Two novel copper complexes of 2-amino-5-allylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole having the general formula [CuII(Thiaz)4Cl]Cl (1) and [CuI2(Thiaz)3](ClO4)2 (2) were synthesized under controlled conditions. The structural, electronic properties and thermal stability of the complexes were illustrated by various analytical techniques like single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV–Visible spectroscopy and TGA-DTA. The crystal structure of complex 1 exhibits a distorted square-pyramidal geometry around the Cu(II) center, whereas complex 2 shows a distorted tetrahedral geometry around the Cu(I) center. Density Functional Theory calculations provide an understanding of the localization of molecular orbitals, global reactivity descriptors and bioactivity profiling. In addition, in-silico docking showed stable interactions and high binding affinity of our complexes with key potential target proteins such as Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα), HER2 and EGFR, which are growth elevators of breast cancer tumors. In support of the in silico modelling, we have also illustrated the in vitro cytotoxicity of our thiadiazole complexes against the MCF-7 cell line, thereby providing scope to assess inhibitory (anticancer) activity and biocompatibility.

Iodine-containing molecules, especially hypervalent iodine compounds, have gained significant attention in organic synthesis. They are valuable and sustainable reagents, leading to a remarkable surge in their use for chemical transformations. One such hypervalent iodine compound, phenyliodine bis(trifluoroacetate)/bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene, commonly referred to as PIFA, has emerged as a prominent candidate due to its attributes of facile manipulation, moderate reactivity, low toxicity, and ready availability. PIFA presents an auspicious prospect as a substitute for costly organometallic catalysts and environmentally hazardous oxidants containing heavy metals. PIFA exhibits remarkable catalytic activity, facilitating an array of consequential organic reactions, including sulfenylation, alkylarylation, oxidative coupling, cascade reactions, amination, amidation, ring-rearrangement, carboxylation, and numerous others. Over the past decade, the application of PIFA in synthetic chemistry has witnessed substantial growth, necessitating an updated exploration of this field. In this discourse, we present a concise overview of PIFA's applications as a 'green' reagent in the domain of synthetic organic chemistry. A primary objective of this article is to bring to the forefront the scientific community's awareness of the merits associated with adopting PIFA as an environmentally conscientious alternative to heavy metals.

Base isolation represents an environmentally sustainable and highly effective technique for mitigating structural responses to strong seismic forces generated by plate boundary tectonic activities. Its primary benefits include preventing structural collapse, minimizing property damage, and safeguarding human lives during severe earthquakes. This passive, energy-efficient approach is often complemented by supplementary dampers to further reduce seismic impact. This study provides a comprehensive overview of elastomeric and lead rubber isolators, covering their theoretical, experimental, and numerical aspects. The paper examines the seismic response of structures equipped with elastomeric and lead rubber bearings, including a discussion of their pros and cons. This paper presents the comparison of fixed base and rubber isolated base in SAP 2000 to assess the effectiveness of base isolation. Additionally, it presents findings from shaking table tests, relevant building codes, and practical applications, considering the impact of events beyond initial design parameters. The review delves into the historical evolution of elastomeric and lead rubber-bearing systems, offering valuable insights into their contemporary understanding. Furthermore, the paper introduces three-dimensional isolators designed to attenuate ground motion responses in both horizontal and vertical directions. It investigates the effects of soil-structure interaction and evaluates isolator responses under blast and impact aircraft loading conditions. Notably, specific types of bearings exhibit exceptional energy dissipation capabilities during catastrophic seismic events, leading to reduced floor acceleration and inter-storey sway at critical levels. In conclusion, the study offers future recommendations and identifies potential constraints in this field

Chromones are well known as fundamental structural elements found in numerous natural compounds and medicinal substances. The Schiff bases of chromones have a much wider range of pharmacological applications such as antitumor, antioxidant, anti-HIV, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. A lot of research has been carried out on chromone-based copper(ii) Schiff-base complexes owing to their role in the organometallic domain and promise as potential bioactive cores. This review article is centered on copper(ii) Schiff-base complexes derived from chromones, highlighting their diverse range of pharmacological applications documented in the past decade, as well as the future research opportunities they offer.

Naturally occurring coumarin and sugar molecules have a diverse range of applications along with superior biocompatibility. Coumarin, a member of the benzopyrone family, exhibits a wide spectrum of medicinal properties, such as anti-coagulant, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities. The sugar moiety functions as the central scaffold for the synthesis of complex molecules, attributing to their excellent biocompatibility, well-defined stereochemistry, benign nature and outstanding aqueous solubility. When the coumarin moiety is conjugated with the sugar or nucleoside molecule, the resulting conjugates exhibit significant biological properties.Due to the remarkable growth of such bioconjugates in the field of science over the last decade, owing to their future prospect as a potential bioactive core, an update to this area is very much needed. The present review focusses on the synthesis, characterization and the various therapeutic applications of coumarin conjugates, i.e., sugar and nucleoside coumarin conjugates along with their perspective for future research.

Hysteresis feedback controlled synchronous buck converter-based power supply is designed and developed for biasing the transistors of Solid State RF Power Amplifier (SSPA). Design verification is done using PSIM software. The RF power requirement of SSPA varies from a few watts to 12 kW depending on RF application. It requires the power supply to have constant voltage and variable current. A comparative study of fixed frequency pulse width modulated (PWM) power converters and variable frequency hysteresis control power converter has been done. The advantages and challenges involved with hysteresis control are discussed. To operate SSPA, a 30–65 V, 320 A power supply is needed but to validate the power supply topology along with the controller, a prototype power supply developed with the same voltage rating and lower current rating of 10 AModular design is selected and operated with two parallel modules. The steady state and dynamic response are analyzed. Experimental and simulation results are in good agreement.

This study encompasses the grain size distribution of the playa lakes (Pachpadra, Pokhran, and Didwana) of the Thar Desert in Rajasthan, India. The grain size of sediment particles is the most fundamental feature, giving essential information regarding their origin, transport history, and depositional conditions. The aeolian and fluvial transport processes were evaluated through environmentally sensitive grain size subpopulations to identify the differential sedimentary sources and dynamics in the playas. End-member modelling further determined the sediment grain size distribution through statistical analysis. The playa sediments mainly consist of very fine sand (46–54%) and very coarse silt (22–37%). The results show that the average fine fraction of Pachpadra, Pokhran, and Didwana playa was 46.29%, 66.11%, and 66.28%, respectively. In contrast, the average coarser fraction deposition in Pachpadra, Pokhran, and Didwana corresponds to 53.71%, 33.89%, and 33.72%, respectively. This suggests that the playas mostly contain aeolian sediment rather than fluvial sediment transported by dust/sand storms. Additionally, the textural pattern and depositional distribution of the sediments determined through the Passega CM diagram and bivariate plots indicate that 82% of the samples were poorly sorted, and 18% were very poorly sorted. Furthermore, an environmentally sensitive grain size component (ESGSC) was also assessed to identify the spatial variability and transport processes of sediment between these playas. Three ESGSCs in Pokhran (250 µ, 31 µ, and 2 µ) and Pachpadra (125 µ, 31 µ, and 4 µ), while two ESGSCs in Didwana playa (125 µ and 16 µ) were identified, indicating sediment deposition with moderate velocity in a low energy environment with a mixed sediment population transported by aeolian and fluvial activities.

RF communication (transmission and reception) is tried using salt water standing column in very high frequency range. RF power is coupled to salt water column using a coaxial connector. This antenna has large bandwidth unlike metallic antenna. This type of antenna is preferred due to its low cost, simple configuration, re-configurability, easy availability of salt water and large bandwidth. Good communication is achieved with salt water standing column over (60–400) MHz frequency range.

A catastrophic flood occurred on 7 February 2021 around 10:30 AM (local time) in the Rishiganga River, which has been attributed to a rockslide in the upper reach of the Raunthi River. The Resourcesat 2 LISS IV (8 February 2021) and CNES Airbus satellite imagery (9 February 2021) clearly show the location of displaced materials. The solar radiation observed was higher than normal by 10% and 25% on 6 and 7 February 2021, respectively, however, the temperature shows up to 34% changes. These conditions are responsible for the sudden change in instability in glacier blocks causing deadly rock-ice slides that led to the collapse of the hanging glacier as a wedge failure. The displaced materials mixed with ice, snow, and debris caused catastrophic floods downstream within no time that destroyed critical infrastructure and killed human lives. The hydrodynamic modelling (HEC-RAS software) shows mean flow velocity up to 22.4 +/- 8.6 m/s with an average depth of 16.3 +/- 6.5 m that caused deadly devastation in the source region and along the rivers due to the flow of water in the valley.

Abstract: In the recent years Environmental Pollution has emerged as a major challenge for human society. Since the start of Industrial Revolution in England, the amount of chemical waste and toxic substances are increasing exponentially in the environment. The traditional synthesis of chemical substances is accompanied by use of large amount of energy, harmful solvents and release of toxic substances in environment. The green synthesis aims to minimise the release and use of harmful toxic material in synthesis. In the present paper we have prepared a triazole derivative, 4-[(E)-Benzylideneamino]-5-methyl-2,4- dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione through green synthetic route. The reaction was catalysed by lemon juice and it was carried out in solvent-free condition through mechano-chemical stirring method. The physico-chemical properties were studied. The FT-IR spectral analysis confirmed the structure of Schiff base. The stoichiometry of binding with Cu2+ was determined through Method of Continuous Variation. The Schiff base- metal ratio was found to be 1:1. Keywords: Green Synthesis, Mechano-Chemical Stirring Method, Triazole, Schiff Base, Lemon Juice, Physico-Chemical Properties, Job’s Plot, Stoichiometry of Binding.

There is a huge interest among the scientific fraternity to generate plasma that can selectively absorb or reflect the incident microwaves. Simulations have been carried out to study the absorption of microwaves in plasma using plane wave as a source. In real experiments, the source of microwaves is not always a plane wave and hence the exact simulated replication of the experiment cannot be done using a plane wave source. In order to generate the exact experimental conditions, a horn antenna has been designed and used as a source. A computer model to study the attenuation of X-band (8–12) microwaves in a plasma medium is prepared and partially validated using suitable initial experiments. The study can be extended to any target microwave frequency band. The present work discusses the preliminary simulations that are carried out to study the effect of plasma frequency ( $$\omega _{{p}})$$ and collisional frequency ( $$\upsilon _{{c}})$$ on attenuation of microwaves (MW) of 8–12 GHz using CST®MWS®. The plasma is treated as a Drude dispersive material whose properties are governed by two plasma parameters, namely plasma frequency ( $$\omega _{{p}})$$ and collisional frequency ( $$\upsilon _{{c}})$$ . The simulation is carried out on an array of plasma tubes enclosed in a housing made of teflon. This chamber is then illuminated with microwaves using a horn antenna unlike other simulations where the source of the signal is a plane wave. Using a horn antenna as the transmitter and receiver allows exact simulation of the experimental conditions in the laboratory. The amount of attenuation is measured by considering the difference in return losses with and without plasma. The attenuation of incident microwave is studied by varying plasma frequency from 0.02 GHz to 3 GHz at a fixed collisional frequency of 10 $$^{10}$$ S $$^{-1}$$ . The simulation is also carried out by varying $$\upsilon _{{c}}$$ from 10 $$^{8}$$ to 10 $$^{11}$$ S $$^{-1}$$ at a constant $$\omega _{{p}}$$ . An experiment to validate the simulation is designed to validate the simulation results. For experimental purpose, fluorescent tube array (FTA), which is a series connection of commercially available tubes is excited using a high-frequency power supply of suitable voltage. The simulation and initial experimental results are compared and are in good agreement with each other. This model serves as a tool to study the attenuation of MW in plasma with given $$\omega _{{p}}$$ and $$\upsilon _{{c}}$$ well before the experiment is carried out. This can also be used to select optimum working points for further experiments.

Microwave absorbers come in variety of types depending upon their operational frequency regime, environment of application, type of operation and several other physical parameters. Plasma-based microwave absorbers are of importance because of its adaptive nature. This paper is an attempt to study the Transmission characteristics of two types of Plasma-based microwave absorbing panels in the X- band viz. 8–12 GHz. A plasma panel is formed by series of fluorescent tubes enclosed in two different shapes of Teflon enclosures. A free space Transmission tunnel method is adopted to study the transmission properties of both plasma panels. The experiment has been carried out in an anechoic chamber using standard gain horn antennas. The panels are tested in the near and far field of the test antenna and the results are discussed. The difference in the transmitted microwave power with and without plasma gives the information about the absorption of the power. An average of 60% of microwave power is absorbed when the plasma is turned on. This makes the panel an attractive solution for using it as an active microwave absorber.

In order to manufacture low-cost, high-quality goods, in-process tool condition monitoring is an essential responsibility in the manufacturing industry. In this study, a multisensor fusion technique was used to build and execute an effective and reliable TCM system in turning operations with coated and uncoated tungsten carbide inserts. In dry turning, an attempt has been made to optimize the turning process parameter and monitor the tool's condition. Acoustic optic emission based sensor i.e., Laser Doppler Vibrometer and FLIR E60 infrared thermal camera are strategically placed near the machining zone. Thermal images and vibration signals are recorded using an appropriate charge amplifier. To extract characteristics from numerous sensor data, a National Instruments data acquisition (NI-DAQ) system is constructed utilizing LabVIEW software. Thermal images are used to gather temperatures from tool-work piece locations. Vibration signals are translated into vibration parameters. These characteristics serve as the foundation for establishing in-process TCMS. Tool wear, vibrational displacements (Disp), and cutting temperature are investigated as a result of varied tool insert materials and process conditions (CT). Utilizing ISO 10816-3, ISO 3685, and ISO-18434-2008 standards, the cutting tool condition was assessed using extracted features from multi sensor fusion techniques. For Ti-6Al-4 V, the displacement of uncoated and coated tools increased by 65.28% and 44.71%, respectively. For AISI 316L flank wear, the uncoated insert effected 41% and the coated insert impacted 24.14%, respectively. While machining Al7075, the relationship of depth of cut and feed rate on flank wear maintains an identical trend. It is discovered that both temperature and displacement have a significant role in the evolution of flank wear, which is examined in depth. This paper recognizes the use of multi-sensor data in tool condition monitoring when rotating with various cutting tool inserts.

Abstract Delivering a petroleum project on time and on budget in a safe and quality manner is one of the main goals in every project. Especially with the fluctuating oil price, the need of meeting the budget, quality and schedule increases. The paper proposed to improve the project delivery time through integration of functions in the operational readiness and assurance (ORA) structure. This study was validated by broad respondents of industry practitioners to review the suitability of the proposed structure. The study also aims to gain insight into ORA from the industry practitioners, since most of the available methods are patented or owned by the organizations. In addition, the ORA processes will focus on identifying and minimizing the potential operation risks early in the project phase and ensuring that the project delivers the best possible value to the business. The process will be illustrated and explained in the paper. The paper will guide the Readers through the control and alignment of actions, tasks and deliverables organized under the knowledge areas that are maintained throughout the project.

INTRODUCTION:Fine needle aspiration is a well-established technique for evaluating primary and secondary bony lesions. With use in selected cases, it achieves a diagnostic yield comparable to biopsies.METHODS:Cases of osteosarcoma (OS) with available histological follow-up were retrieved over a 10-year period. Detailed morphological evaluation was done, with special emphasis on pitfalls in the diagnosis of OS on cytology and the various variants of OS.RESULTS:Of the 41 cases with available follow-up histology, 56% were correctly diagnosed as OS on cytology. The most common false-negative cytological diagnosis of OS, in 17% cases, was giant cell tumour. The possible explanations for this included low cellularity, minimal atypia, absence of typical osteoid, misinterpretation of metachromatic osteoid material as fibro-collagenous material and non-availability of radiology at time of aspiration.CONCLUSION:A triple-phase evaluation including clinical evaluation, appropriate radiological correlation and cytology/histopathology, is important to clinch an accurate diagnosis.

In the present study, FGM plates with circular cut outs resting on elastic foundations in thermomechanical loading environments have been studied. Basic formulation included nonlinear FEM and direct iterative-based first-order perturbation technique in MATLAB code. The plates are studied for uniaxial, biaxial thermomechanical loading, aspect ratios and different boundary support conditions. A study carried out is validated with available published literature and independent more robust method approach. Applicability of this study is in aerospace engineering.

In present paper, simulation in MATLAB code of FGM plates is carried out in thermal environments to know effects on postbuckling. Basic formulations are done considering HSDT and DISFEM for FGM plates. Mean and COV have been found for (a/h), (a/h) and n. Obtained investigation is compared with existing published papers and more robust techniques. Applicability of this study is in aerospace engineering.

DC power supply required for 12 kW solid-state RF power amplifier (SSPA) is designed and analyzed. Rating (30–65 V, 320 A) and topology of power supply are derived to satisfy load requirement.The selected topology is twelve-pulse rectifier followed by interphase transformer and synchronous buck converter to get desired output voltage. Modular design is selected to minimize copper losses, to reduce the voltage drop and to optimize the resources available. Simulation is done using PSIM software to analyze the performance in entire operating range and validation of the design. Prototype model is developed with same voltage range (30–65 V) but lower current rating (10 A). Testing is done at different voltage and current levels to analyze steady state and dynamic performance. The simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.

An extensive survey to measure natural radioactivity in human environment in Jalandhar district of Punjab was undertaken. Results of measurements of indoor radon/thoron and their progeny concentrations are being presented here. Single-entry, pin-hole dosemeters were used for the measurement of radon/thoron concentrations. Deposition-based direct radon/thoron progeny sensors were used for measurement of progeny concentrations. The results have been analysed on the basis of regional characteristics, type of construction and building material used. The radon concentration was found to vary from 6.64 ± 1.72 Bq/m3 to 47.18 ± 4.43 Bq/m3 with geometric mean value of 17.9 ± 2.91 Bq/m3 while the thoron concentration varies from 7.75 ± 2.54 Bq/m3 to 82.68 ± 8.33 Bq/m3 with geometric mean value of 33.54 ± 5.09 Bq/m3. The geometric mean value of equilibrium factor for indoor radon and thoron was found to be 0.43 and 0.02, respectively. The estimated annual inhalation dose varies from 0.22 mSv to 1.76 mSv with geometric mean value of 0.66 mSv. Correlation of indoor radon and air gamma dose rate was also studied.