at the 134 N and 200 N forces. Reliability can be increased with the standardize position of the subject, the stabilization of the patella and standardize measurement protocol.

The aim of this cross-cultural study was to examine predictors of sexual satisfaction. For the present analysis, we used a large-scale sample database that included 8821 individuals from 4 countries. All participants completed the same questionnaires, which were designed to capture numerous important variables that have been shown to correlate with sexual satisfaction. According to our results, predictors of sexual satisfaction were classified into four general categories (demographic factors, psychological factors, sociocultural factors, and pathophysiological factors). Our international study found statistically significantly higher satisfaction among homosexual participants, participants aged 18 to 23 years, those with a higher level of education, in a relationship, with a current sexual partner, in a current partnered (unmarried) relationship, and without a diagnosed sexual or mental disorder. At the same time, we found that the correlation between sexual satisfaction and the different predictors varieed considerably across countries, which calls for further research.

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea,also known as painful periods, is a common gynaecological diagnosis faced bymost women of fertile age. Dysmenorrhea is still a misunderstood condition andmost women accept it as a normal part of their menstrual cycle. The pain has astrong impact on well being and can severely affect quality of life. Methods: Anonline questionnaire was administered to female subjects between May and July 2020.Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used, non-para-medicalstatistical analyses using Spearman correlation coefficient. Statisticalsignificance was set at p 0.05. Results: Thesample consisted of 774 women. It can be seen that the respondents who have alreadygiven birth have statisticallysignificantly less menstrual pain (MR = 270.36; VR = 67859.50) than the respondents whohave not given birth (MR = 402.06;VR = 184545.50). Onaverage, respondents who experienceorgasm less than1x/week (MR = 346.93) have theleast menstrual pain,and respondents who experienceorgasm daily or 4-6x/week have the most menstrual pain(MR = 427.18). Respondents who go to bed at 1am or later have the highestmean pain response score (MR =433.65) and thelowest among those who go to bedbefore 10pm (MR= 346.30). The highest meanmenstrual pain responsescore is among respondents who havenegative attitudetowards menstruation (MR = 557.54)and the lowestis among respondents who haveneutral attitude(MR = 268.82). Conclusions:The results confirm statisticallysignificant relationships between sleep, sexuality, stress, menstrualperception and menstrual pain.

Objective Quantitative contrast‐enhanced US (CEUS) provides objective evaluation of bowel wall perfusion and has been reported as a useful method for evaluating Crohn's disease (CD) activity in children. We tested its' diagnostic accuracy in comparison to endoscopy and evaluated its' usefulness in comparison to Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) and fecal Calprotectin (FC). Materials and methods Children with CD and thickened bowel wall on abdominal US were prospectively enrolled. Disease activity was evaluated with quantitative CEUS, PCDAI and FC and compared to a simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease (SES‐CD). Spearman's correlation and Cohen's kappa statistic between the SES‐CD and other disease activity measures were performed and diagnostic accuracies calculated. Results 36 children 3.5–18 years old (mean age 14 years) were included. The quantitative CEUS had 78.57% sensitivity (95%CI 0.59–0.92), 100% specificity (95%CI 0.63–1.0) and 83.33% diagnostic accuracy (95% CI 0.67–0.94). The concordance remission agreement with endoscopy was substantial for quantitative CEUS and PCDAI (quantitative CEUS: κ = 0.62; 95% CI 0.363–0.877; PCDAI: κ = 0.615; 95% CI 0.311–0.920), but only fair for FC ( κ = 0.389; 95% CI 0.006–0.783). Correlation between all measures and endoscopy was moderate and statistically significant (quantitative CEUS: r s = 0.535, PCDAI: r s = 0.543, FC: r s = 0.497). Conclusions Quantitative CEUS has a potential of becoming a complementary method for evaluation of CD activity in children due to its' high specificity in comparison to endoscopy. Lower sensitivity makes it deficient as a single measure and further management should be guided by PCDAI and FC results as well.

Introduction: Sexual satisfaction is the pleasure an individual feels both physically and psychologically, and is the result of erotic experiences, thoughts, dreams, and autoeroticism. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to present the determinants of sexual satisfaction among Bosnian and Herzegovinian women. Methods: The survey was conducted on 387 Bosnian and Herzegovinian women via online questionnaire that consisted of demographic data and 17 statements. The validated questionnaire was used with some adaptations and contained a 5-point Likert scale for each statement, ranging from “not at all satisfied” to “extremely satisfied.” The inclusion criteria were: (a) Age 18–60 years; and (b) completion of the questionnaire as personal consent. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 statistical software. Results: Data collection was conducted from July 2020 to September 2020. The realization rate of the sample was 24.19%. Most of the participants have a high school diploma, most are between 18 and 24 years old and most are currently married. Thirty-five percent of women sometimes experience pain during intercourse (less than half the time). The lower half of the vagina (from the vaginal entrance to the half of the vagina) and the lower part of the abdomen are usually most affected. A relationship was found between the number of children and sexual satisfaction. Women without children were the most satisfied with their sexual life, followed by women who had only one or two children. Conclusions: Every woman has the right to feel sexual satisfaction. The complexity of sexual satisfaction is reflected in many determinants and factors that can influence it positively and negatively.

The aim of the study was to investigate the sexuality of individuals undergoing in vitro fertilization as one of the methods of infertility treatment. The focus was on sexual dysfunction, sexual satisfaction and associated risk factors. Data were collected based on a validated, standardized procedure. The sample consisted of 119 individuals who had undergone in vitro fertilization, 61 (51.3%) women and 58 (48.7%) men, average age 35 years. Most of the 119 survey participants were in the 31-35 age group (37%), married (79.8%), with high school diploma (51.3%), Catholic denomination (89.9%), childless (78.2%), with a one sexual partner in their lifetime (51.3%), and in current sexual relationship for a period of 7 to 8 years (18.5%). The survey found statistically significantly higher satisfaction among male participants, participants in the 26-30 age group, those with a higher level of education, nonreligious, without children in marriage, with four sexual partners in life, over a period of 1 to 2 years in current partner (sexual) relationship, and without a diagnosed sexual disorder. There was a correlation between infertility, associated treatment, and sexuality. Infertility and involvement in treatment procedures increased the risk of sexual dysfunction. The risk factors identified in our study could help facilitate detection and timely treatment of sexual dysfunction, which would help maintain healthy sexuality in couples participating in in vitro fertilization procedures.

Andrej Starc1, Slađana Sladojivić2 and Raja Dahmane Gošnak3* Author Affiliations 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Novo mesto School Center, Slovenia 3Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedicine in Health Care Division, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Received: December 06, 2021 | Published: December 14, 2021 Corresponding author: Raja Dahmane Gošnak, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedicine in Health Care Division, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2021.40.006466

BACKGROUND:Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US) of the bowel wall has been suggested as an alternative imaging modality for the follow-up of children with Crohn disease.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced US in the estimation of Crohn disease activity in children with histopathology as the reference standard.MATERIALS AND METHODS:In 24 children with Crohn disease confirmed on histopathology, disease activity was evaluated on 40 bowel segments using US score and subjective and quantitative contrast-enhanced US evaluation. Contrast-enhanced US evaluation included enhancement pattern analysis with a graphic representation of log time-intensity curve and calculation of kinetic parameters with the definition of thresholds for disease activity, as determined by receiver operating characteristics curve analysis. The diagnostic accuracy of US with colour Doppler imaging and subjective and quantitative contrast-enhanced US were calculated.RESULTS:Moderate or severe inflammation was identified in 18 segments and remission or mild inflammation was identified in 22 segments on histopathology. The quantitative contrast-enhanced US, namely the peak enhancement value, had 72.2% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] 46.5-90.3), 100% specificity (95% CI 84.6-100.0) and 87.5% diagnostic accuracy (95% CI 73.2-95.8) in predicting moderate or severe grade inflammation at histopathology. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of subjective contrast-enhanced US were 77.8% (95% CI 52.4-93.6), 77.3% (95% CI 54.6-92.2) and 77.5% (95% CI 61.6-89.2), respectively, and of US with colour Doppler imaging were 55.6% (95% CI 30.8-78.5), 86.4% (95% CI 65.1-79.1) and 72.5% (95% CI 56.1-85.4), respectively.CONCLUSION:Quantitative contrast-enhanced US has the potential of becoming a complementary method in the evaluation of Crohn disease activity in children. Fibrosis may affect peak enhancement results and underestimate inflammatory activity.

Sunscreens ensure thorough protection against sunburn. The delivery of UV filters into the stratum corneum and viable epidermis could be reduced by the use of antioxidants (such as β-carotene and trans-resveratrol, alone or combined). The presence/absence of antioxidants (trans-resveratrol and β-carotene) in formulations containing benzophenone-3 (UV-filter) and their efficiency under disinfection and neutral conditions are studied and compared. The trial was conducted on 38 people. The prepared ointments were applied to the participants' forearms, irradiated and monitored by reflectance colorimetry after 0, 4, 6, and 8 min. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the skin color's main characteristics and the F-ratio was used to test overall differences. The ointments containing antioxidants and benzophenone-3 were the most efficient, followed by those with benzophenone-3 alone. It was proven that photoprotection with benzophenone-3 is still effective, despite the formation of its chlorinated products. Due to the short time of exposure to disinfecting conditions, it could be assumed that benzophenone-3 was only partially chlorinated. This clinical study demonstrated that formulations containing antioxidants are likely to be more suitable for protecting skin against UVB irradiation than a UV filter alone.

Aging interventions will be ineffective if we do not understand the basic principles of aging. Currently, there is no consensus on the issue whether aging is programmed or not. The hypothesis presented in this article indicates that aging (at least graying of male hairs) is programmed. This hypothesis is supported by the symmetry of the graying of male beard hairs. According to stochastic theories of aging, aging is a passive non-programmed process where random dispersion of graying hairs should result. On the contrary, programmed theories of aging would predict that there should be symmetry on the left and right parts of the face showing the same proportion, pattern and time of appearance of graying hairs.

Raziskovalno vprašanje: Katera so strokovno ugotovljena tveganja za nastanek sprememb kože in kakšen vpliv ima pri tem sonce? Namen: Predstaviti maligne in nemaligne kožne spremembe ter dejavnike tveganja, ki povzročijo in/ali pospešijo nastanek malignih sprememb kože, ob tem pa opisati škodljive vplive ultravijoličnega sevanja in zaščito pred temi vplivi. Metoda: Za namen raziskave je bila proučevana strokovna in znanstvena literatura. Pri iskanju virov smo uporabili elektronske podatkovne baze, ki so dostopne zaposlenim na Univerzi v Ljubljani. Iskanje smo omejili na strokovno-znanstvene recenzirane vire s polnim besedilom, ki niso bili starejši od 10 let. Rezultati: Številne raziskave pritrjujejo, da je pretirano izpostavljanje sončnim žarkom lahko nevarno početje, ki lahko privede do malignih sprememb na koži. K dodatnim škodljivim učinkom ultravijoličnega sevanja zagotovo pripomorejo globalne podnebne spremembe in posledično tanjšanje varovalnega ozonskega plašča. Kljub znanim škodljivim učinkom, raziskave poudarjajo tudi blagodejne učinke ultravijoličnega sevanja na zdravje in počutje ljudi. Organizacija: Izvajalci zdravstvenih storitev bodo pridobili strukturiran vpogled v tveganja za nastanek sprememb kože v povezavi z ultravijoličnim sevanjem in se ob tem seznanili tudi z njegovimi blagodejnimi učinki na zdravje in počutje ljudi. Družba: Sonce je izjemno pomembno za ohranjanje življenja na našem planetu. Sončnim žarkom se je potrebno izpostavljati preudarno in le ob določenih urah dneva. Pomembno je, da družba pozna tako škodljive kot tudi koristne učinke sonca. Originalnost: Na raziskovalno temo so bile že izvedene številne splošne raziskave. V naši raziskavi so strukturirano opisane maligne in nemaligne spremembe kože ter vpliv ultravijoličnega sevanja na njihov nastanek. Omejitve/nadaljnje raziskovanje: Priporočamo izvedbo poglobljene raziskave glede ozaveščenosti strokovne in laične populacije o vplivih ultravijoličnega sevanja.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2014/860479.].

Orthopedic implants are routinely used for fixation of fractures, correction of deformities, joint replacements, and soft tissue anchorage. Different biomaterials have been engineered for orthopedic implants. Previously, they were designed merely as mechanical devices, now new strategies to enhance bone healing and implant osteointegration via local delivery of molecules and via implant coatings are being developed. These biological coatings should enhance osteointegration and reduce foreign body response or infection. This article reviews current and future orthopedic implants, materials and surface characteristics, biocompatibility, and mechanisms of bacterial adhesion. Additionally, the review is addressing implant-related infection, the main strategies to prevent it and suggest possible future research that may control implant related-infection.

This review article is focused on the impact of antioxidants and prooxidants on health with emphasis on the type of antioxidants that should be taken. Medical researchers suggest that diet may be the solution for the control of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular complications, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and different cancers. In this survey, we found scientific evidence that the use of antioxidants should be limited only to the cases where oxidative stress has been identified. This is often the case of specific population groups such as postmenopausal women, the elderly, infants, workers exposed to environmental pollutants, and the obese. Before starting any supplementation, it is necessary to measure oxidative stress and to identify and eliminate the possible sources of free radicals and thus increased oxidative stress.

A clear understanding of the origins of cancer is the basis of successful strategies for effective cancer prevention and management. The origin of cancer at the molecular and cellular levels is not well understood. Is the primary cause of the origin of cancer the genomic instability or impaired energy metabolism? An attempt was made to present cancer etiology originating from life's major evolutionary transition. The first evolutionary transition went from simple to complex cells when eukaryotic cells with glycolytic energy production merged with the oxidative mitochondrion (The Endosymbiosis Theory first proposed by Lynn Margulis in the 1960s). The second transition went from single-celled to multicellular organisms once the cells obtained mitochondria, which enabled them to obtain a higher amount of energy. Evidence will be presented that these two transitions, as well as the decline of NAD+ and ATP levels, are the root of cancer diseases. Restoring redox homeostasis and reactivation of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism are important factors in cancer prevention.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the WHO-5 Well-Being Index and variables from the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in a large-scale sample of partnered and single women. Methods: Based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test on six claims of FSFI, a non-parametric statistical analysis was used. Results: Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The sample included 635 female participants, aged 18 to 89 years. There was a strong link between all the six FSFI claims with marital status and number of sexual partners. The group of women who were involved in sexual intercourse in the previous 4 weeks shows higher life satisfaction (n=366; 50-100%) compared to the group (n=37; 0-49%) who were not involved in sexual intercourse in the previous 4 weeks. Even though the frequency of sexual functioning according to FSFI scores did not differ between the two groups (χ2 (1)=0.101, p=0.750), they did differ in the quality of sexual experience. Conclusions: These results extend previous findings by confirming a strong relationship between sexual well-being and overall life satisfaction within individuals. They confirm the importance of sexual satisfaction in shaping the overall quality of life not only for men but also for women.

In the liver, there are many vascular variants, which are important in liver surgery, the presence of accessory right hepatic veins (aRHVs) in particular. Th eir frequency, number and diameter vary considerably. Detailed imaging diagnostics with computed tomography (CT) should be undertaken before surgery. Th e aim of our study was to examine the characteristics of aRHVs and their demographic correlations. Th e study included data on 188 patients that underwent CT examination of the abdomen with contrast media, 103 men (54.8%) men and 85 (45.2%) women, mean age 63.1±14.3 (range, 21-94) years. Th e measurements of hepatic veins were carried out on CT images, which were obtained from the Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre of Ljubljana. Forty-fi ve of 142 patients had at least one aRHV: one aRHV in 37 (26.1%) cases, two aRHVs in seven (4.9%) cases, and three aRHVs in one (0.7%) case. Th e incidence of aRHV was between 24% and 39.3% (mean, 31.7%) and of more than one aRHV between 2.3% and 10.3% with 95% confi dence interval (CI). Based on the test of proportions, the proportion of cases with inferior aRHV of at least 7 mm was between 7.2% and 18.1% with 95% CI. Th e mean distance between the aRHV and the main RHV confl uences into the inferior vena cava was 3.73 cm (between 3.32 cm and 4.13 cm, 95% CI). Th e proportion of cases with confl uence distance of at least 4 cm was between 21.6% and 49.5% in cases with at least one aRHV. In cases with more than one aRHV, the distance between the middle aRHV and the main RHV ranged from 1.90 cm to 4.32 cm (95% CI). Th e T-test of independent samples showed no eff ect of age on the incidence of accessory veins (p=0.18), and the test of diff erences of interests showed no impact of sex (p=0.75). Evaluation of the incidence and diameter of aRHVs is of great importance for safe surgical procedure. Th eir presence can change the surgeon's decision in 10%-20% of cases when employing appropriate imaging technique. CT examination, which is easily accessible and minimally invasive for patients, was successful in only 80% cases, when using standard protocol for CT scanning.