Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) works without any essentialsetupas required in the wired networks for its communication. Since MANETs lack a compact infrastructure type as its topology is dynamic, the major concern in this type of networks are the energy consumption in the routing and also they are prone to security issues in the networks as it lacks firewalls and sufficient software which fails to the data protection in wireless networks. To provide energy management and security to these networks types, many Intrusion Detection System (IDS) has been implemented earlier, that are focusing on either only the routing protocols or their efficiency, but they do not address the energy utilization and the security problems. In the proposed work, Secured Intrusion Detection System Energy Routing Protocol (SIDSERP) for mobile ad-hoc networks determines the best available route path, considering the energy utilization, also finds the alternate route path if the existing route path is malfunctioned, also provides the safety to the network by building an intrusion detection system. The proposed protocol work is carried out in network simulator-2 and comparison against the existing Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols. The network performance metrics considered are the packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput and energy consumption.

Wireless networks are considered the best utilized network and in particular Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs) have found many applications for its data transmission in real time applications. The accompanying challenges restrict the current protocols for the routing being specifically used in MANETs. The design issues in this network are to restrict the usage of energy while transmitting information and provide security to the nodes. In the existing routing protocols, route comes from a source where the source node seeks a way to the target node, by transmitting messages to its adjacent nodes, and the nodes use energy to do this. Mobile Ad-hoc network faces challenges in improving the energy efficiency and providing security for the routing protocol. This research work proposes the Enhanced Energy Efficient-Secure Routing (EEE-SR) protocol as a novel security algorithm to access secure data in hostile environment. In the proposed work, to secure data transmission in the network, the nodes associates with security policy. Under this policy, both the nodes have a common enforcing policy, and then they communicate with each other. The selection of the nodes for the transmission has to prove its authentication and then selection of the routing path built on the available energy threshold at the nodes in the set-up for forwarding packets in the network. The routing protocol implements the best shortest path in network and also checks for the nodes trustworthiness by evaluating the trust policies enforcement on it. The protocol enables a node to autonomously decide whether to select the neighboring node or based on the available energy threshold and security policy enforced. The algorithm evaluates increase network lifetime and low in the energy consumption, packet loss and end-to-end delay.

With recent advances in the field of wireless network or Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) technologies, usage of mobile device computing technologies is the fastest growing technology. Formerly in the wired network, telephone and cable companies provide wired access to the devices for homes and offices. Today, the tendency is to move to wireless technology. Effective MANETs come across with numerous difficulties and challenges. If a packet is to travel from one host to another host, it needs to pass through many interconnected networks. The accompanying challenges in the network restrict current protocols from routing in MANETs. Also, balancing energy consumption is the major design issues since nodes have restricted energy, memory, bandwidth etc. Thus, the main objective of this research is to design an energy efficient protocol to minimize the energy consumption in MANETs. The main contribution of this research work includes the development of the new routing protocol called Energy Aware on Demand Routing (EADR) protocol for MANETs. This routing protocol approach is to build the new route discovery by evaluating energy consumption, packet loss, throughput and network lifetime. The protocol identification of the new route path by selection of the nodes which have the minimum energy threshold valves for its path to reach the intended destination node in network. The algorithm evaluates in minimizing the packet loss, energy consumption that increased throughput and network life time.

Elections are important distinguishing qualities of every democracy that is ruled by the people expressing their choices or their ideas through voting. Voting mechanisms have progressed from simple handwritten ballots to digital voting systems in leaps and bounds. This project aims to build a smart voting system using face recognition technology that allows any voter in INDIA by going to their respective constituency from “ANYWHERE IN INDIA” to the nearest voting booth in the place of stay. This project is used to maintain High level biometric security. The voter details are stored in dataset directory. Before entering the voting process the person should stand in front of the PC, the camera will read the image of the voter. After reading the details PC allows the authorized person to Vote and a signal is sent to the microcontroller and user just need to hover over the voting party to Vote with no need to touch the EVM at all. The application software maintains the person data. In the “smart voting system” once a person casts his vote, the controller informs vote is successfully registered.

Communication between the deaf and the common man has always been challenging. Most people in the world who fall into this category are often overlooked by ordinary people. As deaf people they use sign language to communicate in a way that is difficult for ordinary people to understand. To overcome the communication gap with outside world a microprocessor-based Sign Language Interpreter is employed to handle data transfer operations. A Raspberry Pi based microprocessor is used as a compact microcomputer designed to govern the operation of six axis MPU6050., used for the detection of sign language. A triaxial accelerometer is used to detect the tilt of the hand. The flex sensor module is interfaced with the microprocessor through MCP3008 which is an external analog-to-digital converter. The decision making for sending message based on the data received from the MPU6050 and MPU3008. The proposed system is able to convert the different signs into the text and voice message. It is trained for the different symbols and works effecrivcly.

The problem of people with diabetes causes a condition known as Diabetic Retinopathy (DR). It is most common in the elderly age peoples. As diabetes progresses, patients' perceptions may begin to deteriorate and cause DR. People lose their sight because of this disease. To deal with DR, early detection is required. Patients will have to be examined by doctors regularly which is a waste of time and energy. In recent time, number of DR cases are increasing exponentially due the modern stress life style. Therefore, it is necessary to automate the detection and diagnosis process of the DR. In this paper, machine learning (ML) techniques are used to diagnose early DR. These are the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Bayesian Separation and K-Means Clustering. These methods will be tested and compared with choosing the best method. 3000 images being processed for training and testing. Features are extracted from these fundus images using image processing techniques. After research, the results confirm that SVM is the best way to detect DR early with a higher level of accuracy compared to other classifiers.

Wireless power transmission (WPT) is a popular and growing technology that is finding applications in a variety of fields. Wireless charging's primary role is to carry electricity via an electromagnetic field across a specified space, which is beneficial for powering electrical devices where physical wiring is either impossible or cumbersome. The technology operates on the mutual inductance principle. One of the future uses can be found in the automobile sector, particularly in electric vehicles. Because electric vehicles are a superior solution for reducing continuing pollution, it is very impossible to make changes to the battery charging procedure to achieve greater reliability. The primary purpose of this WPT is to transmit power via resonant coupling and to construct charging systems. The systems deal with an alternating current source, a transmission coil, a converter, and an electric load, which is a battery. Charging an electric car battery can be accomplished through plug-in charging at charging stations or through wireless power transmission. WPT, in particular, gives an assessment on how future EV development and wireless charging technologies can be accomplished.

Numerous cattle calves do not return to the sheds after grazing because they become disoriented, resulting in the loss of that specific cattle. If the cattle calves are not counted before and after grazing, it is impossible for the person to manually count them. Cattle calves are sensitive to a range of illnesses/diseases, most of them may reduce the production and quality of milk products and, if not discovered early, could even result in the cattle's death. Diseases have an influence on-farm production, therefore ends up in low production, low income, and low quality. This research work provides a methodology where different sensors and image processing techniques are used to monitor the health of the cattle and alert the user regarding its health condition, also an automated counting system is implemented to count the total number of cattle in the shed.

Nowadays sleeping disorder is common among the people who work in metropolitan cities due to stress, pollution which often cause difficulty during sleeping. Diagnosing patients who have obstructive sleep apnea requires lab-based polysomnography, but over the years now more gadgets are available for sleep test. Today's technology has made life easier by offering many intelligent solutions to every problem in society, but when it comes to Sleeping Obstructive Disorder(SOD) still its in the initial stage. With the growing population for every year the number of patients are also increasing day by day. Hence a solution is required to automatically monitor and control the health status of a person. Hence, we proposed an IOT based Sleep Monitoring Device that has features like a fast WiFi module with local storage. The cardiac information is measured with the use of electro-resistive sensors and an accelerometer. In an effort to fix these problems, we've invented a new IOT-ready sleep monitoring gadget, which takes use of a new way of measuring cardiac and respiratory data with polymer-based innovation, and lets us record ECG and accelerometer results with only one lead. The NODEMCU allows the transfer of data in real time using a wireless internet connection, and it does so in line with industry standards.

The traffic management system is one of the important areas in any country for easy travel. In India, communication innovation in the social insurance sector has not yet been sufficiently updated to improve its administrative nature. With the increasing use of communication technology, many countries have implemented electronic card systems. Currently, there is no electronic traffic management system in India other than Digi locker. The goal of this proposed smartcard framework is to improve the efficiency and accessibility of driver and government document verification services. Using the smart card, all driver data, vehicle details, vehicle history, and past vehicle violations can be viewed by authorized parties through one website. Our proposed concept communicates the benefits of secure shipping to India using advances in data and correspondence. Digital profiling enables better tracking and more standardized documentation of drivers and vehicles, potentially reducing errors

Face mask recognition has grown significantly in recent years as a result of Corona's insistence on its numerous applications in law enforcement, security, and other commercial applications. A unique technique for performing face new line detection and face mask identification is presented. The proposed method employs a YoLo technique to recognise the objects like face masks in pictures and videos as a measure for COVID-19 precaution. Extensive testing on datasets and performance assessment of the suggested approaches are demonstrated. Furthermore, we used a symbolic method to successfully maintain inter and intra class differences in face mask detection. The proposed work is being created as a prototype to monitor temperature and identify masks for individuals. The first technique employs a temperature sensor to detect the body's current temperature. In the second way, the work is aimed at offering a safety mechanism for individuals in order to avoid COVID-19. Extensive experimentation on 50 different image datasets was carried out to assess the performance of the suggested technique. For ten random trials, we experimented with different training and testing percentages. Based on the data, we conclude that the symbolic method produces better outcomes than the conventional one.

Introduction: The aim of securing energy routing protocol was to provide the countermeasures to the attacks, particularly to the black hole in a mobile ad-hoc network, and enhancing the network performance metric throughput, also reducing the end-to-end delay between the nodes in the network. To build the protocol that enhances the performance of the network by modifying the existing DSR protocol and by introducing a new route discovery mechanism in the proposed protocol. Methods: The proposed protocol implementation has two phases, route request/reply phase and route confirm phases. During the route discovery process, the route discovery from the source to the destination process is described by sending the RREQ packet from the source hub, as shown in Fig. 1(a), when it does not have one accessible and cravings a route to a destination. The source node transmits the RREQ to its associate nodes and the destination node reply with RREP. When the source receives a reply message, the source node responds with a reverse path with a confirm RCON message and providing security to the nodes in the network. Results: To verify the performance of the proposed protocol against the existing DSR protocol are compared with respect to various network metrics like end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio and validated the result by comparing both routing algorithm using Network Simulator 2. Conclusion: The results of the proposed SERP strongly safeguard against the attacks in the network, and the packet delivery ratio is increased compared with the DSR; also, the end-to-end delay is reduced in the proposed protocol. Discussion: Mobile ad-hoc networks are being dynamic in nature; it associates with issues related to secure routing, energy and are generally vulnerable to several types of attacks. The DSR is one of the widely used reactive protocols available for the mobile ad-hoc network and the proposed work enhancing the security of the network in the existing pro.

In recent years there has been increase in development of human pursuing robots which can be used as daily life support robots. The primary goal is to design and fabricate a robot that not only tracks the target but also moves according to it. For implementing this project, a barcode was used as target that robot needs to follow. OpenCV provides an interface to capture live stream with camera. In order to detect the barcode, a program is written in python which is interfaced with OpenCV library. After capturing a video from the camera, it converts it into gray scale video and display it frame by-frame. After detecting the barcode from the video frame, black and white lines of an image is detected and the centroid will be calculated. Based on the position of the centroid, commands are given to the robot to move accordingly. Ultrasonic sensor is used to avoid collision between the robot and obstacles. As a result, the robot pursues the target and it can be used as an assisting system for handicapped people for carrying luggage or can be used in airports, railway stations as a luggage carrier.

A novel method of Multiple lines of e-courts for various sports application controlled by Light Emitting Diode strips was proposed and experimentally analysed which accurately displays the court lines for the selected game. Here, an aurdino based microcontroller is used which supervises the work of the block chain and RFID tag which serves as an electronic key for accessing the sport court. The distinct court rule lines are shown for various sports like basketball, badminton, volleyball and kabaddi are set up and stored in the Application through which one can select particular court of interest. In this paper, we propose an efficient system design by providing security and quick access to multiple games at the same location. The designed module projects a series of lines in one touch onto the surface and also further transforms a basketball court to a volleyball court in seconds hence it utilize the space efficiently with multi-purpose single sporting space. This novel idea replaces the traditional court marking complexity for various games under single roof. The usage of various sensors like pressure sensor, IR sensors were utilized for monitoring the score points which offers added assistance to referees. Hence the idea is novel and the design concept is demonstrated and verified. This electronic court rule line system not only helps sportsmen and referees, but also connects them with audiences.

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have drawing popularity due to its vast range of application in real time from all the researchers. The major concern in this type of networks is the security, as it lacks firewalls and sufficient software which fails to the data protection in ad hoc networks. The networks are prone to different types of attacks ranging from the selfish and malicious nodes. The challenges are to build the secured intrusion detection system (S-IDS) that provide security to nodes in the networks. Many intrusion detection systems have been implemented, which focuses on either routing protocols or their efficiency, but they do not address the security problems. In this proposed work, we aim to investigate the effect of independent attacks on dynamic source routing protocol and provide pseudo code for the different types of attacks. We observe the impact of each of the attacks on performance of the network by varying the number of malicious nodes in the network. The simulations are setup in network simulator-2 and the performance of these attacks against the proposed algorithm has been calculated and the results are analyzed with the existing dynamic source routing protocol under energy consumption, throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and end-to-end delay as performance metric. 

AbstractIn a networking scenario, energy protocols with shortest path routing mechanisms are prevalent. The challenging issue in designing the routing protocols for a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is to have a network, which is energy efficient so as to maximize network performance. This research article proposes a novel and energy efficient shortest path routing mechanism called the energy aware on demand routing protocol. The protocol maximizes the lifetime of the MANET and provides an economically efficient routing mechanism for the packets depending on the routing condition. The energy efficient routing in MANET simply establishes routes amongst the mobile nodes and protocol functions in the network as long as its energy is available. The protocol is set to minimize transmitter/receiver energy, or inactivate energy consumption when a mobile node is in idle/sleep mode. At the same time, it monitors the wireless medium for any possible communication requests from other nodes in the network. To validate the proposed energy efficient routing protocol, its performance is compared with the performance of other well‐known routing protocols wherein the energy utilization in the network is also considered, namely, the dynamic source routing protocol and conditional max‐min battery capacity routing protocol in the network simulator‐2. The comparison is performed in terms of its packet loss, packet delivery ratio, average energy consumption, and network lifetime. The performance analysis shows that the proposed protocol is superior in terms of energy consumption for the transmission of data in the network.

Quality of water may be an advanced exploration and production fundamental concept. The water quality is based on so many factors. Water infection is surely one of the essential crucial fears for the green globalization. With a view to deliver safe and secure water, real-time quality has to be monitored. The current system comprises a sensor network which is utilized to gauge both physical and synthetic boundaries of the water that are temperature, PH, turbidity, water glide sensor can be measured. These measured values from the sensors are processed via the Arduino UNO controller. Finally, the sensor values may be regarded using Wi-Fi module. This paper presents a cost efficient system for real time quality monitoring using Internet of Things (IoT).

Monsoons play a fundamental function in choosing whether the yield is abundant, normal or frail at whatever year in case of flooding. Abundance precipitation is causing waterways, streams, and lakes to flood. This abundance water fills low lying fields and causes flooding. Floods are harming life and property as well as the whole improvement of harvests. The most ideal approach to manage these catastrophes is to be ready for any inevitability, so there is a need of model necessity, which can recognize and forestall crop misfortune by putting away abundance water in the store. The same numbers of ranchers end to utilize traditional cultivating techniques, they won't become mindful of yield misfortune because of shortage of water, Livestock assaults, environmental change and flooding. They won't get the opportunity to hear anything about water level sensor. The fair solution for this type of issue is to modernize traditional cultivating strategies.

In India, most of the commercial transport is being carried out by the railways. Comparing with other means of transportation system, the railways has greater benefits as it is a mass transportation medium which carry heavy loads to long distances. The advancement in railway transportation led to automation, like driverless trains. This proposed model describes an automatic train which moves between stations without human intervention. The sensors are used for track and crack detection on the railway lanes. If any cracks are detected in the railway lanes, the automatic braking is provided to the train and hence the information is conveyed to the nearby station with the help of the LI-FI (Light Fidelity) communication. The automatic stopping of the train at stations is provided using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). The doors are opened and closed at stations automatically. The passengers count is taken at the doors while entering into the train. The threshold value is fixed and once this number is reached the doors will close automatically by displaying the information on the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The locomotion of the train is provided using piezo-plates placed on the floor of the train and the generation of the power is through the pressure exerted by passengers.

In the present scenario, the requirement for energy has been increasing in a distressing rate and the availability of the energy resources are not abundant for sustainable development and the need of the hour is to establish an economical pollution free inexhaustible energy resources to compensate the increasing demands. Since, walking is the most common activity in human day to day life, whenever a person walks he exhausts energy to the ground which goes as a waste. In order to preserve and make use of this energy we are converting it into electrical energy using piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric effect is utilized by piezoelectric sensor producing output energy in the form of AC voltage. To produce energy in a large extent, in this model implementation of the piezoelectric sensor network along the footpath is carried out which is given to the lane of streetlights along with it the smart shoe is implemented for a small production that consists GPS tracking. In this proposed work model, GPS tracking has been added and also streetlights switching technique comparing with existing model.