Bacterial Two component systems have evolved with many intricate sensory apparatuses for external stimuli like light, temperature, oxygen, pH and chemical compounds. Recent studies have shown the potential of two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) of bacteria in creating synthetic regulatory circuits for several applications. Antimicrobial resistance is increasing globally in both developing and developed countries and it is one of the foremost global threats to public health. The resistance level to a broad spectrum of antibiotics is rising every year by 5–10

Spironucleosides are a type of conformationally restricted bicycle nucleoside analogous in which the carbocyclic/heterocyclic ring is inserted at carbohydrate moiety of the nucleoside and this restrict the conformational flexibility of the carbohydrate ring. Hydantocidin is the first naturally occurring spironucleoside which shows potent herbicidal and plant growth regulatory activities. The biological activity of hydantocidin has encouraged the synthetic organic chemist to synthesize constrained nucleosides analogous for drug discovery. We present here an overview of the synthesis and biological importance ofC-4 '-spironucleoside analogous.

Knowledge-based systems have become widespread in modern years. Knowledge-base developers need to be able to share and reuse knowledge bases that they build. As a result, interoperability among different knowledge-representation systems is essential. Domain ontology seeks to reduce conceptual and terminological confusion among users who need to share various kind of information. This paper shows how these structures make it possible to bridge the gap between standard objects and Knowledge-based Systems.

Textile market is becoming sensitive buyer’s market. Weaver is demanding dimensioned quality with consistency from spinners. The retention of the quality of the yarn after manufacturing process especially strength is a difficult task in the subcontinent climatic conditions .The strength loss during the storage period have to be studied to bring out the importance of maintaining the ambient conditions in the packing department and also to minimize the storage period. Moisture plays a significant role in retaining the strength and several properties of the yarn . The moisture in the textile material particularly yarn will enhance its wearability which improves productivity as well as quality. The loss of moisture due to improper up keeping of ambient conditions in the packing and storage departments will detoriate the yarn quality especially strength and hairiness . The yarn conditioning is a vital process which will enhance the weavabilty and knitability by improving the several properties of yarn. The conditioning variables in the yarn conditioning process such as time and temperature will influence the quality and energy consumption .The exact setting of the time and temperature will help to achieve the optimum quality as well as economical energy usage. The ageing of yarn, conditioning variables ( Time, Temperature ) and their interaction will have significant influence on the yarn quality. A brief study is needed to analyze the trend of quality change . There is a lack of research in the yarn conditioning process with refer to conditioning variables and their interaction on yarn quality. And also the behavior of conditioned yarn conditioned with different time and temperature for a period of time also not studied till now. This work gives a detailed research study about the behavior of conditioned yarn with different time and temperature for different storage periods. The quality parameters such as strength, unevenness, imperfections, color are studied.

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Background Little is known about the neutralizing activity in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), as most recent studies have focused on drug naive individuals. ART may lead to a significant increase in B cell numbers and normalization of B cell subpopulations, providing a possible explanation for improved B cell responses after ART. Methods Thirty-four HIV-1 seropositive patients on ART (25 males and 9 females) within the age range of 20-55 years were recruited in this study. The patients had a median CD4 count and viral load of 283 cells and 178 RNA copies respectively, and were on treatment for a few days up to two years. Heat inactivated plasma samples were tested for neutralization against a panel of 14 subtype-A, B and C tier 1 and tier 2 viruses in TZM-bl assay. Results Of the 34 plasma samples, remarkably all the plasma samples were able to neutralize at least one virus while 32 (94%) samples were found to neutralize ≥50% viruses tested. Clustering analysis revealed that AIIMS253 (a clade-C virus) was the most sensitive while RHPA4259.7 (a clade-B isolate) was most resistant to antibody neutralization. The Immunoglobulin-G fractions from two representative samples AIIMS221 and AIIMS265 were shown to mediate neutralization exclusively. The IgG fractions retained binding to subtype-A, B and C recombinant gp120 proteins. We did not find any association of mean reciprocal ID50 neutralization titers with the plasma levels of ART drugs and clinical and immunological variables like CD4 count (p=0.35), viral load (p=0.37) and plasma total IgG (p=0.46). However we observed a positive association of neutralization with duration of ART (p=0.02) with a similar trend in two follow up patient samples. Conclusion

Methods We tested 30 HIV-1 drug naive plasma samples for neutralization against a broad panel of subtype-A, B and C tier 1 and tier 2 viruses in a TZM-bl assay. Three broadly neutralizing plasma (bNP) samples (AIIMS206, AIIMS239 and AIIMS249) were tested for ELISA binding with a set of 211 consensus-C gp160 overlapping peptides (NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program). The competition and depletion experiments (for neutralization) were carried out with peptides corresponding to consensus-C V3 (35mer), IDR (19mer) and MPER (24mer).

Methods A V3 specific phage library was constructed from EBV transformed B cells of a clade C HIV-1 infected Indian patient, whose plasma exhibited good neutralization potential against a panel of viruses. Diversity of the constructed phage library was analysed by DNA fingerprinting of 10 randomly selected clones from the unselected library using BstN1 enzyme. One round of biopanning was done against HIV-1 consensus V3C and V3B peptides. scFvs were than characterised for their binding, specifity and expression profile. VH and VL genes of anti-V3 scFvs were sequenced for their preferential gene usage.

Search engines are in performance a major essential role in discovering information nowadays. Due to limitations of network bandwidth and hardware, search engines cannot obtain the entire information of the web and have to download the most essential pages first. In these paper, we propose a swarming ordering strategy, which have based on SiteRank, and compare it with several swarming ordering strategies. All the four strategies make an optimization for the naive swarming more or less. At the beginning of the swarming process, all the strategies can crawl the pages with high PageRank. When downloading 48% of the pages, the sum of PageRank is over 58% even for the worst one. At the later phase of swarming, the sum of PageRank varies slowly and reaches to unique finally. The objective of these strategies is to download the most essential pages early during the crawl. Experimental results indicate that SiteRank-based strategy can work Efficiently in discovering essential pages under the PageRank evaluation of page quality.

Many distributed algorithms require one process to act as a unique process to play a particular role in distributed systems. Election algorithms are meant for electing such a process called coordinator from among the currently running processes of distributed systems in such a manner that at any instance of time there will be a single coordinator for all the processes in the system. So, election algorithms are extremely crucial in any distributed system. Bully algorithm is one of the classical approaches for electing the coordinator in distributed systems. In this paper, we have presented an efficient version of bully algorithm to minimize the redundancy in electing the coordinator, to reduce the recovery problem of a crashed process in distributed systems and thus to maximize the effectiveness of traditional bully algorithm.

It is estimated that there are more than 300 miiiion obese people worldwide. Urbanization and modernization, sedentary life, consumption of oily/ junk food and other life style changes has contributed to overweight/obesity.

Tumor imaging, using monoclonal antibodies (MAb) carring radioisotopes, is a promising approach toward improving early diagnosis of cancer. The PR81 is a new murine anti-MUC1 MAb that was generated by imunizing BALB/c mice with homogenized human breast cancerous tissues. This study was performed to develop an indirect labeling of this antibody via the HYNIC with 99mTc in order to use it in radioimmunoscintigraphy (RIS) of breast tumor in mouse model. A 20 molar excess of dissolved HYNIC was added to a solution of the MAb. The solution was stirred for 5 hr at room temperature followed by dialysis against citrate buffer overnight. The resulting conjugate was labeled with 99mTc using tricine as a co-ligand. The labeling efficiency determined by ITLC was 89.2%±4.7. Radiocolloides measured by cellulose nitrate electrophoresis were 3.4%±0.9. In vitro stability of labeled product determined in human serum by gel filtration chromatography (FPLC) was 78.6%±5.7 over 24 hr. The integrity of labeled MAb was checked by means of SDS-PAGE and no significant fragmentation was seen. The results of cell-binding studies showed that both labeled and unlabeled PR81 were able to compete for binding to MCF-7 cells. Biodistribution studies and tumor imaging performed in female BALB/c mice with breast tumor xenografts at 4, 16 and 24 hr after the 99mTc-HYNIC-PR81 injection were demonstrated definite localization of the compound at the site of tumors with high sensitivity. These findings show that the new radiopharmaceutical can be considered as a promising candidate for imaging of human breast cancer in nuclear medicine.