Presently, various machine learning techniques are commonly used to enhance reservoir properties, including fuzzy logic, neural networks, cluster analysis, self-organizing maps, principal component analysis, genetic algorithms, and more. While each method possesses its own set of strengths and weaknesses, a key challenge faced by most existing techniques is the optimum handling of the diverse, dynamic ranges evident in petrophysical input data. This paper introduces Domain Transfer Analysis (DTA), an advanced method developed from extensive Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) research, designed to enhance the integration of diverse petrophysical data types. DTA, distinct from traditional statistical techniques in the petroleum industry, employs a nonlinear partial differential equation solver to more effectively handle input variables that exhibit both logarithmic (e.g., resistivity) and linear (e.g., gamma ray) variations. The study is particularly important as it addresses the critical challenge of optimally handling dynamic ranges in petrophysical input data, which has been a significant limitation of existing methods. The performance of this technique is demonstrated through case studies that examine the prediction of porosity and permeability using a dataset from wells in the Lower Goru sand reservoir, Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan. The comparative analysis of results from different approaches shows the reliability of DTA. The paper concludes with recommendations for optimizing the use of DTA in real-time prediction of porosity and permeability. Furthermore, it shows DTA’s perspective and continuous applications in petrophysical evaluation, including essential parameters such as saturation, total organic carbon (TOC), mineral volumes, and brittleness. These valuable findings can be acquired from data during various phases of the drilling and completion process, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of subsurface characteristics. The present study employed the Domain Transfer Analysis for Optimal Prospectivity Evaluation. The successful application of DTA establishes a solid foundation for reservoir characterization and modeling research. The results show that the Domain Transfer Analysis provides better results than other statistical methods. This approach can be used globally to provide a strong correlation between real and predicted reservoir properties.

Seismic activity and earthquake frequency in a region are related to some particular factors like the region’s geomorphic composition, terrain characteristics, geological features, and population distribution. This study analyzes these relationships comprehensively through a zone-based overlay analysis by focusing on six key physical parameters. This includes frequency of all seismic shocks, interpolation of major earthquake shocks, digital modeling, geological mapping, structural mapping, and population density mapping. This study adopted a distinctive concept by dividing the whole country into 143 gridded zones. Each parameter for each zone was assigned a vulnerability value, and the cumulative values across all parameters in each zone determined its specific vulnerability status. The result was a vulnerability map that effectively demonstrated the earthquake-induced susceptibility of each zone. The resultant vulnerability map was categorized into most vulnerable, moderately vulnerable and least vulnerable zones. The generated map illustrates that the northern part of the country including Gilgit-Baltistan and Kashmir is among the most vulnerable parts. Western Baluchistan province areas extending toward the north covering the surrounding area of Quetta and some western parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are among the most vulnerable category. Baluchistan coastal areas around the border of Sindh Baluchistan are moderately vulnerable parts of the country. Eastern and southeastern parts (Sindh and Punjab) are the least vulnerable parts of the country.

Groundwater is the most significant resource of fresh water for irrigation in semi-arid areas of the world. Geochemical characteristics of groundwater of taluka Dahili Thar desert was explored by analysing 23 dug well samples via irrigation indices. Physiochemical parameters and various graphical scatter diagrams were used to recognise major geochemical processes governing the groundwater quality. GIS interpolation tools were applied to demonstrate the spatial variation of groundwater quality parameters, irrigation parameters in the study area. Statistical summary of results revealed that analysed physicochemical parameters concentration in the study area were much higher than the allowable limit of WHO with limited exceptions. Among cations Na and Mg, concentration ranges from 71 to 2470 mg/l and 40 to 344 mg/l, and anions Cl and HCO3 values range from 103 to 4852 mg/l and 210 to 750 mg/l. Statistical data also reveals the dominant trend among the cations Na>Mg>Ca> K and in anions, Cl>HCO3> SO4. Gibbs and other graphical analysis reveal that dissolution of salts and minerals, ion exchange and evaporate dissolution, and weathering of rock remains the key factors affecting the study area's water geochemistry. Piper diagram divulges that water of study area was dominantly Na-Cl. In addition to this according to Wilcox diagram and USSL diagram 82.61% locations of samples were not suitable for agriculture purposes. SAR results indicate that 71.92% for SAR, 91.30% for Na%, 95.65% for KI, and 86.96% for Magnesium hazard (MH) sample locations were unsafe for agriculture purposes. However, 86.96% for RSC and 69.57% for PI sample locations of the study area were safe for agricultural purposes.

The current findings emphasize interpreting wireline logs to assess the hydrocarbon prospect of the Lower Cretaceous Yageliemu Formation in the Yakela (YKL) gas condensate field, Tarim Basin, China. The present study consists of wireline logs of four drilled wells (S4, YK13, YK21, and YK32) and numerous reservoir zones have been comprehended. According to the petrophysical evaluation, the gas-bearing zone has high resistivity values, good porosity (Φeff) and permeability (K), low water content (Sw), and less shale content (Vsh) indicating clean sand. The petrophysical parameters of the interest zones were closely studied which are classed as good-quality sand layers with ranging effective porosities from 4.5 to 10%, permeability ranging from 0.5 to 18 mD, water saturation concentrations ranging from 55 to 59%, and the average value gas is 41–50%. The Archie equation was accurately tested to estimate water saturation in the reservoirs, revealing that in each well, Sw is less than 60%; therefore, the efficiency of the gas-bearing sand is of good quality. Lithofacies, horizontal and vertical variations of reservoir parameters, are evaluated through building self-organizing maps, isoparametric maps of the petrophysical parameters, and litho-saturation cross-plots, respectively. Isoparametric maps assist in visualizing the spatial distribution of the reservoir configuration. It is suggested that more wells be drilled in the southwestern and northwestern parts of the current research area. Due to the high water concentration and shale volume, the northeastern and southeastern portions of the understudied area must be overlooked.

The present study based on petrophysical computations assess the conventional fuel resources of the Yageliemu Formation. The Yageliemu Formation was evaluated using log data from four wells (YK19, YK20, YK21, and YK32) and observed over the entire reservoir interval. Yageliemu Formation originates from the Lower Cretaceous reservoir, which is located in the Yakela gas condensate field, Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin China. The studied gas bearing zones are primarily composed of sandstone, with small amounts of shale and clay contents. The petrophysical properties of the gas-bearing zones were carefully examined, which are rated to be better quality sand layers with average effective porosities varying from 7 to 10%, permeability varying from 3 to 8.6 mD, average water saturation values ranging from 43 to 59%, and the average range of gas saturation is 40–57%. The Yageliemu Formation cutoff outcomes for shale volume (Vsh), effective porosity, water saturation, and permeability were characterized at 40% and 5%, 65%, and 0.1 mD, respectively. Thomas Stieber model was used to successfully identify shale structural behavior in reservoirs and it revealed that the dominant shale is mainly laminated with a minor volume of structural and dispersive shale. Lithofacies and axial variations of reservoir properties are assessed by constructing self-organizing maps, isoparametric maps of the petrophysical properties, and litho-saturation cross-plots, respectively. The reservoir characteristics of the Yageliemu Formation demonstrate that the prospective region for hydrocarbons accumulation trends is in the southwestern and northwestern parts of the research area. The study techniques can be used in the Tarim Basin and similar basins around the world to estimate the petrophysical properties of oil and gas wells and comprehend reservoir prospects.

Thirty groundwater samples were collected from the dug well aquifer of Islamkot sub-district, Southern Sindh, Pakistan, during March, 2021 to investigate their hydrogeochemical characteristics and fitness for drinking and irrigation use. The results of multivariate statistical, hydrogeochemical, and chloro-alkaline indices and two-component variable graphs confirm ion exchange (advanced and reverse) processes in the study area. Gibb’s plots reveal that silicate weathering and evaporation are significant processes that govern water geochemistry. Principal component analysis and correlation coefficient reveal that total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, Mg+2, Na+, Cl−, and SO4−2 were positively correlated and similarly confirmed through hierarchical cluster analysis. The mineralogical study of the aquifer sediment reveals that quartz, clay, calcite, and dolomite minerals were present, and the saturation index indicated that halite is under-saturated relative to groundwater samples and may lead to the dissolution of halite and increase the concentration of Na+ and Cl−. Chadha diagram indicates that Na+, K+, Cl−, and SO4−2 hydrogeochemical facies and Van Wardhum plot reveal the thalassotrophic water type in the study area. The drinking water quality index reflects that 50% of groundwater was unsuitable for drinking. Wilcox and salinity hazard diagram reveal that most samples clustered in very high salinity and very high sodium water type. Sodium adsorption ratio, Kelly’s ratio, and sodium percentage reveal that most groundwater samples were unfit for agriculture use. However, residual sodium carbonate and the results of the permeability index were suitable for irrigation purposes.

The rock units of the NW Himalayan region are fragile, heavily fractured and highly deformed due to active tectonics and complex geological setup. Fast urbanization, road constructions along hill slopes and other infrastructural development activities also increased the slopes instability problems. The present study emphasizes the application of rock mass classification to estimate the rock mass properties along the Yadgar section Muzaffarabad, NW Himalayas, Pakistan. For this purpose, Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI) were used to characterize and classify the rock masses. In the present study, twenty-five sites have been investigated to evaluate rock properties along the Muzaffarabad-Neelum road, Sub-Himalayas, Pakistan. Result of the study shows that the Abbottabad Formation of Cambrian age is vulnerable in the Yadgar section with extremely poor RQD (Rock Quality Designation), lowest UCS (Unconfined Compression Strength) values and closely spaced discontinuities. RMR values of the Abbottabad Formation ranges from 40-54 and classified as Poor to Fair having low GSI (20±3-35±3), blocky, disintegrated structure. The Paleocene Hangu Formation has lowest GSI (28±3-29±3; Blocky, Disturbed/ Seamy in nature) having RMR (40-45) and Eocene Kuldana Formation has GSI (30±345±3; Blocky) having RMR (34-67), are categorized as heavily broken, disintegrated and poorly interlocked rock masses. RMR values of rock units of the Paleocene Lockhart Formation (52-60), the Miocene Murree Formation (38-63), and the Eocene Margala Hill Limestone (38-61) are relatively higher values of GSI ranges from (35±3-45±3; 35±3-50±3; 30±3-40±3) respectively. RMR and GSI values in Yadgar section, ranges between 34-67 and 20±3-50±3 respectively. Analysis shows positive correlation between GSI and RMR values. This approach to evaluate the rock mass classification through RMR and GSI will give the better estimation of rock mass properties along Muzaffarabad-Neelum road to identify the vulnerable slopes and design effective geotechnical measures. ARTICLE INFO

Assessment of changes in land use and land cover through remote sensing and GIS is very important and keyanalysis. Urbanization has been continued by the rapid growth in the world economy so; it is the key study withregards to agriculture and urbanization. The aim of this study is to determine the loss of agriculture land and effects ofincreasing urbanization on surface temperature. For urban temperature impact analysis, distinctive time series ofLandsat images have been chosen. Temporal analysis for different time series shows the decrease in agriculture landand increase in built up area. Urbanization increased the temperature up to 20C. Positive correlation is found betweenbuilt-up area and temperature and negative correlation is found between green spaces and temperature. Unplannedurban sprawl and lack of proper irrigation system according to population are major problems in study area. Recentstudy will be helpful for decision makers to develop the sustainable environment policy in future.

In recent times, many parts of the world are experiencing drastic levels of air pollution, which includessmog, the mixture of fog and smoke, polluted air formed by human activities like burning of coal, excessive use ofvehicles and many others. During November 2016, Lahore city also experienced the smog due to increased level of airpollutants. In earlier studies, very limited research work has been done related to smog, therefore, this research is aimedto study the pattern of smog in Lahore and its impact on visibility through remote sensing and GIS. Satellite images ofMODIS and Landsat OLI, of November, 2016 is used to study the pattern of smog, whereas the visibility data wasacquired from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD). For the processing and analysis of data ERDAS IMAGINE14 and ArcGIS 10.1 software were used. The findings of this research reveal that the dense smog cover on 2nd, 3rd,and 4th November 2016 leads to the considerable reduction in visibility. As on 2nd November’16, it was only 111.6meters (m) while during bright days it was recorded more than 300 m or 400 m.

Morphometric assessment of the watersheds is considered highly critical to appraise its hydrological characteristics, such as, general geology, structure, geomorphology and climate conditions. In this study, morphometric analysis of Hab Watershed has been carried out through Geospatial Technology (RS & GIS) in a systematic manner to examine its Geo-hydrological characteristics. The drainage network of Hab is typically dendritic and semi-dendritic indicating its heterogeneous lithology. Recent study reveals increase in stream order, substantially decreases the stream total length. drainage density of the Hab Watershed indicates the characteristics of its typical soil. Drainage texture value for Hab watershed is 0.18. Low drainage density value reveals that the region has a permeable and porous subsurface material with low relief. The shape of the basin has been observed as quite elongated. The findings of this study reveal that GIS based morphometric analysis is highly effective tool for geo-hydrological study of watersheds.

Globally, urban temperature is gradually increasing day by day. The prominent climatic condition called Urban Heat Island (UHI), is rising especially in the rapidly developed cities. Gujranwala a city of Punjab, Pakistan is experiencing fast urbanization which has led to ultimately increase in the observable UHI. The objective of recent study is to determine the effects of increasing urbanization on surface temperature and vegetation cover by different techniques of remote sensing and GIS. For this purpose, different time series of Landsat images were selected through which land surface temperature and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) has been calculated and urban heat island effect is analyzed. It is found that built-up areas have high temperature as compared to vegetative areas. Surface radiant temperature has increased up to 8 ̊C in Gujranwala due to urbanization. There is negative correlation between NDVI and LST. Economic activities in study area have decreased the vegetated parts leading to an increase in surface temperature and change in urban microclimate.

Groundwater is an important source of water supply throughout the world and is one of the vital parts of the hydrological cycle. Its availability depends on the precipitation and recharge conditions. In arid regions, recharge amount is smaller than semiarid regions. Recharge is the basic phenomenon for the sustainability of ground water resources. Pakistan has inadequate water resources and inflow pattern due to arid climate. There are so many factors which make the conditions gradually worst such as increasing population, change in climate condition and misuse of water resources etc. These factors lead to the situation of water scarcity rather than any addition. watershed is positioned at the boundary of Sindh and Balochistan, Pakistan. It is the most important water supply source to Industrial area and the mega city of Karachi, which is getting only about 50 percent of water supply against its fast-increasing requirement. Hab watershed is therefore considered for this study. Remote Sensing and GIS are very effective tools for the assessment and exploration of potential sites of groundwater in any of the watershed. A case study was conducted for the assessment of groundwater potential sites in study area. For this purpose, different thematic layers were created like drainage map, structural and geological map and Overlay analysis was performed and to determine the potential zone of groundwater in the study area.

Most of the Northern and Central part of Lahore district is supplied with ground water by Water and Sanitation Government Authority. The quality of public water supply is getting deteriorating due to increasing population of Lahore city. Moreover, the effects of microbial water pollutants on health of population of study area have been addressed. In this research, presence of Escherichia coli in pre & post monsoon seasons has been focused. The water samples were taken from tube wells as well as adjacent houses. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to find out the responses of people in study area. It was clear from the results of the study that E. coli were detected in all the water samples of public water supply system. An increase in growth of pathogens was also noticed in post monsoon season. It was also proved from study that many people were suffering from diarrhoea at sample places where E. coli were identified. The mixing of sewage with drinking water was the major cause of presence of pathogens in water samples of houses although they were less or absent in water samples of tube wells.

Water is one of the key elements of life and Pakistan is facing acute water shortage. The problem is more severe in the mega cities like Karachi and nearby areas in which industries and population are growing at a very high rate. Presently, Karachi is getting only about 55 percent of water against its fast increasing requirements leading to water crises in Karachi city. The Hab River is one of the main and important water supply sources for Hab industrial estate and Karachi. Therefore, it is extremely important to study this area with an aim to explore, develop and exploit its water resources for the current and upcoming requirements of the area. This paper is about the investigation of the potential of water resources in the Hab watershed through geo-informatics. Hydrological modeling has been done in GIS environment, which outlines a complete picture of Hab watershed and provides assessment of the potential of the watershed located in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Watershed boundaries have been established and its area has been estimated in GIS environment. Considering the large area, Hab watershed has been categorized as macro watershed. Drainage characteristics of the watershed have been defined through GIS datasets, which were derived by performing drainage analysis on a terrain model. Other key contributions of the study include stream network analysis, flow accumulation and flow pattern analysis of the watershed.

This research investigates the phenomenon of perception of people about industrial noise pollution and its effects on human health. Thirty-six (36) industries were selected for estimation of noise levels and its effects on human health. Concurrently, samples of one hundred and fifty (150) respondents were also taken from nearby residential area, using random sampling method. The key tool of data collection was well-structured questionnaires consisting of twenty-one questions. Chi-Square test was used for examination of data, which illustrated effects of industrial noise on people living in industrial zone. The noise level results indicated that the mean values were exceeding permissible environmental standard used in Pakistan. Majority of respondents (50.6 %) were conscious about the basic reason of noise pollution in study area. Eighty-two percent (82%) people have opinion that old technology was the basic cause for noise pollution. It was shocking to see the results which indicate that 99.8% people are suffering from noise related diseases. This include 81.3% with increase anger, 81.5% with ear ache, 16% with ear discharge, 79.3% with high blood pressure, 78% with depression, 77.3% temporary hearing loss, 9.3% permanent hearing loss. Only 23.3% of people conduct regular hearing test.

Urbanization, migration and growth of commercial centers across the world have made global environment vulnerable to harmful noise levels. The worst impacts of land use change on environment are manifold in Pakistan as there is no proper implementation of environmental laws. The present research focused on the impact of land use on environment of Burewala, which is one of the badly affected cities of Pakistan due to growth of new colonies that are resulting in unchecked noise levels. The land use change of Tehsil Burewala between 1999, 2009 and 2014 was examined with the help of satellite imageries from Landsat TM, ETM+ and OLI sensors. Land use change detection based on remote sensing data is an efficient way of obtaining information for several decision making and support systems and works meaningfully as a research and analysis tool. It gives comprehensive information about the urban development of an area. Four major land use classes are identified including agricultural land, built up, bare soil and water bodies. A method of post classification comparison for change detection is used to detect the changes in land use. The results show a significant change in agricultural land and built-up area. Agricultural land has depleted by almost 14%, mainly owing to increase in built up area. It is concluded that study area is under development phase due to which it is experiencing a gradual increase in built up land through different years including infrastructure as well. Noise pollution in general has increased over the years.

The present study was conducted toanalyze the physiochemical Parameters of Water and Morphometric characteristic of fishes of River Etai District Shangla, KP, Pakistan. The current study was conducted in six different localities namely Dherai, Serai, Gujar Banda, Jalkhanai, Gir and Kas of river Etai district Shangla in the period of Agust 2016 to June 2016. During the studies 80 specimens of fish were collected. These species were Mastacembelus armatus, Glyptothorax stocki, Gara gotyla, Tor putitora, Schizothorax plagiostomus, Barilius pakistanicus and Channa gachua where their total length was 41cm, 12.5cm, 16.2cm, 15.1cm, 17.3cm, 8.9cm, and 9.2cm respectively. The physiochemical parameters of water were in permissible range and good for fish survival. From the current study it can be concluded that analysis of physiochemical parameters of water and morphometric characteristics of fish fauna of River Etai district Shangla were necessary because morphometric characteristics could be considered as very useful tools in the fisheries research, fisheries management, physiology, ecology and fish health.

This study reveals the water quality of Hab River which is the primary source of water supply for Hab City of Baluchistan Province, Pakistan and is also one of the major sources providing water to the mega city of Karachi. The quality of Hab River water is continuously declining owing to the accumulation of industrial effluents of Hab Trading Estate (HTE) and other domestic and agricultural waste. Altogether, 17 samples of water were collected from the study area in pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons and the Physico-chemical parameters like PH, TDS, Turbidity, Salinity, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl and SO4 were evaluated. Spatial analysis of PH, TDS, Salinity and Turbidity has also been carried out by conducting interpolation technique in GIS. This analysis spatially explains the differences in different parameters in pre and post-monsoon period. According to Quantitative Indicator (QI), most of the water bodies have crossed the maximum threshold limits defined by WHO guidelines and have entered in to impaired water category.